皮膚消毒液的作用是什么
皮(pi)(pi)膚(fu)(fu)(fu)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)毒(du)(du)(du)(du)液(ye)(ye),顧名思義(yi)就是(shi)可以用(yong)(yong)于(yu)皮(pi)(pi)膚(fu)(fu)(fu)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)毒(du)(du)(du)(du)的消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)毒(du)(du)(du)(du)液(ye)(ye),皮(pi)(pi)膚(fu)(fu)(fu)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)毒(du)(du)(du)(du)液(ye)(ye)通常刺(ci)激性較小,主(zhu)要作用(yong)(yong)是(shi)注射(she)(she)(she)部(bu)位皮(pi)(pi)膚(fu)(fu)(fu)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)毒(du)(du)(du)(du)、術野皮(pi)(pi)膚(fu)(fu)(fu)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)毒(du)(du)(du)(du)、衛生手(shou)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)毒(du)(du)(du)(du)和外科手(shou)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)毒(du)(du)(du)(du)等。皮(pi)(pi)膚(fu)(fu)(fu)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)毒(du)(du)(du)(du)液(ye)(ye)不僅具有消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)毒(du)(du)(du)(du)作用(yong)(yong),使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)完后皮(pi)(pi)膚(fu)(fu)(fu)表(biao)面細(xi)菌滋(zi)生很慢,因為(wei)它具有抑菌、殺菌作用(yong)(yong)。使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)皮(pi)(pi)膚(fu)(fu)(fu)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)毒(du)(du)(du)(du)液(ye)(ye)要注意皮(pi)(pi)膚(fu)(fu)(fu)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)毒(du)(du)(du)(du)前要視(shi)皮(pi)(pi)膚(fu)(fu)(fu)的污(wu)染情(qing)況對皮(pi)(pi)膚(fu)(fu)(fu)進行不同的清潔(jie)。消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)毒(du)(du)(du)(du)時以肌內、皮(pi)(pi)下(xia)、靜脈注射(she)(she)(she)及針灸(jiu)部(bu)位和各種診(zhen)療性穿刺(ci)應以注射(she)(she)(she)和穿刺(ci)部(bu)位為(wei)中(zhong)心,由內向外緩慢旋轉涂(tu)擦(ca),涂(tu)擦(ca)范圍直徑≥5cm,涂(tu)擦(ca)2~3遍,或遵循所用(yong)(yong)消(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)毒(du)(du)(du)(du)劑的使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)說明書使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)即可。
皮膚消毒液有效期
皮(pi)膚消毒液的(de)(de)有效期(qi)(qi)應(ying)參照使(shi)用(yong)說(shuo)明(ming)(ming)書,消毒液一經打開(kai),應(ying)在有效期(qi)(qi)之(zhi)前(qian)用(yong)完。無明(ming)(ming)確規定使(shi)用(yong)期(qi)(qi)限的(de)(de)應(ying)根據使(shi)用(yong)方法及頻次、環境溫濕度(du)等因素確定使(shi)用(yong)期(qi)(qi)限,確保微生物污染指(zhi)標低于100CFU/ml。連續使(shi)用(yong)最長不(bu)應(ying)超過17天。
常用的皮膚除菌液有哪些
1、乙醇消毒液
乙(yi)(yi)(yi)醇(chun)(chun)(酒精)具有(you)可靠的(de)(de)(de)殺(sha)菌(jun)(jun)作用(yong),一般用(yong)于(yu)皮膚(fu)消(xiao)毒的(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)劑中(zhong)含(han)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)是乙(yi)(yi)(yi)醇(chun)(chun)、丙(bing)醇(chun)(chun)或異丙(bing)醇(chun)(chun)。對(dui)最(zui)常用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)乙(yi)(yi)(yi)醇(chun)(chun)而(er)言,60.0%~80.0%是最(zui)有(you)效濃度。由(you)于(yu)蛋白質在(zai)(zai)缺水條件(jian)下(xia)不容(rong)易發生變性,因此更(geng)高的(de)(de)(de)濃度反而(er)會降低殺(sha)菌(jun)(jun)效果。乙(yi)(yi)(yi)醇(chun)(chun)用(yong)于(yu)皮膚(fu)能(neng)快速殺(sha)菌(jun)(jun),但是沒有(you)持久活(huo)性。然而(er)使用(yong)乙(yi)(yi)(yi)醇(chun)(chun)手消(xiao)毒液(ye)后,細菌(jun)(jun)在(zai)(zai)皮膚(fu)上(shang)繁(fan)殖很慢(man),可能(neng)由(you)于(yu)乙(yi)(yi)(yi)醇(chun)(chun)對(dui)皮膚(fu)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)很多細菌(jun)(jun)有(you)致命的(de)(de)(de)殺(sha)滅作用(yong)。此外,乙(yi)(yi)(yi)醇(chun)(chun)與其(qi)他化學抗菌(jun)(jun)劑配伍具有(you)協同抗菌(jun)(jun)作用(yong)。
2、碘與聚維酮碘
碘(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)是(shi)被臨床廣泛應用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)皮膚(fu)消毒(du)(du)劑,碘(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)分子(zi)能(neng)快速滲透(tou)細胞壁,通過形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)氨基酸和(he)不飽(bao)和(he)脂肪酸,導致蛋(dan)白合成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)困難和(he)細胞膜改變。臨床常用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)含碘(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)制劑主(zhu)要是(shi)碘(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)酊(碘(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)酒)、碘(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)伏(fu)和(he)聚維酮碘(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)溶液。聚維酮碘(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)是(shi)當前最(zui)主(zhu)要的(de)(de)含碘(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)皮膚(fu)消毒(du)(du)劑,也(ye)是(shi)皮膚(fu)黏膜消毒(du)(du)劑。是(shi)碘(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)與表面活性劑結合而成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)不定型絡合物。其所(suo)含表面活性成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)分能(neng)改變溶液對(dui)物體(ti)的(de)(de)濕(shi)潤性,可在(zai)皮膚(fu)表面上形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)一層極薄的(de)(de)殺菌薄膜。具有協助碘(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)穿透(tou)有機物作用(yong)(yong),并能(neng)乳化(hua)脂肪,緩慢持久(jiu)的(de)(de)釋放有效碘(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),加強碘(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)殺菌作用(yong)(yong)。
3、氯己定
氯己(ji)定(ding)屬于(yu)雙胍類抗(kang)菌(jun)(jun)劑,具有(you)毒(du)(du)(du)性(xing)低(di)(di)、刺激性(xing)小、抗(kang)菌(jun)(jun)譜廣等特點,主要用(yong)作皮膚及黏(nian)膜(mo)(mo)的抗(kang)菌(jun)(jun)處(chu)理。氯己(ji)定(ding)本身(shen)難溶于(yu)水(shui),但(dan)是葡萄糖酸(suan)的形式是水(shui)溶性(xing)的。抗(kang)菌(jun)(jun)活性(xing)是黏(nian)附(fu)并破壞細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)漿膜(mo)(mo),導致細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)內容物沉(chen)淀。氯己(ji)定(ding)的即刻抗(kang)菌(jun)(jun)活性(xing)比(bi)乙醇(chun)慢。它具有(you)很好的抗(kang)革(ge)蘭(lan)陽性(xing)菌(jun)(jun)作用(yong),對革(ge)蘭(lan)陰(yin)性(xing)菌(jun)(jun)和真(zhen)菌(jun)(jun)的作用(yong)較(jiao)弱(ruo),對分枝(zhi)桿菌(jun)(jun)屬作用(yong)小,對芽胞(bao)(bao)無(wu)效(xiao)(xiao)。體外試驗(yan)顯示(shi)對有(you)膜(mo)(mo)的病毒(du)(du)(du)如皰(pao)疹病毒(du)(du)(du)、HIV、巨細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)病毒(du)(du)(du)、流(liu)感病毒(du)(du)(du)和RSV有(you)效(xiao)(xiao),但(dan)明顯對無(wu)膜(mo)(mo)的病毒(du)(du)(du)如輪狀病毒(du)(du)(du)、腸道(dao)病毒(du)(du)(du)和腺病毒(du)(du)(du)有(you)效(xiao)(xiao)性(xing)較(jiao)低(di)(di)。
4、季銨鹽類化合物
季銨鹽是一大類結構復雜多變的化合物。其中烷基苯扎氯胺(苯扎溴銨)已經在臨床廣泛使用。其他用作消毒劑的化合物包括苯扎氯胺、苯扎溴胺。其抗菌活性主要是吸附細胞漿膜,,隨之出現低分子細胞質缺乏。季銨鹽類抗菌劑抑菌和殺菌濃度較低,毒性與刺激性小,使用方便,性質穩定,曾廣泛應用于醫療衛生等各個領域。近年來發現苯扎溴銨等(deng)季銨鹽類抗菌(jun)劑盡(jin)管抑菌(jun)作(zuo)用很強,但殺菌(jun)譜較(jiao)窄:對銅綠假單胞菌(jun)等(deng)革蘭陰(yin)性菌(jun)的(de)作(zuo)用較(jiao)差,對結核分枝桿菌(jun)和(he)細菌(jun)芽(ya)胞則基本無(wu)效;僅(jin)可滅活親脂病毒(du),而(er)對親水病毒(du)作(zuo)用較(jiao)差。
5、三氯生
三氯生是一種高效廣譜抗菌劑。于20世紀60年代后期開發,廣泛用于肥皂、牙膏、洗(xi)(xi)面奶、洗(xi)(xi)手液等消費品中供醫護人(ren)員和(he)公(gong)共場所使(shi)用。抗(kang)(kang)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)濃度為(wei)0.2%~2.0%。三氯生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)抗(kang)(kang)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)是(shi)進入(ru)細菌(jun)(jun)(jun)細胞而影響(xiang)細胞漿膜(mo)和(he)RNA、脂(zhi)肪酸和(he)蛋(dan)白質合(he)成。三氯生(sheng)(sheng)有一定的(de)抗(kang)(kang)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)譜,但是(shi)偏向于(yu)抑菌(jun)(jun)(jun)。三氯生(sheng)(sheng)對革蘭陽性(xing)(xing)(xing)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)的(de)作用強于(yu)革蘭陰性(xing)(xing)(xing)桿(gan)菌(jun)(jun)(jun),特別是(shi)銅綠假(jia)單胞菌(jun)(jun)(jun)。三氯生(sheng)(sheng)對分枝桿(gan)菌(jun)(jun)(jun)屬(shu)和(he)假(jia)絲(si)酵母菌(jun)(jun)(jun)屬(shu)有一定的(de)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing),但是(shi)對細絲(si)真菌(jun)(jun)(jun)的(de)活(huo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)較弱。大量研究顯示,用三氯生(sheng)(sheng)洗(xi)(xi)手后菌(jun)(jun)(jun)落(luo)的(de)降低(di)數比氯己(ji)定、聚維酮碘和(he)乙(yi)醇產(chan)品低(di)。
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