【天(tian)然樹(shu)脂(zhi)和(he)合成(cheng)樹(shu)脂(zhi)】天(tian)然樹(shu)脂(zhi)和(he)合成(cheng)樹(shu)脂(zhi)的區別 常(chang)見(jian)天(tian)然樹(shu)脂(zhi)有哪(na)些(xie)

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常見天然樹脂有哪些

這類物質種類繁多，來源于植物者，主要有松香、大漆、琥珀和瑪樹脂等；來源于動物者，主要(yao)有(you)蟲(chong)膠，它是(shi)紫膠蟲(chong)的分(fen)泌物。天然樹脂(zhi)(zhi)可根據樹脂(zhi)(zhi)組分(fen)、樹脂(zhi)(zhi)形成的歷(li)史進行分(fen)類(lei)。

按照(zhao)樹脂的基本組分(fen)可分(fen)為三大(da)類：①純樹(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)，即由萜類物(wu)質及粗(cu)香(xiang)精油組成(cheng)的(de)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)狀物(wu)質。一般不(bu)溶(rong)(rong)于水(shui)(shui)，而溶(rong)(rong)于有機溶(rong)(rong)劑，如松香(xiang)等(deng)(deng)。②含(han)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)膠(jiao)脂(zhi)(zhi)或(huo)稱(cheng)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)膠(jiao)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)，是由多(duo)糖(tang)類物(wu)質組成(cheng)，可(ke)溶(rong)(rong)于水(shui)(shui)或(huo)遇水(shui)(shui)溶(rong)(rong)脹，而不(bu)溶(rong)(rong)于醇(chun)及有機溶(rong)(rong)劑，如乳香(xiang)等(deng)(deng)。③含(han)油樹(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)或(huo)稱(cheng)香(xiang)膠(jiao)，是指(zhi)含(han)有較多(duo)精油、能(neng)溶(rong)(rong)于油中的(de)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)。按樹(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)的(de)形成(cheng)歷史可(ke)分(fen)為化(hua)石(shi)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)、半化(hua)石(shi)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)和(he)新(xin)鮮樹(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)。后(hou)者是最重要(yao)的(de)天(tian)然(ran)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)來源。有些天(tian)然(ran)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)由最早(zao)集運出口(kou)的(de)港口(kou)名稱(cheng)得名，如瑪樹(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)、柯巴樹(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)等(deng)(deng)。

常見天然樹脂

1、松香

從松(song)(song)樹分泌(mi)的粘稠液(ye)體中精制而得(de)。是一種透明脆性的固體物質，顏色由微黃至棕(zong)紅色。從其(qi)采集方法可分為脂松(song)(song)香(xiang)和木松(song)(song)香(xiang)。脂松(song)(song)香(xiang)又稱膠(jiao)松(song)(song)香(xiang)。從松(song)(song)香(xiang)樹干(gan)上直接割口收集流出的粘稠汁液(ye),稱為毛(mao)松香;蒸出(chu)松(song)節油后，精制便(bian)得到成品脂松(song)香(xiang)，其特點(dian)是(shi)(shi)顏(yan)色淺、酸值(zhi)高(gao)、軟化點(dian)高(gao)。木松(song)香(xiang)是(shi)(shi)從(cong)殘留的(de)松(song)香(xiang)樁或樹根，經溶(rong)劑(ji)萃取(qu)、蒸餾分離(li)揮發性油后而制得，質(zhi)量不(bu)如脂松(song)香(xiang)好。松(song)香(xiang)的(de)品質(zhi)由顏(yan)色、酸值(zhi)、軟化點(dian)等的(de)不(bu)同而分級。松(song)香(xiang)中90%以(yi)上為各種同分異構(gou)的(de)松(song)香酸，其余是這(zhe)些(xie)(xie)酸的(de)酯類(lei)和(he)一些(xie)(xie)不皂化(hua)物。松(song)香酸是一種弱酸，可以(yi)進行酯化(hua)、皂化(hua)等反應；對氧的(de)作用(yong)很敏感(gan)，氧化(hua)后使松(song)香顏色(se)變深(shen)，也能聚合成(cheng)二聚體；在250～260°C能受熱(re)分解。松香主要(yao)用于(yu)肥皂(zao)、造(zao)紙(zhi)等工(gong)業(ye)，制(zhi)成各(ge)種加工(gong)產品(pin)如松香皂(zao)、松香酯等用于(yu)涂料工(gong)業(ye)。松香在中國產量(liang)很大，主要(yao)產于(yu)西南、華南地區。

2、琥珀

松樹(shu)分(fen)泌的(de)樹(shu)脂在地下長期埋(mai)藏(zang)而得到的(de)一種化(hua)石(shi)樹(shu)脂，多用于珠寶、其他工藝品。

柯巴樹(shu)脂和(he)瑪樹(shu)脂 從非洲(zhou)和新(xin)西(xi)蘭(lan)(lan)等地(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)木本植(zhi)物(wu)分泌(mi)物(wu)得(de)到的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)類樹(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)。根據產(chan)(chan)地(di)和植(zhi)物(wu)來(lai)源(yuan)不同有多(duo)種(zhong)名稱，產(chan)(chan)于(yu)非洲(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)有剛果柯(ke)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)、馬達(da)加(jia)斯加(jia)柯(ke)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)等，產(chan)(chan)于(yu)新(xin)西(xi)蘭(lan)(lan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)有高里柯(ke)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)等，產(chan)(chan)于(yu)菲律賓(bin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)有馬尼拉柯(ke)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)等。從植(zhi)物(wu)直(zhi)接采取制(zhi)得(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是軟質(zhi)(zhi)柯(ke)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)，如馬尼拉柯(ke)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)；樹(shu)(shu)木分泌(mi)物(wu)長期(qi)埋藏(zang)于(yu)地(di)下轉(zhuan)化而(er)成化石(shi)樹(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)，是硬質(zhi)(zhi)柯(ke)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)或(huo)化石(shi)柯(ke)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)，如剛果柯(ke)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)等，采得(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)粗樹(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)經過精制(zhi)即得(de)各種(zhong)柯(ke)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)樹(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)。它們的(de)(de)(de)(de)軟化點約在 100～300°C，多(duo)數約(yue)在(zai)150°C。柯巴(ba)樹(shu)(shu)脂的主(zhu)要成(cheng)分為樹(shu)(shu)脂酸，瑪樹(shu)(shu)脂則是龍腦香(xiang)科植物的分泌物。瑪樹(shu)(shu)脂和柯巴(ba)樹(shu)(shu)脂在(zai)19世(shi)紀為涂(tu)料的原料，現(xian)已幾乎(hu)不用。

3、蟲膠

也稱紫膠，是印度、馬來(lai)西亞(ya)和中國(guo)云(yun)南(nan)等地產的紫膠蟲,由(you)于新陳代謝作用,分泌出的(de)膠(jiao)(jiao)質積累在(zai)樹枝上的(de)一(yi)種動物質樹脂。從樹枝上剝取的(de)分泌物，經(jing)過精制即成為(wei)蟲(chong)膠(jiao)(jiao)片。蟲(chong)膠(jiao)(jiao)能溶于乙醇。現在(zai)在(zai)涂料工業(ye)中還有少量應用。

天然樹脂和合成樹脂的區別

1、定義不同

天然(ran)樹脂是指由自然(ran)界中動植物(wu)分泌物(wu)所得的無定形(xing)有機物(wu)質(zhi),如(ru)松香、琥珀、蟲膠(jiao)等。

合成樹脂是指由簡單有機物經化學合成或某些天(tian)然產物經化學反應(ying)而(er)得到的樹脂產物。

2、來(lai)源不(bu)同

天然樹脂主要來源(yuan)于(yu)植(zhi)物滲（泌）出(chu)物的無定形(xing)半固體或固體有機物。

合(he)成樹(shu)脂是(shi)由人(ren)工合(he)成的一(yi)類(lei)高分(fen)子聚合(he)物。

3、特點不同

天然樹脂受熱時變軟，并可熔(rong)化(hua)，在應(ying)力作用(yong)下有(you)流動的傾向(xiang)，一般不溶(rong)(rong)于水，而能溶(rong)(rong)于醇、醚、酮及其他有(you)機(ji)溶(rong)(rong)劑。這(zhe)類物(wu)質(zhi)種類繁多，來源于植物(wu)者(zhe)，主要有(you)松(song)香、大漆、琥珀和?瑪樹(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)等；來源(yuan)于動物(wu)者，主(zhu)要有(you)(you)蟲(chong)膠，它是(shi)紫膠蟲(chong)的(de)分(fen)泌物(wu)。天然(ran)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)可根據樹(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)組分(fen)、樹(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)形成(cheng)的(de)歷史進(jin)行分(fen)類(lei)。按照樹(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)基本(ben)組分(fen)可分(fen)為三大類(lei)：①純樹(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，即由萜類(lei)物(wu)質(zhi)及(ji)粗香(xiang)(xiang)精油(you)組成(cheng)的(de)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)狀(zhuang)物(wu)質(zhi)。一般不(bu)溶(rong)(rong)于水(shui)，而溶(rong)(rong)于有(you)(you)機(ji)溶(rong)(rong)劑，如(ru)(ru)松香(xiang)(xiang)等。②含(han)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)膠脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)或稱樹(shu)(shu)(shu)膠樹(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，是(shi)由多醣(tang)類(lei)物(wu)質(zhi)組成(cheng)，可溶(rong)(rong)于水(shui)或遇水(shui)溶(rong)(rong)脹，而不(bu)溶(rong)(rong)于醇(chun)及(ji)有(you)(you)機(ji)溶(rong)(rong)劑，如(ru)(ru)乳香(xiang)(xiang)等。③含(han)油(you)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)或稱香(xiang)(xiang)膠，是(shi)指含(han)有(you)(you)較(jiao)多精油(you)、能溶(rong)(rong)于油(you)中的(de)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。按樹(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)形成(cheng)歷史可分(fen)為化石(shi)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、半化石(shi)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和新鮮樹(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。后者是(shi)最重要的(de)天然(ran)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)來源(yuan)。有(you)(you)些天然(ran)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)由最早集(ji)運出口(kou)的(de)港口(kou)名(ming)稱得(de)名(ming)，如(ru)(ru)?瑪樹(shu)脂、柯巴樹(shu)脂等。

合成樹脂為(wei)(wei)粘稠液(ye)體或加(jia)熱(re)(re)可(ke)軟化(hua)的(de)(de)固(gu)體，受熱(re)(re)時通常(chang)有(you)熔融(rong)或軟化(hua)的(de)(de)溫度范圍，在外力作用(yong)下(xia)可(ke)呈塑(su)(su)性(xing)(xing)流動狀態，某些(xie)性(xing)(xing)質與天然(ran)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)相似。合(he)成(cheng)(cheng)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)最重要的(de)(de)應用(yong)是(shi)制(zhi)造(zao)塑(su)(su)料(liao)。為(wei)(wei)便于加(jia)工和(he)(he)改(gai)善(shan)性(xing)(xing)能，常(chang)添加(jia)助劑，有(you)時也直接用(yong)于加(jia)工成(cheng)(cheng)形，故常(chang)是(shi)塑(su)(su)料(liao)的(de)(de)同義(yi)語。合(he)成(cheng)(cheng)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)還是(shi)制(zhi)造(zao)合(he)成(cheng)(cheng)纖(xian)維(wei)、涂料(liao)、膠粘劑、絕(jue)緣材料(liao)等的(de)(de)基礎原料(liao)。合(he)成(cheng)(cheng)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)種類(lei)繁多。按(an)主(zhu)鏈(lian)結(jie)構有(you)碳(tan)鏈(lian)、雜(za)鏈(lian)和(he)(he)非(fei)碳(tan)鏈(lian)合(he)成(cheng)(cheng)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)；按(an)合(he)成(cheng)(cheng)反(fan)應特(te)征有(you)加(jia)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)型和(he)(he)縮(suo)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)型合(he)成(cheng)(cheng)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)。實(shi)際應用(yong)中，常(chang)按(an)其(qi)熱(re)(re)行(xing)為(wei)(wei)分(fen)為(wei)(wei)熱(re)(re)塑(su)(su)性(xing)(xing)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)和(he)(he)熱(re)(re)固(gu)性(xing)(xing)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)。生產(chan)合(he)成(cheng)(cheng)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)原料(liao)來源豐富，早期以(yi)煤焦油產(chan)品(pin)和(he)(he)電石乙(yi)炔為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)，現多以(yi)石油和(he)(he)天然(ran)氣(qi)的(de)(de)產(chan)品(pin)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)，如乙(yi)烯、丙烯、苯、甲醛及尿素等。合(he)成(cheng)(cheng)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)生產(chan)方法采用(yong)本(ben)體聚(ju)(ju)(ju)合(he)、懸浮(fu)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)合(he)、乳液(ye)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)合(he)、溶液(ye)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)合(he)、熔融(rong)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)合(he)和(he)(he)界面縮(suo)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)等。