【天然樹脂(zhi)和合(he)成樹脂(zhi)】天然樹脂(zhi)和合(he)成樹脂(zhi)的區別 常見天然樹脂(zhi)有哪些
常見天然樹脂有哪些
這類物質種類繁多,來源于植物者,主要有松香、大漆、琥珀和瑪樹脂等;來源于動物者,主要(yao)有蟲膠,它是紫膠蟲的分泌物。天然(ran)樹(shu)脂可(ke)根據樹(shu)脂組分、樹(shu)脂形成的歷史進(jin)行(xing)分類。
按照樹(shu)脂的基本組分可分為三大(da)類:①純(chun)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),即由萜類物質(zhi)及粗香精(jing)油組成的(de)(de)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)狀物質(zhi)。一般不溶(rong)(rong)(rong)于(yu)水,而(er)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)于(yu)有機溶(rong)(rong)(rong)劑(ji),如松香等。②含(han)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)膠脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)或(huo)稱(cheng)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)膠樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),是(shi)由多糖類物質(zhi)組成,可溶(rong)(rong)(rong)于(yu)水或(huo)遇水溶(rong)(rong)(rong)脹,而(er)不溶(rong)(rong)(rong)于(yu)醇及有機溶(rong)(rong)(rong)劑(ji),如乳香等。③含(han)油樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)或(huo)稱(cheng)香膠,是(shi)指含(han)有較多精(jing)油、能溶(rong)(rong)(rong)于(yu)油中的(de)(de)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。按樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)形成歷(li)史可分為(wei)化石樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、半(ban)化石樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和(he)新鮮(xian)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。后(hou)者是(shi)最(zui)重要的(de)(de)天(tian)然樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)來源。有些天(tian)然樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)由最(zui)早(zao)集運(yun)出(chu)口(kou)(kou)的(de)(de)港口(kou)(kou)名稱(cheng)得(de)名,如瑪樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、柯巴樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)等。
常見天然樹脂
1、松香
從松樹分泌的(de)(de)粘稠液體(ti)(ti)中精制(zhi)而得。是(shi)一種透明脆性的(de)(de)固體(ti)(ti)物質,顏色(se)由微黃至棕(zong)紅色(se)。從其(qi)采集方法可(ke)分為脂松香(xiang)和(he)木松香(xiang)。脂松香(xiang)又稱膠(jiao)松香(xiang)。從松香(xiang)樹干上(shang)直(zhi)接(jie)割口收集流出的(de)(de)粘稠汁液,稱為毛松香;蒸出松(song)節油后,精制(zhi)便得到成品(pin)脂松(song)香(xiang),其特點(dian)是顏色(se)淺、酸(suan)值高、軟(ruan)化點(dian)高。木(mu)松(song)香(xiang)是從(cong)殘留的松(song)香(xiang)樁(zhuang)或樹根,經溶劑萃取(qu)、蒸餾(liu)分(fen)離(li)揮(hui)發性油后而制(zhi)得,質量(liang)不(bu)(bu)如脂松(song)香(xiang)好。松(song)香(xiang)的品(pin)質由顏色(se)、酸(suan)值、軟(ruan)化點(dian)等的不(bu)(bu)同而分(fen)級。松(song)香(xiang)中90%以(yi)上為各種同分(fen)異構(gou)的(de)松香酸(suan),其余是(shi)這些酸(suan)的(de)酯類和(he)一(yi)些不皂化(hua)(hua)物。松香酸(suan)是(shi)一(yi)種弱酸(suan),可以(yi)進行酯化(hua)(hua)、皂化(hua)(hua)等反應;對氧的(de)作(zuo)用(yong)很敏感,氧化(hua)(hua)后(hou)使松香顏色變(bian)深,也能(neng)聚合(he)成二聚體;在250~260°C能受熱(re)分(fen)解。松香主(zhu)(zhu)要用(yong)于(yu)肥皂、造紙等工(gong)業,制(zhi)成各種加工(gong)產(chan)品(pin)如松香皂、松香酯等用(yong)于(yu)涂料(liao)工(gong)業。松香在(zai)中國(guo)產(chan)量很大,主(zhu)(zhu)要產(chan)于(yu)西南、華南地區。
2、琥珀
松(song)樹分泌的樹脂在(zai)地下長(chang)期埋藏(zang)而得到的一種化石樹脂,多用于(yu)珠(zhu)寶(bao)、其他工藝(yi)品。
柯巴樹脂和瑪樹脂 從非洲和新(xin)西蘭等(deng)(deng)地的(de)(de)木本植物分泌(mi)物得(de)到(dao)的(de)(de)一類(lei)樹(shu)脂。根(gen)據產(chan)地和植物來源不(bu)同有多種名稱,產(chan)于(yu)非洲的(de)(de)有剛(gang)果(guo)柯(ke)(ke)(ke)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)、馬達加斯加柯(ke)(ke)(ke)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)等(deng)(deng),產(chan)于(yu)新(xin)西蘭的(de)(de)有高里(li)柯(ke)(ke)(ke)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)等(deng)(deng),產(chan)于(yu)菲律賓的(de)(de)有馬尼拉柯(ke)(ke)(ke)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)等(deng)(deng)。從植物直接采取制得(de)的(de)(de)是軟(ruan)質(zhi)柯(ke)(ke)(ke)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba),如馬尼拉柯(ke)(ke)(ke)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba);樹(shu)木分泌(mi)物長(chang)期埋藏于(yu)地下轉化(hua)而成化(hua)石樹(shu)脂,是硬質(zhi)柯(ke)(ke)(ke)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)或化(hua)石柯(ke)(ke)(ke)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba),如剛(gang)果(guo)柯(ke)(ke)(ke)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)等(deng)(deng),采得(de)的(de)(de)粗樹(shu)脂經過精制即(ji)得(de)各種柯(ke)(ke)(ke)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)樹(shu)脂。它們的(de)(de)軟(ruan)化(hua)點約在 100~300°C,多數(shu)約在150°C。柯巴樹(shu)脂(zhi)的(de)(de)主要成分為樹(shu)脂(zhi)酸,瑪(ma)樹(shu)脂(zhi)則(ze)是龍腦香科(ke)植物的(de)(de)分泌(mi)物。瑪(ma)樹(shu)脂(zhi)和柯巴樹(shu)脂(zhi)在19世(shi)紀為涂料的(de)原料,現已幾乎不(bu)用。
3、蟲膠
也稱(cheng)紫膠,是印度、馬(ma)來西亞和中國云(yun)南等地(di)產的紫膠蟲,由于新(xin)陳(chen)代謝作用,分(fen)(fen)泌出的膠(jiao)質積累在樹枝(zhi)上(shang)(shang)的一種(zhong)動物質樹脂。從樹枝(zhi)上(shang)(shang)剝(bo)取的分(fen)(fen)泌物,經過精制即成為(wei)蟲膠(jiao)片。蟲膠(jiao)能(neng)溶(rong)于乙醇。現在在涂料工業(ye)中還有(you)少量應用。
天然樹脂和合成樹脂的區別
1、定義不同
天然樹脂是(shi)指由自然界中(zhong)動植物分泌物所得(de)的無定形有機(ji)物質,如松(song)香、琥珀、蟲膠等。
合(he)成樹脂是指由(you)簡(jian)單(dan)有機物經(jing)化學合(he)成或某些(xie)天然產物經(jing)化學反(fan)應而得(de)到(dao)的樹脂產物。
2、來(lai)源(yuan)不同
天(tian)然樹脂(zhi)主要來源于植物滲(泌(mi))出物的(de)無(wu)定形半(ban)固(gu)體或(huo)固(gu)體有(you)機(ji)物。
合(he)成樹脂是由(you)人工合(he)成的一類高分子(zi)聚(ju)合(he)物。
3、特點不(bu)同
天然樹脂受熱時變軟,并(bing)可熔化,在(zai)應力作(zuo)用下(xia)有(you)(you)流動的(de)傾向(xiang),一般不溶于(yu)水,而能溶于(yu)醇(chun)、醚、酮及其他有(you)(you)機溶劑(ji)。這(zhe)類(lei)物質種(zhong)類(lei)繁多,來源于(yu)植(zhi)物者,主要有(you)(you)松香、大漆、琥珀和?瑪樹(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)等;來源于(yu)動物(wu)者,主要(yao)有(you)(you)蟲膠(jiao),它是(shi)紫(zi)膠(jiao)蟲的分(fen)(fen)泌物(wu)。天(tian)(tian)然樹(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)可(ke)(ke)(ke)根據樹(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)組(zu)(zu)分(fen)(fen)、樹(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)形(xing)成的歷(li)史進行分(fen)(fen)類。按照樹(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的基本組(zu)(zu)分(fen)(fen)可(ke)(ke)(ke)分(fen)(fen)為三大類:①純(chun)樹(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),即由(you)萜類物(wu)質(zhi)及粗香(xiang)精油(you)組(zu)(zu)成的樹(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)狀物(wu)質(zhi)。一般不(bu)溶于(yu)水,而溶于(yu)有(you)(you)機溶劑(ji),如松香(xiang)等。②含(han)樹(shu)膠(jiao)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)或(huo)稱樹(shu)膠(jiao)樹(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),是(shi)由(you)多(duo)(duo)醣類物(wu)質(zhi)組(zu)(zu)成,可(ke)(ke)(ke)溶于(yu)水或(huo)遇水溶脹,而不(bu)溶于(yu)醇及有(you)(you)機溶劑(ji),如乳香(xiang)等。③含(han)油(you)樹(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)或(huo)稱香(xiang)膠(jiao),是(shi)指含(han)有(you)(you)較多(duo)(duo)精油(you)、能(neng)溶于(yu)油(you)中的樹(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。按樹(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的形(xing)成歷(li)史可(ke)(ke)(ke)分(fen)(fen)為化石樹(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、半化石樹(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和新鮮樹(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。后者是(shi)最重(zhong)要(yao)的天(tian)(tian)然樹(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)來源。有(you)(you)些(xie)天(tian)(tian)然樹(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)由(you)最早集運出口(kou)的港口(kou)名稱得名,如?瑪樹(shu)脂、柯巴(ba)樹(shu)脂等。
合成樹脂為(wei)粘(zhan)稠(chou)液體(ti)或加(jia)(jia)熱(re)可軟(ruan)化的(de)(de)(de)固體(ti),受熱(re)時通常(chang)有熔(rong)(rong)融或軟(ruan)化的(de)(de)(de)溫度范圍(wei),在(zai)外力(li)作用(yong)下可呈塑性(xing)流(liu)動狀態,某些性(xing)質(zhi)與天然樹(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)相似。合(he)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)最重要的(de)(de)(de)應(ying)用(yong)是制(zhi)(zhi)造塑料(liao)。為(wei)便于加(jia)(jia)工和(he)改善性(xing)能,常(chang)添加(jia)(jia)助劑,有時也直接用(yong)于加(jia)(jia)工成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)形,故常(chang)是塑料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)同義語。合(he)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)還是制(zhi)(zhi)造合(he)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)纖維、涂(tu)料(liao)、膠粘(zhan)劑、絕緣材料(liao)等的(de)(de)(de)基礎原料(liao)。合(he)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)種類繁多(duo)。按(an)主鏈(lian)結構有碳(tan)鏈(lian)、雜(za)鏈(lian)和(he)非碳(tan)鏈(lian)合(he)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi);按(an)合(he)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)反應(ying)特征有加(jia)(jia)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)型和(he)縮聚(ju)(ju)(ju)型合(he)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。實際應(ying)用(yong)中,常(chang)按(an)其熱(re)行為(wei)分為(wei)熱(re)塑性(xing)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和(he)熱(re)固性(xing)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。生(sheng)產(chan)合(he)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)原料(liao)來源豐富(fu),早期以煤焦油產(chan)品和(he)電石(shi)乙(yi)炔(gui)為(wei)主,現多(duo)以石(shi)油和(he)天然氣(qi)的(de)(de)(de)產(chan)品為(wei)主,如(ru)乙(yi)烯、丙烯、苯、甲(jia)醛及尿(niao)素(su)等。合(he)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)產(chan)方法采用(yong)本體(ti)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)合(he)、懸浮聚(ju)(ju)(ju)合(he)、乳液聚(ju)(ju)(ju)合(he)、溶液聚(ju)(ju)(ju)合(he)、熔(rong)(rong)融聚(ju)(ju)(ju)合(he)和(he)界(jie)面縮聚(ju)(ju)(ju)等。