【天(tian)然樹脂(zhi)和(he)合成樹脂(zhi)】天(tian)然樹脂(zhi)和(he)合成樹脂(zhi)的區(qu)別(bie) 常見天(tian)然樹脂(zhi)有(you)哪些(xie)

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常見天然樹脂有哪些

這類物質種類繁多，來源于植物者，主要有松香、大漆、琥珀和瑪樹脂等；來(lai)源于動物(wu)者，主要有(you)蟲膠(jiao)，它是紫(zi)膠(jiao)蟲的(de)(de)分(fen)泌物(wu)。天然樹脂(zhi)可根據樹脂(zhi)組分(fen)、樹脂(zhi)形成的(de)(de)歷史(shi)進(jin)行分(fen)類。

按照樹脂的基本組分(fen)可分(fen)為三大類：①純樹(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，即由(you)(you)萜類(lei)物質及粗香精油(you)組成的(de)(de)樹(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)狀(zhuang)物質。一般不溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)水，而溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)有(you)機溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)劑(ji)(ji)，如(ru)松香等。②含樹(shu)(shu)膠(jiao)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)或(huo)稱樹(shu)(shu)膠(jiao)樹(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，是(shi)(shi)由(you)(you)多(duo)糖類(lei)物質組成，可溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)水或(huo)遇水溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)脹，而不溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)醇及有(you)機溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)劑(ji)(ji)，如(ru)乳(ru)香等。③含油(you)樹(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)或(huo)稱香膠(jiao)，是(shi)(shi)指含有(you)較多(duo)精油(you)、能溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)油(you)中的(de)(de)樹(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。按樹(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)形成歷史可分為化(hua)石樹(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、半(ban)化(hua)石樹(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和新(xin)鮮(xian)樹(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。后者是(shi)(shi)最(zui)重(zhong)要的(de)(de)天(tian)然樹(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)來(lai)源。有(you)些天(tian)然樹(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)由(you)(you)最(zui)早集(ji)運(yun)出(chu)口(kou)的(de)(de)港口(kou)名稱得名，如(ru)瑪樹(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、柯(ke)巴樹(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)等。

常見天然樹脂

1、松香

從(cong)(cong)松(song)(song)樹(shu)分泌的(de)粘(zhan)稠(chou)液(ye)體中精制而(er)得。是一種透明脆(cui)性的(de)固體物(wu)質(zhi)，顏色由微黃至棕紅色。從(cong)(cong)其采集(ji)方法(fa)可分為脂(zhi)松(song)(song)香和木松(song)(song)香。脂(zhi)松(song)(song)香又稱(cheng)膠松(song)(song)香。從(cong)(cong)松(song)(song)香樹(shu)干(gan)上(shang)直接(jie)割口收集(ji)流(liu)出(chu)的(de)粘(zhan)稠(chou)汁液(ye),稱為毛松香;蒸出(chu)松(song)節油后(hou)，精制便得到(dao)成(cheng)品脂(zhi)松(song)香(xiang)，其特點(dian)是顏(yan)色(se)淺、酸(suan)值(zhi)高、軟(ruan)化點(dian)高。木松(song)香(xiang)是從殘(can)留的松(song)香(xiang)樁或樹根，經溶劑萃(cui)取、蒸餾(liu)分離揮發性(xing)油后(hou)而制得，質量(liang)不如脂(zhi)松(song)香(xiang)好。松(song)香(xiang)的品質由顏(yan)色(se)、酸(suan)值(zhi)、軟(ruan)化點(dian)等(deng)的不同而分級(ji)。松(song)香(xiang)中90%以上為各(ge)種同分異構的松香酸，其余是(shi)這些酸的酯(zhi)類和一(yi)(yi)些不皂化(hua)物。松香酸是(shi)一(yi)(yi)種弱(ruo)酸，可以進行酯(zhi)化(hua)、皂化(hua)等反應；對氧(yang)(yang)的作用很敏感，氧(yang)(yang)化(hua)后使(shi)松香顏(yan)色變深，也(ye)能聚合成二(er)聚體；在(zai)250～260°C能受熱(re)分解。松(song)(song)香(xiang)主要用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)肥皂、造紙等(deng)工(gong)業，制成(cheng)各(ge)種加工(gong)產(chan)品如(ru)松(song)(song)香(xiang)皂、松(song)(song)香(xiang)酯等(deng)用(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)涂(tu)料(liao)工(gong)業。松(song)(song)香(xiang)在中國產(chan)量很大，主要產(chan)于(yu)(yu)西南(nan)、華南(nan)地(di)區。

2、琥珀

松樹(shu)分(fen)泌(mi)的(de)樹(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)在地下長期埋(mai)藏而得到的(de)一種化石樹(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)，多用于珠寶、其他工藝(yi)品(pin)。

柯巴樹(shu)脂和瑪樹(shu)脂 從非洲(zhou)和(he)(he)新西蘭等(deng)(deng)(deng)地(di)的(de)(de)(de)木本植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)分泌物(wu)(wu)得(de)到的(de)(de)(de)一類樹(shu)脂。根(gen)據產(chan)(chan)地(di)和(he)(he)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)來源不同(tong)有多種(zhong)名(ming)稱，產(chan)(chan)于(yu)非洲(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)有剛果(guo)柯(ke)(ke)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)、馬達加(jia)斯加(jia)柯(ke)(ke)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)等(deng)(deng)(deng)，產(chan)(chan)于(yu)新西蘭的(de)(de)(de)有高里(li)柯(ke)(ke)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)等(deng)(deng)(deng)，產(chan)(chan)于(yu)菲律賓的(de)(de)(de)有馬尼(ni)(ni)拉柯(ke)(ke)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)等(deng)(deng)(deng)。從植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)直(zhi)接(jie)采取(qu)制得(de)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)軟質(zhi)柯(ke)(ke)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)，如(ru)馬尼(ni)(ni)拉柯(ke)(ke)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)；樹(shu)木分泌物(wu)(wu)長期埋(mai)藏(zang)于(yu)地(di)下轉化(hua)而成化(hua)石樹(shu)脂，是(shi)硬(ying)質(zhi)柯(ke)(ke)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)或化(hua)石柯(ke)(ke)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)，如(ru)剛果(guo)柯(ke)(ke)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)等(deng)(deng)(deng)，采得(de)的(de)(de)(de)粗樹(shu)脂經過精制即得(de)各種(zhong)柯(ke)(ke)巴(ba)(ba)(ba)(ba)樹(shu)脂。它們的(de)(de)(de)軟化(hua)點約(yue)在 100～300°C，多(duo)數約在150°C。柯巴(ba)(ba)樹脂(zhi)(zhi)的(de)主要成分(fen)為樹脂(zhi)(zhi)酸(suan)，瑪(ma)樹脂(zhi)(zhi)則是龍腦香科植(zhi)物的(de)分(fen)泌物。瑪(ma)樹脂(zhi)(zhi)和柯巴(ba)(ba)樹脂(zhi)(zhi)在(zai)19世紀(ji)為涂料(liao)的原(yuan)料(liao)，現已幾乎(hu)不(bu)用。

3、蟲膠

也(ye)稱紫膠(jiao)，是印度、馬(ma)來(lai)西亞和中(zhong)國云南等(deng)地產的紫膠(jiao)蟲,由(you)于新陳(chen)代(dai)謝作用,分(fen)泌出的(de)膠(jiao)質積累(lei)在(zai)樹(shu)枝(zhi)上(shang)(shang)的(de)一種動物質樹(shu)脂。從樹(shu)枝(zhi)上(shang)(shang)剝取的(de)分(fen)泌物，經過精制即成為(wei)蟲(chong)膠(jiao)片。蟲(chong)膠(jiao)能溶(rong)于(yu)乙醇。現在(zai)在(zai)涂料工業中還有少量應用。

天然樹脂和合成樹脂的區別

1、定義不同

天然樹脂是指由(you)自然界中動植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)分泌(mi)物(wu)(wu)所得的無定形(xing)有機物(wu)(wu)質,如松香、琥珀、蟲膠等。

合成樹(shu)脂(zhi)是指由簡單有機物經化學合成或某些(xie)天然(ran)產物經化學反應而得到的(de)樹(shu)脂(zhi)產物。

2、來源不(bu)同

天然樹脂主要(yao)來(lai)源于植(zhi)物滲（泌(mi)）出物的(de)無(wu)定形半固(gu)體(ti)或固(gu)體(ti)有機物。

合(he)成(cheng)樹脂是由人工合(he)成(cheng)的(de)一類高分子聚合(he)物。

3、特點不(bu)同

天(tian)然樹脂受熱(re)時變軟，并可熔(rong)化，在(zai)應力作用下(xia)有流動的傾向，一(yi)般不(bu)溶(rong)于水，而能溶(rong)于醇、醚、酮及其他有機(ji)溶(rong)劑。這(zhe)類物質(zhi)種類繁多，來(lai)源于植物者，主要有松香(xiang)、大漆、琥珀和(he)?瑪樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)等；來(lai)源(yuan)(yuan)于(yu)動物(wu)者(zhe)，主要有(you)蟲(chong)(chong)膠(jiao)，它(ta)是紫膠(jiao)蟲(chong)(chong)的(de)(de)分泌物(wu)。天然樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)可(ke)根據樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)組分、樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)形成的(de)(de)歷史(shi)進行分類。按(an)照樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)基本組分可(ke)分為三大類：①純樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)，即由萜類物(wu)質(zhi)及(ji)粗香精油組成的(de)(de)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)狀(zhuang)物(wu)質(zhi)。一(yi)般不溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)于(yu)水(shui)，而溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)于(yu)有(you)機(ji)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)劑(ji)，如松香等。②含樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)膠(jiao)脂(zhi)(zhi)或(huo)(huo)稱(cheng)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)膠(jiao)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)，是由多醣(tang)類物(wu)質(zhi)組成，可(ke)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)于(yu)水(shui)或(huo)(huo)遇水(shui)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)脹(zhang)，而不溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)于(yu)醇及(ji)有(you)機(ji)溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)劑(ji)，如乳香等。③含油樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)或(huo)(huo)稱(cheng)香膠(jiao)，是指含有(you)較多精油、能溶(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)于(yu)油中的(de)(de)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)。按(an)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)形成歷史(shi)可(ke)分為化石樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)、半化石樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)和(he)新鮮樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)。后(hou)者(zhe)是最重要的(de)(de)天然樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)來(lai)源(yuan)(yuan)。有(you)些天然樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)由最早集運(yun)出口的(de)(de)港口名稱(cheng)得名，如?瑪樹脂(zhi)、柯巴樹脂(zhi)等。

合成樹脂為(wei)(wei)粘(zhan)稠液(ye)(ye)體或加(jia)(jia)熱(re)可(ke)(ke)軟化的(de)固體，受熱(re)時通常有(you)(you)熔(rong)融或軟化的(de)溫度范圍，在外力(li)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)下可(ke)(ke)呈(cheng)塑性流動狀(zhuang)態，某些性質與(yu)天然(ran)樹(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)相似。合(he)(he)(he)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樹(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)最重要的(de)應用(yong)(yong)(yong)是制造(zao)塑料(liao)。為(wei)(wei)便于加(jia)(jia)工和(he)(he)改善性能，常添加(jia)(jia)助劑(ji)，有(you)(you)時也(ye)直接(jie)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于加(jia)(jia)工成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)形(xing)，故(gu)常是塑料(liao)的(de)同義語。合(he)(he)(he)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樹(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)還是制造(zao)合(he)(he)(he)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)纖維、涂(tu)料(liao)、膠粘(zhan)劑(ji)、絕緣(yuan)材料(liao)等的(de)基礎原料(liao)。合(he)(he)(he)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樹(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)種類繁多(duo)。按主(zhu)鏈結構有(you)(you)碳鏈、雜鏈和(he)(he)非(fei)碳鏈合(he)(he)(he)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樹(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)；按合(he)(he)(he)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)反應特征(zheng)有(you)(you)加(jia)(jia)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)型和(he)(he)縮聚(ju)(ju)(ju)型合(he)(he)(he)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樹(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。實際應用(yong)(yong)(yong)中，常按其(qi)熱(re)行為(wei)(wei)分為(wei)(wei)熱(re)塑性樹(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)和(he)(he)熱(re)固性樹(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。生產合(he)(he)(he)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樹(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)原料(liao)來源(yuan)豐富(fu)，早(zao)期以(yi)(yi)煤焦油產品和(he)(he)電石乙炔為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)，現多(duo)以(yi)(yi)石油和(he)(he)天然(ran)氣的(de)產品為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)，如乙烯、丙烯、苯、甲(jia)醛及尿素等。合(he)(he)(he)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樹(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)生產方法采用(yong)(yong)(yong)本體聚(ju)(ju)(ju)合(he)(he)(he)、懸浮聚(ju)(ju)(ju)合(he)(he)(he)、乳液(ye)(ye)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)合(he)(he)(he)、溶液(ye)(ye)聚(ju)(ju)(ju)合(he)(he)(he)、熔(rong)融聚(ju)(ju)(ju)合(he)(he)(he)和(he)(he)界面(mian)縮聚(ju)(ju)(ju)等。