一、直放站的優點
直放站與基站相比較,其優點主要體(ti)現(xian)在如下幾個方面:
1、同等(deng)覆蓋(gai)(gai)面(mian)積時,使(shi)用(yong)直(zhi)放(fang)站(zhan)投資較低。在平原地區室外一個(ge)(ge)全向基(ji)(ji)站(zhan)可(ke)以有10km覆蓋(gai)(gai)半徑;一個(ge)(ge)全向直(zhi)放(fang)站(zhan)可(ke)以有4km覆蓋(gai)(gai)半徑;就覆蓋(gai)(gai)面(mian)積而(er)言,六(liu)個(ge)(ge)直(zhi)放(fang)站(zhan)約(yue)(yue)相當(dang)于一個(ge)(ge)基(ji)(ji)站(zhan)。六(liu)個(ge)(ge)直(zhi)放(fang)站(zhan)的設備價約(yue)(yue)為一個(ge)(ge)基(ji)(ji)站(zhan)的80%。但考慮到機房租用(yong)和裝(zhuang)修、交直(zhi)流電(dian)源、空調、傳(chuan)輸(shu)系統(tong)和電(dian)路租金等(deng)費用(yong),六(liu)個(ge)(ge)直(zhi)放(fang)站(zhan)的費用(yong)只(zhi)相當(dang)于于一個(ge)(ge)基(ji)(ji)站(zhan)的50%,甚(shen)至更低。
2、覆蓋(gai)(gai)更為靈活。一(yi)個基站(zhan)(zhan)基本(ben)上(shang)是(shi)圓形覆蓋(gai)(gai),多(duo)個直放站(zhan)(zhan)可以組(zu)(zu)織成(cheng)多(duo)種覆蓋(gai)(gai)形式。如“一(yi)”字型(xing)排開(kai),可以覆蓋(gai)(gai)十幾(ji)至幾(ji)十公里的(de)路段。也可以組(zu)(zu)織成(cheng)“L”型(xing)、“N”型(xing)和“M”型(xing)覆蓋(gai)(gai),特別適合于(yu)山區(qu)組(zu)(zu)網。
3、在(zai)組網初(chu)期(qi),由于用(yong)(yong)戶較少,投資效益較差,可(ke)以(yi)用(yong)(yong)一部分直(zhi)放(fang)站代替基(ji)站。用(yong)(yong)戶發展起來(lai)后(hou)現更換為(wei)基(ji)站,替換下(xia)來(lai)的直(zhi)放(fang)站再進一步(bu)(bu)放(fang)置在(zai)更邊(bian)緣(yuan)的地(di)區,這樣一步(bu)(bu)步(bu)(bu)地(di)滾動發展。
4、由于不需要土建和(he)傳輸電路的施工,建網迅速。
二、直放站的缺點
但直放站(zhan)(zhan)與基站(zhan)(zhan)相比(bi)也有明顯的不足(zu),主要表現在:
1、不能(neng)增加系統容量。
2、引入直放站(zhan)(zhan)后,會給基站(zhan)(zhan)增加約3dB以(yi)(yi)上的(de)噪音,使原基站(zhan)(zhan)工作(zuo)環(huan)境(jing)惡化,覆蓋半徑減少。所以(yi)(yi)一個基站(zhan)(zhan)的(de)一個扇(shan)區(qu)只能(neng)帶兩個以(yi)(yi)下的(de)直放站(zhan)(zhan)工作(zuo)。
3、直放(fang)站(zhan)只能(neng)頻分(fen)不(bu)能(neng)碼分(fen),一個(ge)直放(fang)站(zhan)往(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)將(jiang)多(duo)個(ge)基站(zhan)或多(duo)個(ge)扇區的(de)(de)信(xin)號加以放(fang)大(da)。引入(ru)過多(duo)的(de)(de)直放(fang)站(zhan)后,導致基站(zhan)短碼相(xiang)位混亂導頻污染嚴重,優化工作困難,同(tong)時加大(da)了(le)不(bu)必要(yao)的(de)(de)軟(ruan)切換。
4、直放站(zhan)的網管功能(neng)和設備檢(jian)測功能(neng)遠不(bu)如基站(zhan),當(dang)直放站(zhan)出(chu)現問題后不(bu)易察覺。
5、由于(yu)受隔離度的要求(qiu)限制,直放站(zhan)(zhan)的某(mou)些安裝條件要比基站(zhan)(zhan)苛刻(ke)的多,使直放站(zhan)(zhan)的性能往(wang)往(wang)不能得到充分發(fa)揮。
6、如果直放(fang)站(zhan)自激(ji)或(huo)直放(fang)站(zhan)附近(jin)有干擾(rao)源,將對(dui)原網造(zao)成嚴重影(ying)響。由于直放(fang)站(zhan)的工作(zuo)(zuo)天線較高,會(hui)將干擾(rao)的破壞(huai)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)大面積擴大。CDMA是(shi)一(yi)個同頻系統,周(zhou)邊的基站(zhan)均有可能受到(dao)堵塞而(er)癱瘓。
根(gen)據相關資(zi)料,有引起國家直(zhi)放站(zhan)(zhan)和(he)基站(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)安(an)(an)裝比(bi)(bi)例(li)高(gao)達2比(bi)(bi)1以上;由于中(zhong)國的(de)(de)人口密度很大(da)(da),直(zhi)放站(zhan)(zhan)和(he)基站(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)安(an)(an)裝比(bi)(bi)例(li)不(bu)應(ying)過(guo)大(da)(da),如果沒有光纖直(zhi)放站(zhan)(zhan),只對射頻(pin)耦合型室(shi)外直(zhi)放站(zhan)(zhan)而(er)言,這一(yi)比(bi)(bi)值應(ying)不(bu)大(da)(da)于1。在規劃(hua)時,直(zhi)放站(zhan)(zhan)作為滾動發展的(de)(de)過(guo)渡設備(bei),一(yi)次性安(an)(an)裝直(zhi)放站(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)比(bi)(bi)率應(ying)進一(yi)步減(jian)少。在大(da)(da)中(zhong)城市(shi)的(de)(de)市(shi)區(qu)和(he)通話密度較高(gao)的(de)(de)地(di)區(qu)應(ying)不(bu)使用(yong)射頻(pin)耦合型室(shi)外直(zhi)放站(zhan)(zhan)。
直放站(zhan)不(bu)能增加(jia)系(xi)統(tong)容量,卻(que)可以(yi)彌(mi)補(bu)CDMA系(xi)統(tong)基站(zhan)的(de)覆蓋不(bu)足,由于價格低、安(an)裝方(fang)便、在(zai)GSM、CDMA系(xi)統(tong)中采(cai)用直放站(zhan)不(bu)失(shi)為網絡優化的(de)一種較好(hao)的(de)解決(jue)方(fang)案。
另外由于CDMA系統(tong)的(de)(de)頻率(lv)復用(yong)率(lv)為(wei)1,直(zhi)放站(zhan)(zhan)在CDMA系統(tong)和GSM系統(tong)中的(de)(de)使用(yong)存在著(zhu)差異。直(zhi)放站(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)使用(yong)將與整個系統(tong)的(de)(de)性(xing)能相關,而(er)在GSM系統(tong)中直(zhi)放站(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)使用(yong)僅(jin)與幾個相關的(de)(de)通道性(xing)能有關。因(yin)而(er),合理(li)的(de)(de)規劃直(zhi)放站(zhan)(zhan)網絡(luo),嚴格(ge)的(de)(de)工程勘測及施工對提高(gao)CDMA網絡(luo)的(de)(de)性(xing)能是十分(fen)必要的(de)(de)。
三、直放站如何選擇安裝
在進行直放站天線選擇與安裝的過程中,除了要保證直放站良(liang)好接收(shou)施主基站的(de)(de)信號以(yi)外,還要注(zhu)意保證直放站的(de)(de)施主天(tian)線(xian)(xian)與業務天(tian)線(xian)(xian)之間的(de)(de)隔離要求,避免直放站的(de)(de)性能惡化。以(yi)下介紹一些在直放站天(tian)線(xian)(xian)選擇與安裝過程中的(de)(de)注(zhu)意點:
1、根(gen)據具(ju)體的(de)(de)信號情況,以(yi)(yi)及覆(fu)蓋的(de)(de)需(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao),選擇(ze)合適的(de)(de)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)增益。由于(yu)直放站屬于(yu)同頻中繼系統(tong),所以(yi)(yi)一般(ban)(ban)不能(neng)采(cai)用(yong)全向天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)(xian),否則可(ke)能(neng)引起系統(tong)自激。施(shi)(shi)主(zhu)(zhu)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)與(yu)施(shi)(shi)主(zhu)(zhu)基站天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)之間是(shi)點對(dui)(dui)點的(de)(de)通信,所以(yi)(yi)應(ying)選擇(ze)具(ju)有(you)高增益和(he)窄水(shui)平波束的(de)(de)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)應(ying)當最適合。一般(ban)(ban)采(cai)用(yong)角反(fan)射天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)、對(dui)(dui)數周(zhou)期天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)和(he)拋物(wu)面天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)(xian),以(yi)(yi)避免引入(ru)不必要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)導頻信號;業(ye)(ye)務天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)根(gen)據需(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)覆(fu)蓋區域的(de)(de)不同特點來選擇(ze)。如(ru)要(yao)(yao)覆(fu)蓋一個很大區域,這種天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)是(shi)普通基站使(shi)用(yong)的(de)(de)定向型天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)(xian),但須(xu)具(ju)有(you)較高的(de)(de)增益;要(yao)(yao)進行隧(sui)道(dao)覆(fu)蓋時,可(ke)選用(yong)八木天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)或螺旋狀天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)(xian);在(zai)室內(nei)環(huan)境(jing)下,經常(chang)要(yao)(yao)求使(shi)用(yong)特殊設計(ji)的(de)(de)室內(nei)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)(xian),室內(nei)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)通常(chang)需(xu)(xu)設計(ji)得不易(yi)引人注目,但不需(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)象(xiang)普通的(de)(de)基站天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)那(nei)樣應(ying)具(ju)備在(zai)惡劣環(huan)境(jing)的(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)求,室內(nei)業(ye)(ye)務天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)網絡(luo)要(yao)(yao)引入(ru)較多的(de)(de)電纜和(he)導致分(fen)配(pei)器損耗,因而通常(chang)僅使(shi)用(yong)于(yu)覆(fu)蓋較小(xiao)的(de)(de)區域。無論在(zai)哪種場合下,業(ye)(ye)務天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)發(fa)射方向應(ying)該嚴格控制(zhi),以(yi)(yi)保(bao)證業(ye)(ye)務信號不會饋入(ru)施(shi)(shi)主(zhu)(zhu)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)(xian);如(ru)果施(shi)(shi)主(zhu)(zhu)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)與(yu)施(shi)(shi)主(zhu)(zhu)基站滿足(zu)視距傳(chuan)輸,拾(shi)取的(de)(de)信號相對(dui)(dui)純(chun)凈。施(shi)(shi)主(zhu)(zhu)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)采(cai)用(yong)方向性好的(de)(de)窄波束定向天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)線(xian)(xian)(xian),也有(you)利于(yu)提高拾(shi)取信號的(de)(de)純(chun)凈度。
2、天(tian)線(xian)(xian)方(fang)向圖:安(an)裝天(tian)線(xian)(xian)時,應使一副天(tian)線(xian)(xian)的(de)天(tian)線(xian)(xian)方(fang)向圖的(de)零(ling)點(dian)對應另一副天(tian)線(xian)(xian)的(de)天(tian)線(xian)(xian)方(fang)向圖的(de)零(ling)點(dian)。天(tian)線(xian)(xian)通常背靠背安(an)裝,這種情(qing)況(kuang)下選擇高前后(hou)比的(de)天(tian)線(xian)(xian)很重要。一般要求天(tian)線(xian)(xian)的(de)前后(hou)比最(zui)好在30db以上。
3、垂(chui)直分離(li):直放站天(tian)(tian)線在(zai)垂(chui)直方(fang)向通常波(bo)瓣(ban)較(jiao)(jiao)窄,當業務天(tian)(tian)線和(he)施主(zhu)天(tian)(tian)線垂(chui)直安裝時,它(ta)們(men)的垂(chui)直面方(fang)向圖會有零(ling)點相對,可(ke)以(yi)獲得較(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)的天(tian)(tian)線隔離(li)度。
4、微波中繼(ji)處,天(tian)(tian)線(xian)要用(yong)高(gao)增(zeng)益拋物面天(tian)(tian)線(xian),安裝(zhuang)時(shi)要注意:如果采(cai)用(yong)柵格拋物面天(tian)(tian)線(xian),那么需要極化正交(jiao)安裝(zhuang),兩個天(tian)(tian)線(xian)的極化要和基站(zhan)側、用(yong)戶側的所用(yong)天(tian)(tian)線(xian)的極化一致;天(tian)(tian)線(xian)要安裝(zhuang)在平(ping)臺的兩端,最好能上(shang)下錯開,這樣可以增(zeng)大兩個天(tian)(tian)線(xian)之間(jian)的隔(ge)離度。
5、環(huan)境(jing)因素(su):天(tian)(tian)線(xian)周(zhou)圍環(huan)境(jing)可能影響天(tian)(tian)線(xian)隔(ge)離度,環(huan)境(jing)因素(su)包括:天(tian)(tian)線(xian)正(zheng)面(mian)近處(chu)是否存在(zai)反(fan)射物(wu)、天(tian)(tian)線(xian)安裝塔的(de)材質、施(shi)主天(tian)(tian)線(xian)和業務天(tian)(tian)線(xian)間是否存在(zai)屏蔽物(wu)或設(she)置屏蔽網。
可以考(kao)慮將施主基(ji)站(zhan)的(de)施主扇(shan)區(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)天線采(cai)用與其他扇(shan)區(qu)(qu)(qu)和(he)基(ji)站(zhan)不同的(de)交叉極化方(fang)式,以便直(zhi)(zhi)放(fang)站(zhan)有效地選擇來(lai)自施主扇(shan)區(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)導頻;在直(zhi)(zhi)放(fang)站(zhan)應(ying)用中,對于(yu)光纖直(zhi)(zhi)放(fang)站(zhan)而言(yan),天線隔離(li)要(yao)求同普通直(zhi)(zhi)放(fang)站(zhan)的(de)要(yao)求基(ji)本(ben)一致。