中(zhong)(zhong)原(yuan)(yuan)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)是以(yi)(yi)中(zhong)(zhong)原(yuan)(yuan)地(di)(di)區(qu)河南省的(de)物質文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)和(he)(he)(he)精神(shen)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)總稱(cheng),是中(zhong)(zhong)華(hua)(hua)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)母體和(he)(he)(he)主(zhu)干。中(zhong)(zhong)原(yuan)(yuan)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)以(yi)(yi)河南省為核心,以(yi)(yi)廣(guang)大(da)的(de)黃河中(zhong)(zhong)下游地(di)(di)區(qu)為腹地(di)(di),逐層向外輻射(she),影響(xiang)延及海外。中(zhong)(zhong)原(yuan)(yuan)地(di)(di)區(qu)是中(zhong)(zhong)華(hua)(hua)文(wen)明的(de)搖籃(lan),中(zhong)(zhong)原(yuan)(yuan)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)是中(zhong)(zhong)華(hua)(hua)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)重(zhong)要(yao)源頭和(he)(he)(he)核心組成部(bu)分。中(zhong)(zhong)原(yuan)(yuan)地(di)(di)區(qu)在(zai)古代不僅(jin)是中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)的(de)政治經濟中(zhong)(zhong)心,也是主(zhu)流(liu)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)和(he)(he)(he)主(zhu)導文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)發源地(di)(di)。中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)歷史(shi)上先后有20多個朝代定都于中(zhong)(zhong)原(yuan)(yuan)地(di)(di)區(qu),河南省占據中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)八(ba)大(da)古都的(de)一(yi)半,包(bao)括洛陽、開封、安(an)陽和(he)(he)(he)鄭州。中(zhong)(zhong)原(yuan)(yuan)地(di)(di)區(qu)以(yi)(yi)特殊的(de)地(di)(di)理(li)環境(jing)、歷史(shi)地(di)(di)位和(he)(he)(he)人文(wen)精神(shen),使中(zhong)(zhong)原(yuan)(yuan)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)在(zai)漫長的(de)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)歷史(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)長期居(ju)于正統主(zhu)流(liu)地(di)(di)位,中(zhong)(zhong)原(yuan)(yuan)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)一(yi)定程(cheng)度(du)上代表(biao)著中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)傳統文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)。
一.中原文化的文明起源
在中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)地(di)(di)區(qu)的(de)(de)考(kao)古中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),史前(qian)文(wen)(wen)(wen)明在這里的(de)(de)連續性(xing)表(biao)現(xian)強烈(lie)。從新(xin)石器時代中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)期(qi)開始(shi),自東向西的(de)(de)磁山文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、裴李崗文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)和老(lao)官臺文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)在中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)崛(jue)起(qi)(qi),它(ta)們之間(jian)聯系緊密,已經形成(cheng)一個較大的(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)區(qu)域,與(yu)周邊(bian)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)同一時期(qi)的(de)(de)孤(gu)立發(fa)展(zhan)相(xiang)比(bi),已表(biao)現(xian)出(chu)明顯的(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)優勢。新(xin)石器時代晚期(qi)的(de)(de)仰韶(shao)半坡文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)是由老(lao)官臺文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)發(fa)展(zhan)而(er)來,向北發(fa)展(zhan)到(dao)陜(shan)北地(di)(di)區(qu),沿(yan)黃河擴(kuo)(kuo)展(zhan)至洛陽(yang),經漢(han)水流域影響(xiang)到(dao)南陽(yang)盆地(di)(di)。而(er)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)地(di)(di)區(qu)的(de)(de)仰韶(shao)后(hou)岡文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)則(ze)擴(kuo)(kuo)張至晉南、魯(lu)東北等地(di)(di)。仰韶(shao)半坡文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)和仰韶(shao)后(hou)岡文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)相(xiang)互(hu)影響(xiang)而(er)形成(cheng)的(de)(de)仰韶(shao)廟底溝文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)迅速向四方(fang)擴(kuo)(kuo)展(zhan),北至河套地(di)(di)區(qu),南達漢(han)水中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)游,東抵華北平原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)北部,西伸甘肅(su)湟水流域。與(yu)周邊(bian)相(xiang)比(bi),這一時期(qi)的(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)原(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)是處于中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心地(di)(di)位(wei)的(de)(de)強勢文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua),起(qi)(qi)主導作用。
裴(pei)李崗文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)時(shi)期人(ren)們開(kai)始(shi)建造半地穴式的(de)(de)房(fang)屋,經濟以農業為主,出現(xian)(xian)(xian)家畜飼養,并伴有(you)采集及狩獵等生(sheng)產方式。仰韶文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)繼承了(le)(le)(le)裴(pei)李崗文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)的(de)(de)內涵,當(dang)時(shi)開(kai)始(shi)形成大規模建房(fang)而(er)居的(de)(de)聚(ju)落,彩(cai)陶的(de)(de)使(shi)用(yong)證明了(le)(le)(le)燒制(zhi)技術(shu)的(de)(de)出現(xian)(xian)(xian)。從龍山(shan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)開(kai)始(shi)出現(xian)(xian)(xian)較多的(de)(de)城址,屬于萬邦時(shi)期,青銅容的(de)(de)使(shi)用(yong)推動(dong)了(le)(le)(le)社會生(sheng)產力(li)的(de)(de)大力(li)發展,占卜等巫術(shu)活(huo)動(dong)當(dang)時(shi)較為盛行。二里頭文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)與夏文(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)有(you)著(zhu)直(zhi)接的(de)(de)聯(lian)系,中原地區在(zai)這一時(shi)期開(kai)始(shi)進入(ru)全新的(de)(de)文(wen)(wen)(wen)明時(shi)代。在(zai)偃師二里頭遺(yi)址,發現(xian)(xian)(xian)了(le)(le)(le)中國(guo)迄(qi)今最早的(de)(de)王朝都城遺(yi)址,碧龍形器的(de)(de)發現(xian)(xian)(xian)為中華民族的(de)(de)圖(tu)騰—龍找到(dao)了(le)(le)(le)最直(zhi)接、最正統的(de)(de)根源(yuan)。
二.中原文化主要包含以下幾點:
中(zhong)(zhong)原(yuan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)既是(shi)(shi)一個(ge)歷史概(gai)(gai)念,也是(shi)(shi)一個(ge)空間(jian)概(gai)(gai)念。根據中(zhong)(zhong)原(yuan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)內容的(de)特色(se),大體可(ke)以(yi)概(gai)(gai)括(kuo)為(wei) 河(he)洛文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、漢字文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、姓氏文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、根親文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、 三商(shang)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、禮儀(yi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、 中(zhong)(zhong)醫文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、詩詞文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、武術文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、戲(xi)曲文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、 史前文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、神龍文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、 政治文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、思想文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、名(ming)流文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、英雄文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、 農耕(geng)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、 商(shang)業(ye)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、 科技文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、醫學文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、宗教(jiao)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、 民俗(su)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)等18種文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)。中(zhong)(zhong)原(yuan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)是(shi)(shi)以(yi)中(zhong)(zhong)原(yuan)為(wei)基礎的(de)物質文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)和精神文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)總稱,最早可(ke)追溯(su)至公(gong)元前約六(liu)千年(nian)至公(gong)元前約三千年(nian)的(de)中(zhong)(zhong)國新(xin)石器(qi)時(shi)代(dai)。中(zhong)(zhong)原(yuan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)是(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)華文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)重要源(yuan)頭和核(he)心組(zu)成部分。
1.河洛文化:指(zhi)的是(shi)中國古代河(he)(he)洛地(di)區(qu)的文(wen)化。河(he)(he)洛地(di)區(qu)指(zhi)的黃(huang)河(he)(he)中游潼關至(zhi)鄭州段的南岸, 洛水、 伊(yi)水及 嵩山周圍(wei)地(di)區(qu),包括(kuo)潁(ying)水上(shang)游登封等地(di),大致包括(kuo)北緯34°至(zhi)35°、東經(jing)110°至(zhi)114°之(zhi)間(jian)的地(di)區(qu),概(gai)言之(zhi)就是(shi)今天河(he)(he)南省的西部地(di)區(qu)。
2.神龍文化:神龍(long)是智慧、勇敢、吉祥、尊貴的象征(zheng)。河(he)南是龍(long)的故(gu)鄉。被(bei)稱為(wei)人(ren)文始祖的太(tai)昊伏羲,在(zai)今(jin)(jin)周口淮陽一(yi)(yi)帶(dai)“以龍(long)師(shi)而龍(long)名”,首創龍(long)圖騰(teng),實現(xian)了上古時(shi)期(qi)多(duo)個(ge)部族的第(di)一(yi)(yi)次(ci)大(da)融合;被(bei)稱為(wei)又一(yi)(yi)人(ren)文始祖的黃(huang)帝,在(zai)統一(yi)(yi)黃(huang)河(he)流(liu)域(yu)各部落之后,為(wei)凝聚(ju)各部族的思想和精神,在(zai)今(jin)(jin)新(xin)(xin)鄭一(yi)(yi)帶(dai)也用龍(long)作為(wei)新(xin)(xin)部落的圖騰(teng),我(wo)們今(jin)(jin)天的中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)被(bei)稱為(wei)“ 炎黃(huang)子孫”和“龍(long)的傳人(ren)”,就是因此(ci)而來。濮陽蚌(bang)龍(long)距今(jin)(jin)6400年,是中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)最早的龍(long)形象,被(bei)考古學(xue)界(jie)譽為(wei)“中(zhong)華第(di)一(yi)(yi)龍(long)”;在(zai)“華夏(xia)第(di)一(yi)(yi)都” 偃師(shi)二里(li)頭遺址(zhi)發現(xian)的大(da)型 綠松石龍(long)形器,距今(jin)(jin)至少3700年,被(bei)學(xue)者命(ming)名為(wei)“ 中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)龍(long)”,等等。
3.漢字文化:漢(han)字(zi)是(shi)傳承和弘揚中華(hua)文(wen)化(hua)的(de)重要載體,是(shi)中華(hua)民族的(de)基本(ben)標志,并對朝鮮、韓國(guo)、日本(ben)等國(guo)文(wen)字(zi)文(wen)化(hua)有(you)巨(ju)大(da)而深遠(yuan)的(de)影響。連續4000多年的(de)漢(han)字(zi)文(wen)化(hua)史(shi),可(ke)以說就是(shi)一(yi)部中原(yuan)漢(han)字(zi)史(shi),漢(han)字(zi)的(de)產生(sheng)及(ji)其(qi)每一(yi)個重要發展階(jie)段幾乎都發生(sheng)在中原(yuan)大(da)地上。黃帝(di)時代 倉頡(jie)造字(zi)、安(an)陽 甲骨文(wen)出土(tu),上蔡人李斯幫助秦始皇“書同文(wen)”、制定規范書寫(xie)“小篆”,漯河(he)人許慎編寫(xie)世界(jie)第一(yi)部字(zi)典、歸納漢(han)字(zi)生(sheng)成規律(lv)、統一(yi)字(zi)義解析(xi)的(de),他在家(jia)鄉(xiang)完成了《 說文(wen)解字(zi)》;規范性字(zi)體“宋體”字(zi)產生(sheng)在河(he)南開(kai)封,活字(zi)印刷術也發明于這里。
4.姓氏文化:中(zhong)華(hua)姓(xing)氏無論肇始與大(da)(da)量(liang)衍生都與中(zhong)原關系密切。《 中(zhong)華(hua)姓(xing)氏大(da)(da)典》中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)4820個 漢族姓(xing)氏中(zhong),起源(yuan)于河(he)(he)南的(de)(de)(de)有(you)1834個;在(zai)當今的(de)(de)(de)前300個大(da)(da)姓(xing)中(zhong),根在(zai)河(he)(he)南的(de)(de)(de)有(you)171個,前100個大(da)(da)姓(xing)中(zhong),根在(zai)河(he)(he)南的(de)(de)(de)有(you)78個,無論是(shi)(shi)李、王(wang)、張、劉為代表的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)華(hua)四大(da)(da)姓(xing),還(huan)是(shi)(shi)林、陳(chen)、鄭、練、黃為代表的(de)(de)(de)南方大(da)(da)姓(xing),其根均(jun)在(zai)河(he)(he)南。河(he)(he)南以“萬姓(xing)同(tong)根,萬宗同(tong)源(yuan)”為主題舉辦(ban)姓(xing)氏文化(hua)(hua)節。姓(xing)氏文化(hua)(hua)是(shi)(shi)河(he)(he)南獨有(you)的(de)(de)(de)文化(hua)(hua)現象。
5.農耕文化:農(nong)業最(zui)早(zao)是在中原地區興起來的。中原農(nong)耕(geng)(geng)文(wen)化(hua)包(bao)含了(le)眾多特色耕(geng)(geng)作(zuo)技術、科(ke)學發(fa)明(ming)。裴李崗文(wen)化(hua)有關遺存中出土了(le)不少農(nong)業生產工具,為(wei)早(zao)期農(nong)耕(geng)(geng)文(wen)化(hua)的發(fa)達提供了(le)實物證據。
6.詩文文化:河(he)南是中(zhong)國文(wen)學(xue)的發祥(xiang)地。中(zhong)國第(di)一(yi)部(bu)詩(shi)歌總(zong)集《 詩(shi)經(jing)》中(zhong),河(he)南篇目(mu)作品100多(duo)篇占(zhan)三分之一(yi)之多(duo)。歷史上有(you)“漢魏文(wen)章半洛陽”之說,左(zuo)思(si)《三都賦》創造了“ 洛陽紙貴”的佳話。唐代三大(da)詩(shi)人河(he)南有(you)其二,“ 詩(shi)圣” 杜甫、“ 詩(shi)魔” 白居易。著(zhu)名文(wen)學(xue)家有(you) 蔡(cai)文(wen)姬、 潘安、 謝靈運(yun)、 江淹、韓愈(yu)、 劉(liu)禹(yu)錫、 元稹、 李賀、 李商隱等。
7.商業文化:中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)、商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)品和(he)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)起源于(yu)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)丘(qiu),中(zhong)(zhong)原地區產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)了中(zhong)(zhong)華商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)文(wen)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)許多(duo)第(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)。夏代(dai)(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)丘(qiu)人(ren)(ren)(ren) 王亥“肇牽車牛遠服賈”,是(shi)(shi)(shi)第(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)用牛車拉著貨物(wu)到(dao)遠地去做生(sheng)(sheng)意,被(bei)奉為(wei)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)鼻祖(zu)。第(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)儒商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)河南(nan)浚縣人(ren)(ren)(ren) 子貢(gong),不(bu)僅能做官而且善于(yu)經(jing)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)致富。第(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)熱(re)心公益事業(ye)(ye)而被(bei)后人(ren)(ren)(ren)稱為(wei)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)圣(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)南(nan)陽人(ren)(ren)(ren) 范蠡,幫助(zhu)越王勾踐滅吳(wu)復國(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)后,悄然(ran)引退(tui),把才能用于(yu)經(jing)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)。第(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)愛國(guo)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)新鄭(zheng)(zheng)人(ren)(ren)(ren) 弦(xian)高,在(zai)(zai)經(jing)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)途(tu)中(zhong)(zhong)遇到(dao)了秦(qin)(qin)師(shi)入(ru)侵,以(yi)自己的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)十(shi)五頭牛為(wei)代(dai)(dai)(dai)價智退(tui)秦(qin)(qin)軍。中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)歷(li)史(shi)上第(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)批職業(ye)(ye)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)誕(dan)生(sheng)(sheng)于(yu)西(xi)周(zhou)時(shi)期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)洛(luo)陽,第(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)由政府頒(ban)布的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保護商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)利益的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)法規(gui)《 質(zhi)誓(shi)》誕(dan)生(sheng)(sheng)于(yu) 春秋時(shi)期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新鄭(zheng)(zheng),以(yi)“城門之(zhi)(zhi)征”為(wei)代(dai)(dai)(dai)表的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)(zui)早的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關稅征收發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)在(zai)(zai)春秋時(shi)期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de) 商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)丘(qiu),第(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)有戰略思路(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)人(ren)(ren)(ren)為(wei)東周(zhou)時(shi)洛(luo)陽人(ren)(ren)(ren) 白圭(gui),第(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)理(li)論(lun)家是(shi)(shi)(shi)東周(zhou)時(shi)期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang) 河南(nan)省宣(xuan)傳片 丘(qiu)人(ren)(ren)(ren) 計然(ran),最(zui)(zui)早的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)家訴訟條例(li)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)在(zai)(zai)春秋時(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新鄭(zheng)(zheng),第(di)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)重商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)理(li)論(lun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)倡導者為(wei)西(xi)漢(han)洛(luo)陽人(ren)(ren)(ren) 桑弘羊,唐代(dai)(dai)(dai)洛(luo)陽城內的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管理(li)市(shi)(shi)場的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“三(san)市(shi)(shi)之(zhi)(zhi)長”是(shi)(shi)(shi)最(zui)(zui)早的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“市(shi)(shi)長”。北宋(song) 汴京(今開(kai)封)是(shi)(shi)(shi)世界上又(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)座人(ren)(ren)(ren)口超百萬(wan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)際(ji)化大(da)都(dou)市(shi)(shi),人(ren)(ren)(ren)口150多(duo)萬(wan),宋(song)代(dai)(dai)(dai)畫(hua)家張(zhang)擇端的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)《 清(qing)明上河圖(tu)》就是(shi)(shi)(shi)這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)盛況的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)真(zhen)實寫照。清(qing)代(dai)(dai)(dai)鞏義 康百萬(wan)家族,寫下了“富過十(shi)二代(dai)(dai)(dai)、歷(li)經(jing)400年而不(bu)敗(bai)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)商(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)(shang)業(ye)(ye)神(shen)話。
8.思想文化:中原思(si)(si)想文(wen)化是中華(hua)民(min)族(zu)思(si)(si)想文(wen)化的核心(xin)。伏(fu)羲在(zai)河南淮(huai)陽一帶演八卦,后(hou)(hou)來周文(wen)王(wang)在(zai) 伏(fu)羲八卦的基(ji)礎(chu)上,在(zai)河南安陽 羑里(li)城(cheng)監(jian)獄(yu)里(li)寫成了對后(hou)(hou)世產生(sheng)深遠影響的《 易經》。周公在(zai)洛邑制(zhi)禮(li)作樂,建立典章制(zhi)度,教(jiao)化人倫。列子在(zai)此講學受徒(tu)。
9.科技文化: 四大(da)(da)發明(ming),在中原孕(yun)育而發明(ming)。安陽“ 司母戊”大(da)(da)方鼎,是迄今為止(zhi)發現的最大(da)(da)最重的青銅器。東漢杜詩發明(ming)的“ 水排(pai)”鼓風(feng)技(ji)(ji)術(shu),較歐洲早1000余年(nian)(nian)。《 鸛(guan)魚石斧圖陶缸》被稱為“中國最早的國畫(hua)”,距今已有6000年(nian)(nian)歷史,被 國家文(wen)物局列為全國67件 不可移(yi)動文(wen)物之首。“仰(yang)韶彩陶”造型(xing)精美,“ 唐三彩”馳名中外(wai),代表了歷史上(shang)瓷器制作(zuo)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)的最高水平。南(nan)陽“科圣(sheng)”張衡發明(ming)的“ 地動儀(yi)”比(bi)西方早1700年(nian)(nian);創立的“渾(hun)天說(shuo)”。唐代 僧一行,不僅發明(ming)了世界(jie)上(shang)最早的自動計(ji)時器,而且比(bi)英國天文(wen)學家哈雷(lei)早1000年(nian)(nian)提出了“恒(heng)星自行”的觀(guan)點。
10.中醫文化:中(zhong)原(yuan)醫(yi)學文(wen)化以整體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)治(zhi)療思(si)想,多角度觀察病(bing)理的(de)(de)(de)方法,奇(qi)特的(de)(de)(de)治(zhi)療技術,和諧的(de)(de)(de)用藥手段而著稱于(yu)世(shi),是傳統文(wen)化中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)精華與國粹。黃帝被后人(ren)(ren)公認為中(zhong)醫(yi)藥的(de)(de)(de)創始人(ren)(ren),中(zhong)醫(yi)藥文(wen)化起源并發(fa)達于(yu)中(zhong)原(yuan)。南陽人(ren)(ren)張仲景(jing)被尊稱為“醫(yi)圣”,其《傷寒雜病(bing)論》被譽中(zhong)醫(yi)瑰寶(bao),享譽中(zhong)外。
11.武術文化:武(wu)術(shu)(shu)文(wen)化又(you)稱功夫(fu)文(wen)化。中(zhong)原武(wu)術(shu)(shu)文(wen)化技冠天下,溫縣(xian)陳家溝人 陳王廷創(chuang)立的 太(tai)極拳,是(shi)中(zhong)國(guo)武(wu)術(shu)(shu)文(wen)化的又(you)一重(zhong)要(yao)流派(pai)。
12.民俗文化: 百家衣和(he) 百家飯是河南的風俗文化之一(yi)。百家衣是嬰兒服的一(yi)種,由一(yi)百個家庭貢獻(xian)出的布片做成,故名百家衣。
13.軍事思想和文化:河南(nan)自(zi)古(gu)為中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)軍(jun)(jun)事之(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)心,歷史上各個時期發生了無(wu)數(shu)次戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)爭和(he)(he)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)役,政(zheng)治(zhi)、軍(jun)(jun)事思(si)想(xiang)文化非(fei)常豐富(fu)。祖(zu)籍(ji)南(nan)陽的(de)呂尚(姜子牙(ya)、姜太公)的(de)《六(liu)韜(tao)》,顯示了商周時期的(de)軍(jun)(jun)事思(si)想(xiang);春(chun)秋時期著名(ming)政(zheng)治(zhi)家、思(si)想(xiang)家范蠡(南(nan)陽人)輔助越(yue)王勾踐(jian)滅(mie)吳(臥薪嘗膽),提出樸素唯物主義戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)略(lve)(lve)觀:持盈者與(yu)天,定傾者與(yu)人,節事者與(yu)地。靈活多變的(de)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)術觀:后(hou)則(ze)用(yong)(yong)陰,先則(ze)用(yong)(yong)陽; 近(jin)則(ze)用(yong)(yong)柔,遠則(ze)用(yong)(yong)剛。富(fu)國(guo)(guo)強民的(de)國(guo)(guo)防觀:審備則(ze)可(ke)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan),審備慎(shen)守(shou),以待不(bu)(bu)虞,備設(she)守(shou)固(gu),必可(ke)應難。春(chun)秋戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)國(guo)(guo)時期,鬼谷子的(de)縱橫之(zhi)(zhi)術(縱橫家思(si)想(xiang)代表),其(qi)弟子蘇秦、張儀用(yong)(yong)合縱連橫之(zhi)(zhi)術指導秦統一(yi)了中(zhong)國(guo)(guo);漢初三(san)杰、著名(ming)謀士和(he)(he)政(zheng)治(zhi)家張良繼承黃(huang)(huang)石公的(de)《三(san)略(lve)(lve)》(黃(huang)(huang)石公略(lve)(lve));三(san)國(guo)(guo)時期,南(nan)陽智圣諸葛亮未出茅廬(lu)便(bian)提出“三(san)分(fen)天下”之(zhi)(zhi)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)略(lve)(lve)決策,最終形成了三(san)國(guo)(guo)鼎立局(ju)面;民族英雄岳飛(fei)領(ling)導的(de)岳家軍(jun)(jun)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)無(wu)不(bu)(bu)勝(sheng),阻擋了金岳南(nan)下,打擊了金的(de)侵略(lve)(lve),金軍(jun)(jun)嘆(tan)服:“撼(han)山(shan)易,撼(han)岳家軍(jun)(jun)難。”其(qi)杰出的(de)軍(jun)(jun)事戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)略(lve)(lve)和(he)(he)戰(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)術思(si)想(xiang)體現在其(qi)著名(ming)兵書(shu)《岳武(wu)穆書(shu)》中(zhong)。
14.哲學宗教:
中(zhong)原(yuan)地(di)區是中(zhong)國(guo)儒(ru)家(jia)(jia)、道(dao)家(jia)(jia)、墨家(jia)(jia)的(de)誕生地(di)。儒(ru)家(jia)(jia)文化發(fa)(fa)源于(yu)中(zhong)原(yuan)的(de)主(zhu)要標志是《易(yi)(yi)經(jing)》,上古《易(yi)(yi)經(jing)》被儒(ru)家(jia)(jia)尊(zun)為儒(ru)學(xue)六經(jing)之首。伏(fu)羲在(zai)河南淮陽(yang)創造(zao)八卦,周文王將(jiang)伏(fu)羲的(de)八卦推演成六十四(si)卦。孔子拜讀易(yi)(yi)經(jing)六十四(si)卦后,寫下了十篇心得筆記,史稱(cheng)《十翼(yi)》,《十翼(yi)》是對《易(yi)(yi)經(jing)》的(de)詮釋(shi)。河南河陽(yang)(今孟縣(xian))的(de)韓愈建立了儒(ru)學(xue)道(dao)統,并努力復興儒(ru)學(xue)。將(jiang)儒(ru)學(xue)發(fa)(fa)展到(dao)理學(xue)形(xing)態(tai)的(de)主(zhu)要學(xue)說(shuo)之一是二程洛學(xue)。
河南是(shi)(shi)(shi)道家(jia)(jia)的發祥地,出生于河南鹿邑(yi)的老(lao)子是(shi)(shi)(shi)道家(jia)(jia)學派創(chuang)始人。洛(luo)陽(yang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)老(lao)子居住和擔任(ren)史(shi)官的地方。《道德經》(又名《老(lao)子》)一書寫成(cheng)于函谷關。 道家(jia)(jia)思(si)想的核心是(shi)(shi)(shi)“道”,認為(wei)(wei)“道”是(shi)(shi)(shi)宇宙(zhou)的本(ben)源,也是(shi)(shi)(shi)統治(zhi)宇宙(zhou)中一切運動(dong)的法(fa)則。道家(jia)(jia)主張“順(shun)其(qi)自然”,認為(wei)(wei)法(fa)律(lv)(lv)(法(fa)和法(fa)律(lv)(lv)有不(bu)(bu)同;法(fa)好比(bi)物(wu)理,而律(lv)(lv)則是(shi)(shi)(shi)人為(wei)(wei))是(shi)(shi)(shi)對(dui)人類的束(shu)縛,要全部舍棄。道家(jia)(jia)的無為(wei)(wei)思(si)想并不(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)作為(wei)(wei),而是(shi)(shi)(shi)以無為(wei)(wei)來(lai)有為(wei)(wei),不(bu)(bu)亂為(wei)(wei)。
戰(zhan)國時(shi)(shi)期的(de)墨子是河南魯山人(ren)。他創立了墨家學(xue)(xue)說,并有《墨子》一書傳世,墨家文化的(de)思想觀點是愛(ai)好和平,反(fan)對戰(zhan)爭。墨學(xue)(xue)在先(xian)秦時(shi)(shi)期與(yu)儒學(xue)(xue)并稱(cheng)為(wei)顯學(xue)(xue)。漢(han)代中期以后(hou),由于統(tong)治(zhi)階(jie)級罷黜百家,獨(du)尊儒術,致(zhi)使墨學(xue)(xue)在形式上中絕,但影響并沒有完全消(xiao)失。
漢(han)傳佛(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo)教(jiao)(jiao)是佛(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo)教(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)三大地(di)理分支(zhi)之一(yi),佛(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo)教(jiao)(jiao)經由兩(liang)條路徑傳入(ru)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo),一(yi)支(zhi)由古印(yin)度(du)經西域傳入(ru)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)原地(di)區(qu),洛(luo)陽(yang)白馬寺是東漢(han)前期佛(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo)教(jiao)(jiao)傳入(ru)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)后興建的(de)(de)(de)(de)第(di)一(yi)座寺院(yuan),中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)歷史(shi)上譯(yi)出的(de)(de)(de)(de)第(di)一(yi)部佛(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo)教(jiao)(jiao)經典佛(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo)說四十二章經誕生于(yu)洛(luo)陽(yang)。建于(yu)北魏時期的(de)(de)(de)(de)登封少(shao)林寺是中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)漢(han)傳佛(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo)教(jiao)(jiao)禪(chan)宗(zong)祖庭,又是少(shao)林武術的(de)(de)(de)(de)發源地(di)。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)原佛(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo)教(jiao)(jiao)界在(zai)歷史(shi)上大德云集,生于(yu)洛(luo)州緱(gou)氏縣(今河南(nan)(nan)省偃師(shi)市南(nan)(nan)境)的(de)(de)(de)(de)玄(xuan)奘是著名(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)譯(yi)經師(shi),也是法相唯識宗(zong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)創立者。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)第(di)一(yi)個比丘(qiu)是潁川的(de)(de)(de)(de)朱士行。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)原佛(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo)教(jiao)(jiao)在(zai)古代(dai)是中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)佛(fo)(fo)(fo)(fo)教(jiao)(jiao)向(xiang)海外的(de)(de)(de)(de)傳播的(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心,遠播日本、朝鮮和東南(nan)(nan)亞(ya)各國(guo)(guo)。