一、月琴的結構
月琴結構(gou)和阮(ruan)近似,不同處是在琴身中(zhong)膠有音梁和支有音柱、琴頸(jing)短小。月(yue)琴由琴頭、琴頸(jing)、琴身、弦軸、琴弦和縛(fu)弦等部分組成。
1、琴頭(tou)和琴頸(jing)是(shi)用一(yi)整塊紫檀或(huo)其(qi)他硬(ying)木(mu)制作。琴頭(tou)頂端(duan)的(de)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)飾,是(shi)單獨(du)用木(mu)料雕塑成龍頭(tou)或(huo)其(qi)他圖案,再膠(jiao)粘(zhan)上去。琴頸(jing)上部開有弦(xian)槽,槽側并有安裝(zhuang)(zhuang)弦(xian)軸(zhou)的(de)圓孔。琴頸(jing)下端(duan)有方(fang)形木(mu)桿裝(zhuang)(zhuang)在琴身上。
2、琴身是呈扁(bian)圓形(xing)的(de)(de)共鳴(ming)(ming)箱,由(you)面(mian)(mian)、背、框(kuang)板(ban)膠粘而(er)成(cheng)。框(kuang)板(ban)用6快(kuai)規(gui)格一(yi)致的(de)(de)木(mu)板(ban)膠接(jie)成(cheng)一(yi)圓形(xing)琴框(kuang),上下(xia)開有裝入琴頸(jing)方木(mu)的(de)(de)孔眼(yan)。它的(de)(de)兩面(mian)(mian)粘著面(mian)(mian)、背板(ban)。面(mian)(mian)板(ban)和背板(ban)是月琴發音的(de)(de)共鳴(ming)(ming)板(ban),用紋理順直均勻(yun)、無(wu)疤節和木(mu)色一(yi)致的(de)(de)桐木(mu)制作。在(zai)面(mian)(mian)、背板(ban)中間橫(heng)置兩道音梁,中間支有兩個(ge)音柱。
3、弦軸用黃楊木,外表刻有(you)斜條瓣(ban)紋,擰轉的一端還(huan)嵌有(you)象牙(ya)或骨飾(shi)。
4、琴(qin)弦用絲(si)弦、尼(ni)龍弦或尼(ni)龍纏鋼絲(si)弦。以鋼絲(si)尼(ni)龍弦的效果最好。
5、縛弦(xian)用紅木或竹子制作,粘在面(mian)板下(xia)部的中間。
優質月(yue)琴的音階準(zhun)確(que)、音準(zhun)偏差不超過正負15音分(fen),音色清脆柔(rou)和(he),音響寬(kuan)亮;琴身圓度準(zhun)確(que),框板(ban)(ban)寬(kuan)度一致,面背(bei)板(ban)(ban)平(ping)光潔凈;琴頭雕飾細(xi)致;音品間(jian)隔準(zhun)確(que),排(pai)列(lie)整齊;琴頸和(he)面板(ban)(ban)在一個平(ping)面上(shang),無前傾或后仰(yang)現象;弦軸(zhou)(zhou)、軸(zhou)(zhou)孔配合嚴,齒輪銅軸(zhou)(zhou)靈敏。各膠(jiao)合部位拼粘牢固,涂漆勻凈光亮。
演(yan)奏(zou)月琴左手持琴按弦,右(you)手拿撥子彈奏(zou),其技(ji)巧已發展到(dao)彈、撥、撮、滾、掃滾、按、顫、滑(hua)、吟等30多種,其中(zhong)還包括有獨(du)特效果的“刮品”技(ji)巧,不但可(ke)用于伴奏(zou),同樣(yang)也(ye)是一(yi)件出(chu)色的獨(du)奏(zou)樂器。
二、月琴怎么演奏
月琴(qin)的演(yan)奏技巧很豐富(fu),但通常右手為(wei)彈、撥、撮、長輪、掃(sao)弦等(deng)方法,左手為(wei)推(tui)、拉、揉、移指等(deng)方法。
月琴(qin)右(you)手(shou)演奏的(de)基礎是:彈(dan)(dan)、撥(bo)(bo)、撮、輪稱為(wei)“基本功(gong)”。其(qi)方法(fa)為(wei)右(you)手(shou)食指(zhi)與拇指(zhi)緊握彈(dan)(dan)片,手(shou)腕與小手(shou)臂形成45度,利用(yong)(yong)(yong)手(shou)腕的(de)力量彈(dan)(dan)到(dao)佛手(shou)的(de)上前(qian)(qian)方琴(qin)弦,反(fan)復彈(dan)(dan)撥(bo)(bo),彈(dan)(dan)撥(bo)(bo)力度均勻,切記不(bu)要彈(dan)(dan)強、撥(bo)(bo)弱。待(dai)右(you)手(shou)基本熟(shu)練(lian)后,配合(he)左手(shou)。左手(shou)的(de)方法(fa)是用(yong)(yong)(yong)拇指(zhi)把(ba)住琴(qin)頸,其(qi)余(yu)四指(zhi)分(fen)別用(yong)(yong)(yong)指(zhi)尖彈(dan)(dan)在品上,記住要用(yong)(yong)(yong)指(zhi)尖稍前(qian)(qian)的(de)部位(wei)。手(shou)指(zhi)抬起時(shi)不(bu)能(neng)過(guo)高(gao)、太高(gao),影(ying)響速度。另(ling)外,還有(you)推(tui)、拉(la)、移指(zhi)等方法(fa)。初學者(zhe)可以從(cong)音(yin)階練(lian)習開始訓練(lian),從(cong)十六分(fen)音(yin)符、八分(fen)音(yin)符、四分(fen)音(yin)符,由(you)慢到(dao)快,反(fan)復練(lian)習,要求達到(dao)旋律流暢,音(yin)符均勻,每個音(yin)符均帶(dai)有(you)顆(ke)粒狀。
音階練(lian)習(xi)熟練(lian)后,可(ke)以(yi)進行移指練(lian)習(xi),爬音練(lian)習(xi),這(zhe)是演(yan)奏(zou)樂曲中不(bu)(bu)可(ke)缺少(shao)的(de)基本功。另(ling)外,演(yan)奏(zou)樂曲時要(yao)(yao)把握樂曲中不(bu)(bu)同的(de)內容(rong),不(bu)(bu)同的(de)變化來進行處理(li),彈與(yu)(yu)撥(bo)的(de)力度與(yu)(yu)幅度如用法(fa)不(bu)(bu)準確就會(hui)破壞作品的(de)涵義。例如:月琴獨奏(zou)曲《百萬雄(xiong)師過大江》的(de)前奏(zou)引(yin)子(zi)部分。這(zhe)就不(bu)(bu)能用簡單的(de)彈、撥(bo)手法(fa)來處理(li),而是要(yao)(yao)用長輪,并(bing)且控制音量,因這(zhe)首樂曲此時的(de)引(yin)子(zi)部分是表(biao)現(xian)淮海大戰前夕的(de)寧靜。
月琴右(you)手方法之一的掃弦(xian),也是(shi)演奏樂曲(qu)(qu)中(zhong)常(chang)用的方法。例如:《百萬雄師過(guo)大(da)江》引子(zi)部分結束后突然彈出(chu)強烈(lie)的和(he)聲,此時演奏方法為掃弦(xian),樂曲(qu)(qu)表(biao)現(xian)為中(zhong)國人(ren)民解放(fang)軍勢如破(po)竹的強大(da)攻勢已開始,要(yao)注(zhu)意掃弦(xian)不(bu)是(shi)可以亂(luan)用的,一定要(yao)和(he)樂曲(qu)(qu)內容相(xiang)吻合(he)。
“撮(cuo)(cuo)”分為(wei)正(zheng)撮(cuo)(cuo),反撮(cuo)(cuo)。正(zheng)撮(cuo)(cuo)為(wei)彈(dan)撥三次,反撮(cuo)(cuo)彈(dan)撥四次,例如舞劇《紅色娘子軍(jun)》中一(yi)段音樂(le)。這一(yi)段音樂(le)的演奏,右手腕要果斷,不能拖泥帶水,否則彈(dan)出的樂(le)曲(qu)沒有沖擊力,也談(tan)不上音色顆(ke)粒(li)狀(zhuang)。
反(fan)撮(cuo)的(de)方法用(yong)得(de)就(jiu)普遍了(le)。例如:現代京(jing)劇(ju)《杜(du)鵑山(shan)》中(zhong)(zhong)柯(ke)湘(xiang)的(de)一(yi)段唱“亂云(yun)飛”,唱到心情(qing)沉(chen)重的(de)時候就(jiu)用(yong)反(fan)撮(cuo)。正、反(fan)撮(cuo)在(zai)京(jing)劇(ju)音(yin)(yin)樂伴奏(zou)中(zhong)(zhong)經(jing)常使用(yong)。需(xu)要(yao)強調的(de)是無論正、反(fan)撮(cuo),左、右手(shou)一(yi)定(ding)放松,隨著樂曲的(de)變化會(hui)碰到高難度(du)(du)的(de)跳把位,如按品的(de)位置太緊,是會(hui)影響音(yin)(yin)色(se)與(yu)速度(du)(du)的(de)。
演奏月琴時(shi),將(jiang)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)斜抱于(yu)胸前,左(zuo)手(shou)持琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)按弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),右(you)手(shou)用(yong)(yong)(yong)食(shi)指(zhi)或執撥(bo)片彈(dan)(dan)(dan)撥(bo)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)發音。撥(bo)片用(yong)(yong)(yong)竹片、牛角片或骨(gu)片制成。月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)常(chang)以(yi)五度(du)或四(si)度(du)關(guan)系(xi)定(ding)(ding)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),四(si)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)即可兩弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)定(ding)(ding)同音,又(you)可每弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)各(ge)定(ding)(ding)一(yi)音。一(yi)般定(ding)(ding)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)如下:二弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)定(ding)(ding)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)為(wei):d1、a1;e1、a1;g1、d2。三弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)定(ding)(ding)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)為(wei):g、d1、g1;g、c1、g1。四(si)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)定(ding)(ding)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)為(wei):d1、d1、a1、a1;a、d1、g1、c2。長(chang)桿月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)定(ding)(ding)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)為(wei):g、c1、g1、c2。在(zai)四(si)川涼山,三弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)定(ding)(ding)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)有兩種,用(yong)(yong)(yong)撥(bo)子彈(dan)(dan)(dan)奏(zou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)定(ding)(ding)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)為(wei):e1、a1、e2;用(yong)(yong)(yong)手(shou)指(zhi)彈(dan)(dan)(dan)奏(zou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)定(ding)(ding)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)為(wei):d1、a1、d2。在(zai)云南墨江,彝族聶蘇支系(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)定(ding)(ding)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)為(wei):f1、f1、c2、c2。在(zai)廣西隆林,苗族月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)定(ding)(ding)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)為(wei):d1、a1、a1。月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)音色悅耳、動(dong)聽,高(gao)音清脆、中音明亮、低音豐滿。用(yong)(yong)(yong)撥(bo)片彈(dan)(dan)(dan)奏(zou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin),右(you)手(shou)奏(zou)法(fa)(fa)以(yi)彈(dan)(dan)(dan)、挑、滾為(wei)主(zhu),有時(shi)也用(yong)(yong)(yong)撮、掃滾等(deng),并有獨特效果的(de)(de)(de)(de)“刮(gua)品(pin)”技巧。左(zuo)手(shou)則有按、顫、滑、吟等(deng)技法(fa)(fa)。用(yong)(yong)(yong)手(shou)指(zhi)彈(dan)(dan)(dan)奏(zou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin),還(huan)吸收(shou)了(le)柳琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)、琵(pi)琶等(deng)彈(dan)(dan)(dan)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)樂(le)器的(de)(de)(de)(de)技巧。四(si)川涼山的(de)(de)(de)(de)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(yue)琴(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin)(qin),由原(yuan)來(lai)兩弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)一(yi)個八度(du)發展為(wei)三弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)三個八度(du)音域后,演奏(zou)上既保持了(le)本(ben)民族的(de)(de)(de)(de)風格特點,又(you)突破了(le)舊的(de)(de)(de)(de)傳統,還(huan)吸取三弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)和(he)(he)琵(pi)琶的(de)(de)(de)(de)技法(fa)(fa),彈(dan)(dan)(dan)、撥(bo)、挑、掃并用(yong)(yong)(yong),還(huan)不時(shi)加上雙弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、和(he)(he)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)和(he)(he)持續音等(deng)種種變化(hua),擴大和(he)(he)豐富了(le)表現力。彈(dan)(dan)(dan)奏(zou)舞曲(qu)時(shi),還(huan)常(chang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)手(shou)指(zhi)敲擊面(mian)板,以(yi)增強熱烈(lie)氣氛。