一、直放站的優點
直放站與(yu)基站(zhan)相比較(jiao),其優點主要體(ti)現在(zai)如下(xia)幾個方面:
1、同等(deng)覆(fu)蓋(gai)面積(ji)時(shi),使用(yong)(yong)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)放(fang)(fang)站(zhan)投資較低。在(zai)平原地區室(shi)外一(yi)個(ge)(ge)全向(xiang)基(ji)(ji)站(zhan)可以有10km覆(fu)蓋(gai)半徑(jing);一(yi)個(ge)(ge)全向(xiang)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)放(fang)(fang)站(zhan)可以有4km覆(fu)蓋(gai)半徑(jing);就覆(fu)蓋(gai)面積(ji)而(er)言,六個(ge)(ge)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)放(fang)(fang)站(zhan)約(yue)相(xiang)當于(yu)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)基(ji)(ji)站(zhan)。六個(ge)(ge)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)放(fang)(fang)站(zhan)的(de)(de)設備價(jia)約(yue)為一(yi)個(ge)(ge)基(ji)(ji)站(zhan)的(de)(de)80%。但(dan)考(kao)慮到機房租(zu)用(yong)(yong)和(he)裝修、交直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)流電源(yuan)、空調、傳輸系統和(he)電路租(zu)金等(deng)費(fei)用(yong)(yong),六個(ge)(ge)直(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)放(fang)(fang)站(zhan)的(de)(de)費(fei)用(yong)(yong)只相(xiang)當于(yu)于(yu)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)基(ji)(ji)站(zhan)的(de)(de)50%,甚至更低。
2、覆(fu)蓋更為靈活。一個(ge)基(ji)站(zhan)基(ji)本上是(shi)圓形覆(fu)蓋,多個(ge)直(zhi)放站(zhan)可以組(zu)(zu)織成多種覆(fu)蓋形式。如(ru)“一”字(zi)型(xing)排開(kai),可以覆(fu)蓋十幾(ji)(ji)至幾(ji)(ji)十公里的路段。也可以組(zu)(zu)織成“L”型(xing)、“N”型(xing)和“M”型(xing)覆(fu)蓋,特別適合于山區組(zu)(zu)網。
3、在組(zu)網初期,由(you)于(yu)用戶較(jiao)少,投資效益較(jiao)差,可(ke)以用一部分直(zhi)放(fang)站(zhan)代(dai)替(ti)基站(zhan)。用戶發展起來后現更換(huan)為(wei)基站(zhan),替(ti)換(huan)下來的直(zhi)放(fang)站(zhan)再進一步放(fang)置在更邊緣(yuan)的地區(qu),這樣(yang)一步步地滾(gun)動發展。
4、由于不(bu)需要土建(jian)和傳輸電(dian)路的施(shi)工,建(jian)網迅(xun)速。
二、直放站的缺點
但直放(fang)站與基(ji)站相比也有明顯的不(bu)足,主要(yao)表(biao)現在:
1、不能增(zeng)加系(xi)統容量。
2、引入直(zhi)放站后,會給基站增加約3dB以上(shang)的噪音,使原基站工(gong)作環境惡化(hua),覆蓋半徑減少。所以一個基站的一個扇區只能帶兩個以下(xia)的直(zhi)放站工(gong)作。
3、直放(fang)(fang)站(zhan)只能頻(pin)分(fen)不能碼(ma)(ma)分(fen),一個(ge)(ge)(ge)直放(fang)(fang)站(zhan)往(wang)往(wang)將多個(ge)(ge)(ge)基(ji)站(zhan)或多個(ge)(ge)(ge)扇(shan)區的(de)(de)信號加以放(fang)(fang)大。引入過(guo)多的(de)(de)直放(fang)(fang)站(zhan)后,導致基(ji)站(zhan)短碼(ma)(ma)相位混亂導頻(pin)污染嚴重,優(you)化工作困難,同時加大了不必(bi)要的(de)(de)軟切換。
4、直放站的網管功(gong)能(neng)和設備檢測功(gong)能(neng)遠不如基站,當(dang)直放站出現問題后不易察覺。
5、由于受隔離度(du)的(de)要求限制,直放站的(de)某些安裝條件要比基站苛刻的(de)多,使直放站的(de)性能往往不能得到充分發揮。
6、如(ru)果(guo)直放站(zhan)自激或直放站(zhan)附近有干(gan)(gan)擾源,將(jiang)(jiang)對原網造成嚴重影響。由于直放站(zhan)的工(gong)作天線(xian)較高,會將(jiang)(jiang)干(gan)(gan)擾的破壞作用大面積擴大。CDMA是一(yi)個同(tong)頻系(xi)統,周(zhou)邊的基站(zhan)均(jun)有可能受到堵塞而癱瘓。
根據相關資料(liao),有引起國(guo)家直(zhi)(zhi)放(fang)(fang)(fang)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)和基站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)安(an)裝(zhuang)比例高達2比1以(yi)上(shang);由于(yu)(yu)中國(guo)的(de)(de)人口密度很大(da),直(zhi)(zhi)放(fang)(fang)(fang)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)和基站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)安(an)裝(zhuang)比例不(bu)應(ying)(ying)過大(da),如果沒有光(guang)纖直(zhi)(zhi)放(fang)(fang)(fang)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan),只對射頻耦合型室外(wai)直(zhi)(zhi)放(fang)(fang)(fang)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)而言,這一比值應(ying)(ying)不(bu)大(da)于(yu)(yu)1。在規劃時,直(zhi)(zhi)放(fang)(fang)(fang)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)作(zuo)為(wei)滾動發展的(de)(de)過渡(du)設備,一次性安(an)裝(zhuang)直(zhi)(zhi)放(fang)(fang)(fang)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)比率應(ying)(ying)進(jin)一步減少。在大(da)中城市(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)市(shi)(shi)區(qu)和通話密度較高的(de)(de)地區(qu)應(ying)(ying)不(bu)使用(yong)射頻耦合型室外(wai)直(zhi)(zhi)放(fang)(fang)(fang)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)。
直放(fang)站(zhan)不能增加系統容量,卻可以彌補CDMA系統基站(zhan)的(de)覆(fu)蓋(gai)不足(zu),由于價格低、安(an)裝方(fang)便(bian)、在(zai)GSM、CDMA系統中采(cai)用直放(fang)站(zhan)不失為(wei)網絡優化的(de)一種較好的(de)解決方(fang)案。
另(ling)外由于CDMA系統的(de)(de)(de)頻率(lv)復用(yong)(yong)率(lv)為(wei)1,直放站(zhan)在(zai)CDMA系統和(he)GSM系統中的(de)(de)(de)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)存在(zai)著(zhu)差異。直放站(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)將與整個(ge)系統的(de)(de)(de)性能(neng)(neng)相(xiang)關(guan)(guan),而在(zai)GSM系統中直放站(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)僅(jin)與幾(ji)個(ge)相(xiang)關(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)通(tong)道性能(neng)(neng)有關(guan)(guan)。因而,合理的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)劃直放站(zhan)網絡(luo),嚴格的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)程(cheng)勘測及施工(gong)對提高CDMA網絡(luo)的(de)(de)(de)性能(neng)(neng)是十分必要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)。
三、直放站如何選擇安裝
在進行直放站天線選擇與安裝的過程中,除了要保證直放站良(liang)好接(jie)收施主(zhu)基站的(de)信(xin)號以外(wai),還(huan)要(yao)(yao)注(zhu)意保證直(zhi)放站的(de)施主(zhu)天(tian)線與(yu)業務(wu)天(tian)線之間的(de)隔離要(yao)(yao)求,避免(mian)直(zhi)放站的(de)性(xing)能惡化。以下介紹(shao)一些在直(zhi)放站天(tian)線選擇(ze)與(yu)安裝過程(cheng)中的(de)注(zhu)意點:
1、根據具體的(de)(de)信(xin)號(hao)情況,以及覆(fu)(fu)蓋(gai)(gai)(gai)的(de)(de)需要(yao),選(xuan)擇合(he)適的(de)(de)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)增益(yi)。由于直放站屬(shu)于同頻(pin)中繼(ji)系(xi)統(tong),所以一般(ban)(ban)不能采用全向(xiang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),否則可能引起系(xi)統(tong)自激。施主天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)與(yu)施主基(ji)(ji)站天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)之間是(shi)點對點的(de)(de)通(tong)(tong)信(xin),所以應(ying)選(xuan)擇具有高(gao)增益(yi)和窄水(shui)平波(bo)束的(de)(de)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)應(ying)當最適合(he)。一般(ban)(ban)采用角反(fan)射天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、對數(shu)周期天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)和拋(pao)物面天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),以避免引入不必要(yao)的(de)(de)導頻(pin)信(xin)號(hao);業(ye)(ye)務天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)根據需要(yao)覆(fu)(fu)蓋(gai)(gai)(gai)區域的(de)(de)不同特點來選(xuan)擇。如(ru)要(yao)覆(fu)(fu)蓋(gai)(gai)(gai)一個(ge)很大區域,這種天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)可以是(shi)普通(tong)(tong)基(ji)(ji)站使(shi)(shi)用的(de)(de)定(ding)向(xiang)型天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),但須具有較(jiao)高(gao)的(de)(de)增益(yi);要(yao)進行隧道覆(fu)(fu)蓋(gai)(gai)(gai)時,可選(xuan)用八(ba)木天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)或螺(luo)旋狀(zhuang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian);在(zai)室(shi)內環(huan)境下(xia),經常(chang)要(yao)求(qiu)使(shi)(shi)用特殊設(she)計(ji)的(de)(de)室(shi)內天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),室(shi)內天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)通(tong)(tong)常(chang)需設(she)計(ji)得不易引人(ren)注目,但不需要(yao)象普通(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)站天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)那樣應(ying)具備在(zai)惡(e)劣環(huan)境的(de)(de)要(yao)求(qiu),室(shi)內業(ye)(ye)務天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)網絡要(yao)引入較(jiao)多的(de)(de)電纜和導致分配(pei)器損耗(hao),因而通(tong)(tong)常(chang)僅使(shi)(shi)用于覆(fu)(fu)蓋(gai)(gai)(gai)較(jiao)小(xiao)的(de)(de)區域。無(wu)論(lun)在(zai)哪種場合(he)下(xia),業(ye)(ye)務天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)發射方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)應(ying)該嚴格控制,以保證業(ye)(ye)務信(xin)號(hao)不會(hui)饋入施主天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian);如(ru)果施主天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)與(yu)施主基(ji)(ji)站滿足視距傳輸(shu),拾取的(de)(de)信(xin)號(hao)相(xiang)對純(chun)凈。施主天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)采用方(fang)(fang)向(xiang)性好的(de)(de)窄波(bo)束定(ding)向(xiang)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),也有利于提高(gao)拾取信(xin)號(hao)的(de)(de)純(chun)凈度。
2、天(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)方(fang)(fang)向圖:安裝(zhuang)天(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)時,應使一副天(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)天(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)方(fang)(fang)向圖的(de)(de)零點(dian)對應另一副天(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)天(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)方(fang)(fang)向圖的(de)(de)零點(dian)。天(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)通常背(bei)靠(kao)背(bei)安裝(zhuang),這種情況下選擇高前后比的(de)(de)天(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)很重要(yao)。一般(ban)要(yao)求天(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)前后比最好(hao)在30db以上。
3、垂直分離(li):直放(fang)站天(tian)線(xian)在垂直方向通(tong)常波瓣較窄,當業務天(tian)線(xian)和(he)施主天(tian)線(xian)垂直安裝(zhuang)時,它們的(de)垂直面方向圖(tu)會有零點相對,可以獲得較高的(de)天(tian)線(xian)隔離(li)度(du)。
4、微波中繼(ji)處,天(tian)線(xian)要(yao)用(yong)高增(zeng)益拋(pao)物面(mian)天(tian)線(xian),安(an)(an)裝(zhuang)時要(yao)注意:如果采用(yong)柵(zha)格(ge)拋(pao)物面(mian)天(tian)線(xian),那(nei)么需要(yao)極(ji)化正交安(an)(an)裝(zhuang),兩(liang)個天(tian)線(xian)的極(ji)化要(yao)和基站側(ce)、用(yong)戶側(ce)的所(suo)用(yong)天(tian)線(xian)的極(ji)化一致(zhi);天(tian)線(xian)要(yao)安(an)(an)裝(zhuang)在平臺的兩(liang)端,最好能上(shang)下(xia)錯開,這樣可(ke)以增(zeng)大兩(liang)個天(tian)線(xian)之(zhi)間(jian)的隔離度(du)。
5、環(huan)境(jing)因素:天線(xian)(xian)(xian)周圍(wei)環(huan)境(jing)可能影響天線(xian)(xian)(xian)隔離度,環(huan)境(jing)因素包(bao)括(kuo):天線(xian)(xian)(xian)正(zheng)面近處是否存(cun)在(zai)(zai)反射物、天線(xian)(xian)(xian)安裝(zhuang)塔的(de)材(cai)質、施主天線(xian)(xian)(xian)和業務天線(xian)(xian)(xian)間(jian)是否存(cun)在(zai)(zai)屏蔽物或(huo)設置屏蔽網。
可以考(kao)慮將施主(zhu)基(ji)站(zhan)(zhan)的施主(zhu)扇區(qu)的天線采用與(yu)其他扇區(qu)和(he)基(ji)站(zhan)(zhan)不同(tong)的交叉極化(hua)方式,以便直放(fang)站(zhan)(zhan)有效地選擇來自施主(zhu)扇區(qu)的導頻;在(zai)直放(fang)站(zhan)(zhan)應用中,對(dui)于光纖直放(fang)站(zhan)(zhan)而言,天線隔離要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)同(tong)普(pu)通直放(fang)站(zhan)(zhan)的要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)基(ji)本(ben)一致。