【天(tian)然(ran)樹脂(zhi)(zhi)和合(he)成樹脂(zhi)(zhi)】天(tian)然(ran)樹脂(zhi)(zhi)和合(he)成樹脂(zhi)(zhi)的區別 常見天(tian)然(ran)樹脂(zhi)(zhi)有哪些
常見天然樹脂有哪些
這類物質種類繁多,來源于植物者,主要有松香、大漆、琥珀和瑪樹脂等;來源于動物者,主要有蟲膠,它是(shi)紫膠蟲的(de)分(fen)泌物。天然樹(shu)脂(zhi)可根據樹(shu)脂(zhi)組分(fen)、樹(shu)脂(zhi)形成的(de)歷(li)史進行分(fen)類。
按照樹脂的基(ji)本組分可分為三大類:①純樹(shu)(shu)脂,即由(you)萜類物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)及粗香(xiang)精油組成(cheng)的樹(shu)(shu)脂狀物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)。一般不(bu)溶于(yu)水,而(er)溶于(yu)有(you)機溶劑,如松香(xiang)等。②含樹(shu)(shu)膠脂或稱樹(shu)(shu)膠樹(shu)(shu)脂,是由(you)多糖類物(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)組成(cheng),可(ke)溶于(yu)水或遇水溶脹(zhang),而(er)不(bu)溶于(yu)醇及有(you)機溶劑,如乳香(xiang)等。③含油樹(shu)(shu)脂或稱香(xiang)膠,是指(zhi)含有(you)較多精油、能溶于(yu)油中(zhong)的樹(shu)(shu)脂。按樹(shu)(shu)脂的形成(cheng)歷史可(ke)分為(wei)化石樹(shu)(shu)脂、半化石樹(shu)(shu)脂和新鮮樹(shu)(shu)脂。后者(zhe)是最(zui)重要的天然樹(shu)(shu)脂來源(yuan)。有(you)些(xie)天然樹(shu)(shu)脂由(you)最(zui)早集(ji)運出口的港口名(ming)稱得名(ming),如瑪樹(shu)(shu)脂、柯巴樹(shu)(shu)脂等。
常見天然樹脂
1、松香
從(cong)(cong)松樹(shu)分(fen)泌的(de)粘(zhan)(zhan)稠液(ye)體中精制而得。是一(yi)種透明脆性的(de)固體物(wu)質,顏色由微(wei)黃至棕紅色。從(cong)(cong)其(qi)采集(ji)方法可(ke)分(fen)為(wei)脂松香和木松香。脂松香又稱膠松香。從(cong)(cong)松香樹(shu)干上直接割(ge)口(kou)收集(ji)流(liu)出的(de)粘(zhan)(zhan)稠汁(zhi)液(ye),稱(cheng)為毛松香;蒸出松節(jie)油(you)(you)后,精制便得(de)到(dao)成品(pin)脂松香,其特點是顏(yan)色(se)淺、酸值高、軟化點高。木松香是從殘留(liu)的(de)松香樁(zhuang)或樹根,經溶(rong)劑萃取(qu)、蒸餾分(fen)離揮發(fa)性油(you)(you)后而制得(de),質(zhi)量不(bu)如脂松香好。松香的(de)品(pin)質(zhi)由顏(yan)色(se)、酸值、軟化點等的(de)不(bu)同而分(fen)級。松香中90%以(yi)上為各(ge)種(zhong)同(tong)分異構的松(song)香(xiang)酸(suan),其(qi)余是這些酸(suan)的酯類和一些不皂(zao)化物。松(song)香(xiang)酸(suan)是一種(zhong)弱酸(suan),可以(yi)進行(xing)酯化、皂(zao)化等反應(ying);對氧的作用(yong)很敏感,氧化后使松(song)香(xiang)顏色變深,也(ye)能聚合成二聚體;在250~260°C能(neng)受熱(re)分解。松(song)香(xiang)主要用(yong)于(yu)肥皂、造(zao)紙等工業,制成各種加(jia)工產品如松(song)香(xiang)皂、松(song)香(xiang)酯等用(yong)于(yu)涂料工業。松(song)香(xiang)在(zai)中國產量很大,主要產于(yu)西南(nan)、華南(nan)地區。
2、琥珀
松樹分泌的樹脂在地(di)下長(chang)期埋(mai)藏而(er)得到(dao)的一種化(hua)石樹脂,多用于珠寶、其他工藝品。
柯巴樹脂和瑪樹脂 從非洲和(he)新西(xi)蘭等(deng)地(di)的(de)(de)(de)木(mu)(mu)本(ben)植物分泌(mi)物得(de)(de)到的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)類樹(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)。根據產地(di)和(he)植物來(lai)源不同(tong)有多種名(ming)稱,產于非洲的(de)(de)(de)有剛果柯(ke)巴(ba)(ba)、馬(ma)達加斯加柯(ke)巴(ba)(ba)等(deng),產于新西(xi)蘭的(de)(de)(de)有高里(li)柯(ke)巴(ba)(ba)等(deng),產于菲(fei)律賓的(de)(de)(de)有馬(ma)尼拉(la)(la)柯(ke)巴(ba)(ba)等(deng)。從植物直接采(cai)取制得(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)軟質柯(ke)巴(ba)(ba),如(ru)馬(ma)尼拉(la)(la)柯(ke)巴(ba)(ba);樹(shu)(shu)木(mu)(mu)分泌(mi)物長(chang)期埋藏于地(di)下轉化(hua)(hua)而成化(hua)(hua)石樹(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi),是(shi)硬質柯(ke)巴(ba)(ba)或化(hua)(hua)石柯(ke)巴(ba)(ba),如(ru)剛果柯(ke)巴(ba)(ba)等(deng),采(cai)得(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)粗樹(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)經過精(jing)制即得(de)(de)各(ge)種柯(ke)巴(ba)(ba)樹(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)。它們的(de)(de)(de)軟化(hua)(hua)點約在 100~300°C,多數約在150°C。柯巴(ba)樹(shu)脂的主要(yao)成分(fen)為樹(shu)脂酸,瑪樹(shu)脂則是龍腦香科植(zhi)物的分(fen)泌物。瑪樹(shu)脂和柯巴(ba)樹(shu)脂在19世紀為涂料(liao)的原料(liao),現已幾乎不(bu)用。
3、蟲膠
也稱(cheng)紫(zi)膠,是(shi)印度、馬(ma)來西亞和中國云南等地產的紫(zi)膠蟲(chong),由于新陳代謝作用(yong),分(fen)泌出的膠質積累在樹(shu)枝上(shang)的一(yi)種動(dong)物(wu)質樹(shu)脂。從樹(shu)枝上(shang)剝(bo)取(qu)的分(fen)泌物(wu),經過精制即成為蟲(chong)膠片。蟲(chong)膠能溶于乙醇。現在在涂(tu)料工業(ye)中還(huan)有(you)少量應用。
天然樹脂和合成樹脂的區別
1、定義不同
天(tian)然樹脂是指由自然界中動植物分泌物所得的(de)無定(ding)形有機物質,如松(song)香(xiang)、琥珀(po)、蟲膠等。
合成樹脂(zhi)是指(zhi)由簡單有機物經(jing)化學(xue)合成或某些天然產物經(jing)化學(xue)反應而得到的(de)樹脂(zhi)產物。
2、來(lai)源不同(tong)
天(tian)然樹脂主要來源于(yu)植物(wu)滲(shen)(泌)出物(wu)的無定形半固(gu)體或固(gu)體有機(ji)物(wu)。
合成樹脂是由(you)人工合成的一(yi)類高分子(zi)聚(ju)合物。
3、特點不同
天(tian)然樹脂受(shou)熱時變軟,并可熔化(hua),在應(ying)力作用下(xia)有(you)流動的傾(qing)向,一(yi)般不溶于水,而能溶于醇、醚、酮及(ji)其(qi)他有(you)機溶劑。這類(lei)物質種類(lei)繁多,來源于植(zhi)物者,主(zhu)要有(you)松香、大漆(qi)、琥(hu)珀和?瑪(ma)樹(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)等;來(lai)源(yuan)(yuan)于(yu)動物(wu)(wu)者,主(zhu)要有(you)蟲膠,它是紫膠蟲的(de)分(fen)泌(mi)物(wu)(wu)。天(tian)(tian)然樹(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)可(ke)(ke)根據樹(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)組分(fen)、樹(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)形成的(de)歷史進行分(fen)類。按(an)照樹(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)基本組分(fen)可(ke)(ke)分(fen)為三(san)大類:①純樹(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),即由(you)萜類物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)及粗香(xiang)精(jing)油(you)(you)組成的(de)樹(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)狀物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)。一般不溶(rong)于(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui),而(er)溶(rong)于(yu)有(you)機溶(rong)劑(ji),如松(song)香(xiang)等。②含(han)樹(shu)膠脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)或(huo)稱(cheng)樹(shu)膠樹(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),是由(you)多(duo)醣類物(wu)(wu)質(zhi)(zhi)組成,可(ke)(ke)溶(rong)于(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)或(huo)遇水(shui)(shui)(shui)溶(rong)脹,而(er)不溶(rong)于(yu)醇及有(you)機溶(rong)劑(ji),如乳香(xiang)等。③含(han)油(you)(you)樹(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)或(huo)稱(cheng)香(xiang)膠,是指含(han)有(you)較(jiao)多(duo)精(jing)油(you)(you)、能溶(rong)于(yu)油(you)(you)中(zhong)的(de)樹(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。按(an)樹(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)形成歷史可(ke)(ke)分(fen)為化(hua)石(shi)樹(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、半化(hua)石(shi)樹(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和新鮮樹(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。后者是最(zui)重要的(de)天(tian)(tian)然樹(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)來(lai)源(yuan)(yuan)。有(you)些(xie)天(tian)(tian)然樹(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)由(you)最(zui)早集(ji)運出口(kou)的(de)港口(kou)名(ming)(ming)稱(cheng)得(de)名(ming)(ming),如?瑪樹脂、柯(ke)巴樹脂等(deng)。
合成樹脂為粘稠液體或加(jia)熱可(ke)軟化的(de)固(gu)(gu)體,受熱時通常有(you)熔融或軟化的(de)溫(wen)度(du)范圍,在外力(li)作用(yong)(yong)下(xia)可(ke)呈(cheng)塑(su)性流動狀態(tai),某些性質與天(tian)然(ran)(ran)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)相似。合(he)(he)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)最(zui)重(zhong)要的(de)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)是制造(zao)塑(su)料。為便于(yu)加(jia)工和(he)改善(shan)性能,常添加(jia)助劑(ji),有(you)時也直接用(yong)(yong)于(yu)加(jia)工成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)形,故常是塑(su)料的(de)同義(yi)語。合(he)(he)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)還是制造(zao)合(he)(he)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)纖維、涂料、膠粘劑(ji)、絕緣(yuan)材料等的(de)基礎(chu)原(yuan)料。合(he)(he)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)種類繁多(duo)。按主鏈結構(gou)有(you)碳鏈、雜鏈和(he)非碳鏈合(he)(he)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi);按合(he)(he)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)反應(ying)(ying)特征有(you)加(jia)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)型(xing)和(he)縮聚(ju)(ju)(ju)型(xing)合(he)(he)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)。實際(ji)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)中,常按其熱行為分為熱塑(su)性樹(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)和(he)熱固(gu)(gu)性樹(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)。生產(chan)合(he)(he)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)的(de)原(yuan)料來(lai)源(yuan)豐富,早期以煤焦(jiao)油產(chan)品和(he)電(dian)石乙炔為主,現多(duo)以石油和(he)天(tian)然(ran)(ran)氣的(de)產(chan)品為主,如乙烯(xi)(xi)、丙(bing)烯(xi)(xi)、苯、甲醛及尿素(su)等。合(he)(he)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)的(de)生產(chan)方法采用(yong)(yong)本體聚(ju)(ju)(ju)合(he)(he)、懸浮聚(ju)(ju)(ju)合(he)(he)、乳液聚(ju)(ju)(ju)合(he)(he)、溶液聚(ju)(ju)(ju)合(he)(he)、熔融聚(ju)(ju)(ju)合(he)(he)和(he)界面縮聚(ju)(ju)(ju)等。