一、月琴的結構
月琴結(jie)構和(he)阮(ruan)近似,不同(tong)處是在(zai)琴(qin)身中膠有(you)(you)音(yin)梁和(he)支(zhi)有(you)(you)音(yin)柱、琴(qin)頸(jing)(jing)短小。月琴(qin)由琴(qin)頭(tou)、琴(qin)頸(jing)(jing)、琴(qin)身、弦(xian)(xian)軸、琴(qin)弦(xian)(xian)和(he)縛弦(xian)(xian)等部分組成。
1、琴頭和琴頸是(shi)用一整塊紫檀(tan)或(huo)其他(ta)硬木(mu)(mu)制(zhi)作。琴頭頂端(duan)(duan)的裝飾,是(shi)單獨用木(mu)(mu)料(liao)雕塑成龍頭或(huo)其他(ta)圖案,再(zai)膠粘上(shang)去。琴頸上(shang)部開有弦(xian)槽(cao),槽(cao)側并有安裝弦(xian)軸的圓(yuan)孔。琴頸下(xia)端(duan)(duan)有方(fang)形木(mu)(mu)桿裝在琴身上(shang)。
2、琴身是(shi)呈(cheng)扁圓形的共(gong)鳴(ming)箱(xiang),由面(mian)、背、框板膠(jiao)粘而成。框板用6快規格一致的木板膠(jiao)接成一圓形琴框,上下開有(you)(you)裝(zhuang)入(ru)琴頸方木的孔眼。它(ta)的兩面(mian)粘著面(mian)、背板。面(mian)板和背板是(shi)月琴發音(yin)(yin)的共(gong)鳴(ming)板,用紋(wen)理(li)順直(zhi)均勻、無疤節(jie)和木色一致的桐木制作。在面(mian)、背板中(zhong)(zhong)間橫置兩道音(yin)(yin)梁(liang),中(zhong)(zhong)間支有(you)(you)兩個音(yin)(yin)柱(zhu)。
3、弦軸用黃(huang)楊木(mu),外表刻有(you)斜條瓣(ban)紋,擰轉(zhuan)的(de)一端還嵌有(you)象牙或骨飾。
4、琴弦用絲(si)(si)(si)弦、尼龍(long)弦或尼龍(long)纏(chan)鋼(gang)絲(si)(si)(si)弦。以鋼(gang)絲(si)(si)(si)尼龍(long)弦的(de)效果(guo)最好。
5、縛弦用紅木或竹子(zi)制作,粘在面板下(xia)部的中間。
優質月琴的音(yin)階準(zhun)確(que)、音(yin)準(zhun)偏差不超過正負15音(yin)分,音(yin)色清脆柔和,音(yin)響寬(kuan)(kuan)亮;琴身圓(yuan)度準(zhun)確(que),框(kuang)板(ban)寬(kuan)(kuan)度一(yi)致(zhi),面背板(ban)平光潔凈;琴頭雕飾(shi)細(xi)致(zhi);音(yin)品間隔準(zhun)確(que),排列整(zheng)齊;琴頸和面板(ban)在一(yi)個平面上,無前傾或后仰現象;弦軸、軸孔配合嚴(yan),齒輪銅軸靈敏。各膠(jiao)合部位拼粘牢固(gu),涂漆勻凈光亮。
演奏(zou)月琴(qin)左手持琴(qin)按(an)弦,右手拿(na)撥(bo)子彈(dan)奏(zou),其技巧已(yi)發展到彈(dan)、撥(bo)、撮、滾(gun)、掃滾(gun)、按(an)、顫、滑、吟等30多種,其中(zhong)還包括有獨特效果的“刮品”技巧,不但可用(yong)于伴奏(zou),同樣也是(shi)一(yi)件出(chu)色的獨奏(zou)樂器。
二、月琴怎么演奏
月琴的演奏(zou)技巧很豐富,但通(tong)常右手(shou)為彈、撥、撮(cuo)、長輪、掃(sao)弦等方(fang)法,左手(shou)為推、拉、揉、移(yi)指等方(fang)法。
月琴右手(shou)演奏的(de)基礎(chu)是:彈、撥(bo)(bo)、撮、輪稱為“基本功”。其方(fang)法(fa)為右手(shou)食指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)與拇(mu)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)緊握彈片,手(shou)腕與小手(shou)臂形成45度(du),利用手(shou)腕的(de)力(li)量彈到(dao)(dao)佛(fo)手(shou)的(de)上(shang)前(qian)方(fang)琴弦,反(fan)復(fu)彈撥(bo)(bo),彈撥(bo)(bo)力(li)度(du)均勻,切記(ji)不要彈強、撥(bo)(bo)弱(ruo)。待右手(shou)基本熟練(lian)后,配合(he)左手(shou)。左手(shou)的(de)方(fang)法(fa)是用拇(mu)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)把住琴頸,其余四(si)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)分別用指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)尖彈在(zai)品上(shang),記(ji)住要用指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)尖稍前(qian)的(de)部位。手(shou)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)抬起(qi)時不能過高、太高,影響速度(du)。另外,還有推、拉、移指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)等方(fang)法(fa)。初學者(zhe)可以從音(yin)階練(lian)習開始訓練(lian),從十(shi)六分音(yin)符(fu)(fu)、八分音(yin)符(fu)(fu)、四(si)分音(yin)符(fu)(fu),由慢(man)到(dao)(dao)快,反(fan)復(fu)練(lian)習,要求達到(dao)(dao)旋律流暢,音(yin)符(fu)(fu)均勻,每個音(yin)符(fu)(fu)均帶有顆粒狀。
音(yin)階練(lian)習熟練(lian)后,可(ke)以進行移指練(lian)習,爬音(yin)練(lian)習,這是(shi)演奏(zou)(zou)樂曲中(zhong)不(bu)可(ke)缺少的(de)基(ji)本功(gong)。另外,演奏(zou)(zou)樂曲時要(yao)把(ba)握樂曲中(zhong)不(bu)同的(de)內(nei)容,不(bu)同的(de)變化來進行處理(li),彈與撥(bo)的(de)力(li)度(du)與幅度(du)如用法不(bu)準確就會破壞作品的(de)涵義。例如:月琴獨(du)奏(zou)(zou)曲《百萬(wan)雄師(shi)過大江(jiang)》的(de)前奏(zou)(zou)引(yin)子部分(fen)。這就不(bu)能用簡單的(de)彈、撥(bo)手(shou)法來處理(li),而是(shi)要(yao)用長(chang)輪,并且(qie)控(kong)制(zhi)音(yin)量,因這首樂曲此時的(de)引(yin)子部分(fen)是(shi)表現淮海大戰前夕的(de)寧靜(jing)。
月琴(qin)右(you)手方法之一的掃弦,也是演奏(zou)樂曲中(zhong)常用的方法。例如(ru):《百萬雄(xiong)師過大江》引子部分結束后(hou)突然彈(dan)出強烈的和聲,此時演奏(zou)方法為掃弦,樂曲表現為中(zhong)國人民解放軍勢如(ru)破竹的強大攻勢已開始,要(yao)注意(yi)掃弦不(bu)是可以亂(luan)用的,一定要(yao)和樂曲內容(rong)相吻(wen)合。
“撮(cuo)(cuo)(cuo)(cuo)”分為(wei)(wei)正(zheng)撮(cuo)(cuo)(cuo)(cuo),反(fan)撮(cuo)(cuo)(cuo)(cuo)。正(zheng)撮(cuo)(cuo)(cuo)(cuo)為(wei)(wei)彈撥三次(ci),反(fan)撮(cuo)(cuo)(cuo)(cuo)彈撥四次(ci),例如舞劇《紅色娘子軍》中(zhong)一段(duan)音樂。這一段(duan)音樂的演奏,右手腕要果斷,不能拖泥帶水,否則彈出的樂曲沒有沖(chong)擊力(li),也(ye)談不上(shang)音色顆(ke)粒狀(zhuang)。
反撮(cuo)(cuo)(cuo)(cuo)的(de)方法用(yong)得就普遍了(le)。例(li)如:現(xian)代京劇《杜鵑山》中(zhong)(zhong)柯湘的(de)一段唱“亂云飛”,唱到心情沉重的(de)時(shi)候就用(yong)反撮(cuo)(cuo)(cuo)(cuo)。正、反撮(cuo)(cuo)(cuo)(cuo)在京劇音樂(le)伴(ban)奏中(zhong)(zhong)經常使用(yong)。需(xu)要(yao)強調的(de)是無論正、反撮(cuo)(cuo)(cuo)(cuo),左、右(you)手一定放松,隨著(zhu)樂(le)曲的(de)變化會碰到高難度的(de)跳把位(wei),如按品的(de)位(wei)置太緊,是會影響音色與(yu)速度的(de)。
演奏月琴時,將琴(qin)(qin)斜抱(bao)于胸前,左手(shou)持琴(qin)(qin)按(an)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),右(you)手(shou)用食指或執撥(bo)片彈(dan)(dan)(dan)撥(bo)琴(qin)(qin)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)發(fa)音(yin)。撥(bo)片用竹(zhu)片、牛角片或骨片制(zhi)成。月(yue)(yue)(yue)琴(qin)(qin)常(chang)以五度(du)(du)或四(si)(si)度(du)(du)關系定(ding)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian),四(si)(si)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)月(yue)(yue)(yue)琴(qin)(qin)即(ji)可兩(liang)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)定(ding)同音(yin),又(you)可每弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)各定(ding)一音(yin)。一般定(ding)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)如下:二(er)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)月(yue)(yue)(yue)琴(qin)(qin)定(ding)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)為(wei)(wei):d1、a1;e1、a1;g1、d2。三(san)(san)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)月(yue)(yue)(yue)琴(qin)(qin)定(ding)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)為(wei)(wei):g、d1、g1;g、c1、g1。四(si)(si)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)月(yue)(yue)(yue)琴(qin)(qin)定(ding)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)為(wei)(wei):d1、d1、a1、a1;a、d1、g1、c2。長桿月(yue)(yue)(yue)琴(qin)(qin)定(ding)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)為(wei)(wei):g、c1、g1、c2。在四(si)(si)川涼山,三(san)(san)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)月(yue)(yue)(yue)琴(qin)(qin)定(ding)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)有(you)兩(liang)種(zhong),用撥(bo)子彈(dan)(dan)(dan)奏(zou)的月(yue)(yue)(yue)琴(qin)(qin)定(ding)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)為(wei)(wei):e1、a1、e2;用手(shou)指彈(dan)(dan)(dan)奏(zou)的月(yue)(yue)(yue)琴(qin)(qin)定(ding)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)為(wei)(wei):d1、a1、d2。在云南墨江,彝族聶蘇支系的月(yue)(yue)(yue)琴(qin)(qin)定(ding)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)為(wei)(wei):f1、f1、c2、c2。在廣西隆林,苗(miao)族月(yue)(yue)(yue)琴(qin)(qin)定(ding)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)為(wei)(wei):d1、a1、a1。月(yue)(yue)(yue)琴(qin)(qin)的音(yin)色悅(yue)耳、動聽,高音(yin)清脆(cui)、中音(yin)明(ming)亮、低音(yin)豐(feng)(feng)滿。用撥(bo)片彈(dan)(dan)(dan)奏(zou)的月(yue)(yue)(yue)琴(qin)(qin),右(you)手(shou)奏(zou)法以彈(dan)(dan)(dan)、挑、滾為(wei)(wei)主,有(you)時也用撮、掃滾等,并(bing)有(you)獨特(te)效果的“刮品(pin)”技(ji)巧(qiao)。左手(shou)則有(you)按(an)、顫、滑、吟(yin)等技(ji)法。用手(shou)指彈(dan)(dan)(dan)奏(zou)的月(yue)(yue)(yue)琴(qin)(qin),還吸收了柳(liu)琴(qin)(qin)、琵(pi)(pi)琶(pa)等彈(dan)(dan)(dan)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)樂器的技(ji)巧(qiao)。四(si)(si)川涼山的月(yue)(yue)(yue)琴(qin)(qin),由原來兩(liang)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)一個(ge)八(ba)度(du)(du)發(fa)展為(wei)(wei)三(san)(san)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)三(san)(san)個(ge)八(ba)度(du)(du)音(yin)域后,演奏(zou)上(shang)(shang)既保(bao)持了本民族的風格特(te)點,又(you)突破了舊的傳(chuan)統,還吸取(qu)三(san)(san)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)和(he)琵(pi)(pi)琶(pa)的技(ji)法,彈(dan)(dan)(dan)、撥(bo)、挑、掃并(bing)用,還不(bu)時加上(shang)(shang)雙弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、和(he)弦(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)和(he)持續(xu)音(yin)等種(zhong)種(zhong)變(bian)化(hua),擴大(da)和(he)豐(feng)(feng)富了表現力。彈(dan)(dan)(dan)奏(zou)舞曲時,還常(chang)用手(shou)指敲擊面板,以增強熱烈氣氛。