抗靜電劑的主要成份

抗靜電劑是一種添加(jia)在塑料制品等(deng)材料里或涂布在制品表(biao)面(mian)的特殊助劑，用(yong)來降(jiang)低制品的表(biao)面(mian)電阻。抗靜電劑的主要成分要看是什么類型(xing)。

永久型抗靜電劑多為高分子型，聚氧乙烯類(lei)型(xing)等成分，非(fei)永久的有(you)陽離子型(xing)，陰離子型(xing)，兩性(xing)型(xing)和非(fei)離子型(xing)。

根據化學組(zu)成不同，抗靜電劑(ji)可(ke)分(fen)為硫(liu)酸(suan)(suan)衍生(sheng)物(wu)、磷酸(suan)(suan)衍生(sheng)物(wu)、胺類、季銨鹽、咪唑類以及(ji)環氧乙烷衍生(sheng)物等；

根據抗靜電劑分(fen)子中的親水基能否電離，分(fen)為離子型和非離子型兩種；

按照添加類型(xing)(xing)分(fen)為內加型(xing)(xing)和涂(tu)布型(xing)(xing)，使(shi)用內加型(xing)(xing)的抗靜電劑(ji)(ji)把抗靜電劑(ji)(ji)和原(yuan)料混合均勻即可，外涂(tu)型(xing)(xing)抗靜電劑(ji)(ji)按照需求稀釋直(zhi)接(jie)噴涂(tu)在制品表面(mian)。

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抗靜電劑的作用原理

1、外涂型抗靜電劑的作用機理

此類抗靜(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)劑加到水里 , 抗靜(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)劑分子中(zhong)的(de)親水基(ji)(ji)就插(cha)入水里 , 而(er)親油(you)基(ji)(ji)就伸向(xiang)(xiang)空(kong)(kong)氣。當用此溶液(ye)浸(jin)漬高(gao)(gao)分子材料(liao)時 , 抗靜(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)劑分子中(zhong)的(de)親油(you)基(ji)(ji)就會吸(xi)附于材料(liao)表面(mian)。浸(jin)漬完后干燥 , 脫出水分后的(de)高(gao)(gao)分子材料(liao)表面(mian)上(shang) , 抗靜(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)劑分子中(zhong)的(de)親水基(ji)(ji)都向(xiang)(xiang)著空(kong)(kong)氣一側排列 , 易吸(xi)收環境水分 , 或通過氫鍵與空(kong)(kong)氣中(zhong)的(de)水分相結合 , 形成一個單(dan)分子導電(dian)(dian)(dian)層，使(shi)產生的(de)靜(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)荷迅速泄漏(lou)而(er)達(da)到抗靜(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)目的(de)。

2、表面活性劑類內混型抗靜電劑的作用機理

在(zai)高分(fen)子(zi)(zi)材料(liao)(liao)成(cheng)型(xing)過(guo)程中(zhong) , 如果其(qi)中(zhong)含有足夠濃(nong)度的(de)(de)(de)抗(kang)(kang)(kang)靜(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)劑(ji)(ji)(ji) , 當混合(he)物處于熔融狀態時 , 抗(kang)(kang)(kang)靜(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)分(fen)子(zi)(zi)就(jiu)在(zai)樹(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)與空氣(qi)或(huo)樹(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)與金屬 (機械或(huo)模(mo)具) 的(de)(de)(de)界(jie)面(mian)(mian)形(xing)成(cheng)最(zui)稠密的(de)(de)(de)取向(xiang)(xiang)排列 , 其(qi)中(zhong)親油基伸向(xiang)(xiang)樹(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)內(nei)部(bu) , 親水(shui)基伸向(xiang)(xiang)樹(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)外部(bu)。待樹(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)固化(hua)后 , 抗(kang)(kang)(kang)靜(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)分(fen)子(zi)(zi)上的(de)(de)(de)親水(shui)基都(dou)朝向(xiang)(xiang)空氣(qi)一(yi)(yi)側(ce)排列 , 形(xing)成(cheng)一(yi)(yi)個單分(fen)子(zi)(zi)導電(dian)(dian)層(ceng)。在(zai)加工和(he)使用中(zhong) , 經過(guo)拉伸、摩擦和(he)洗滌(di)等會導致材料(liao)(liao)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)抗(kang)(kang)(kang)靜(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)分(fen)子(zi)(zi)層(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)缺損(sun) , 抗(kang)(kang)(kang)靜(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)性能(neng)(neng)也隨(sui)之(zhi)(zhi)下降(jiang)。但(dan)是不(bu)同于外涂敷(fu)型(xing)抗(kang)(kang)(kang)靜(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)劑(ji)(ji)(ji) , 經過(guo)一(yi)(yi)段時間之(zhi)(zhi)后 , 材料(liao)(liao)內(nei)部(bu)的(de)(de)(de)抗(kang)(kang)(kang)靜(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)分(fen)子(zi)(zi)又會不(bu)斷向(xiang)(xiang)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)遷移 , 使缺損(sun)部(bu)位得以恢復 , 重新顯(xian)示出抗(kang)(kang)(kang)靜(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)效(xiao)果。由于以上兩種類型(xing)抗(kang)(kang)(kang)靜(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)是通過(guo)吸(xi)收環(huan)(huan)境(jing)水(shui)分(fen) , 降(jiang)低材料(liao)(liao)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)電(dian)(dian)阻率達到抗(kang)(kang)(kang)靜(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)目的(de)(de)(de) , 所以對環(huan)(huan)境(jing)濕(shi)度的(de)(de)(de)依賴性較(jiao)大。顯(xian)然 , 環(huan)(huan)境(jing)濕(shi)度越(yue)(yue)高 , 抗(kang)(kang)(kang)靜(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)劑(ji)(ji)(ji)分(fen)子(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)吸(xi)水(shui)性就(jiu)越(yue)(yue)強 , 抗(kang)(kang)(kang)靜(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)性能(neng)(neng)就(jiu)越(yue)(yue)顯(xian)著。

3、高分子永久型抗靜電劑的作用機理

高(gao)分(fen)(fen)子(zi)(zi)永(yong)久(jiu)型(xing)抗靜(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)劑(ji)是(shi)近年來(lai)研究開發的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)類新型(xing)抗靜(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)劑(ji) , 屬親水(shui)性聚合(he)物。當(dang)其和(he)高(gao)分(fen)(fen)子(zi)(zi)基(ji)體共混后 , 一(yi)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)由于其分(fen)(fen)子(zi)(zi)鏈的(de)(de)(de)運動(dong)能力(li)較強 , 分(fen)(fen)子(zi)(zi)間便于質子(zi)(zi)移動(dong) , 通(tong)(tong)過(guo)離(li)子(zi)(zi)導(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)來(lai)傳導(dao)(dao)和(he)釋放產生的(de)(de)(de)靜(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷; 另一(yi)方(fang)(fang)面(mian) , 抗靜(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能力(li)是(shi)通(tong)(tong)過(guo)其特(te)殊(shu)的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)散形態體現的(de)(de)(de)。研究表(biao)(biao)明: 高(gao)分(fen)(fen)子(zi)(zi)永(yong)久(jiu)型(xing)抗靜(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)劑(ji)主(zhu)要是(shi)在制品(pin)表(biao)(biao)層呈(cheng)微細的(de)(de)(de)層狀(zhuang)或(huo)筋(jin)狀(zhuang)分(fen)(fen)布 , 構(gou)成導(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)性表(biao)(biao)層 , 而(er)在中(zhong)心部分(fen)(fen)幾乎呈(cheng)球(qiu)狀(zhuang)分(fen)(fen)布 , 形成所謂的(de)(de)(de)“芯殼結構(gou)”, 并以此為通(tong)(tong)路(lu)泄(xie)漏(lou)靜(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷。因為高(gao)分(fen)(fen)子(zi)(zi)永(yong)久(jiu)型(xing)抗靜(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)劑(ji)是(shi)以降低(di)材料體積電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻率(lv)來(lai)達到抗靜(jing)(jing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)效果 , 不完全依賴表(biao)(biao)面(mian)吸水(shui) , 所以受環境的(de)(de)(de)濕度影(ying)響(xiang)比較小。