一、白熾燈應急照明線路
白熾燈應急照(zhao)明(ming)線路如圖(tu)1-1-1所示。當市電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網正常供電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi),220V的(de)(de)交流市電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)經電(dian)(dian)(dian)容C1壓(ya),再經二(er)極管VD1的(de)(de)半整流和電(dian)(dian)(dian)容C2的(de)(de)濾波后(hou),以(yi)約90mA的(de)(de)脈沖(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流給(gei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池充電(dian)(dian)(dian)。與此(ci)同(tong)時(shi)(shi),因為晶體管VT1基極加上正偏壓(ya)而處于(yu)導通狀態(tai),使VT2處于(yu)截(jie)止(zhi)(zhi)狀態(tai),燈泡EL不亮(liang)。一(yi)旦市電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian),晶體管VT1由(you)導通變(bian)成截(jie)止(zhi)(zhi),VT2由(you)截(jie)止(zhi)(zhi)變(bian)成導通,燈泡點亮(liang)。二(er)極管VD2的(de)(de)作用是(shi)隔(ge)離電(dian)(dian)(dian)池和VT1的(de)(de)基極,保證市電(dian)(dian)(dian)一(yi)停,VT1轉向(xiang)截(jie)止(zhi)(zhi)。市電(dian)(dian)(dian)恢復供電(dian)(dian)(dian)后(hou),VT1導通,EL熄滅,電(dian)(dian)(dian)路復位。
圖(tu)1-1-1中的EL為(wei)6.3V、0.15A的小燈泡,電池可用4節1號電池,也可用6V蓄電池。
二、熒光燈應急照明線路
熒光(guang)燈(deng)應(ying)急照明(ming)線路(lu)如(ru)圖1-1-2所示。晶體(ti)管(guan)VT與變壓器T的(de)(de)一次(ci)繞組構成電感三點(dian)式振蕩器,將蓄電池的(de)(de)交流(liu)電壓經變壓器的(de)(de)升壓作(zuo)用,在L3上(shang)得(de)到(dao)較(jiao)高的(de)(de)交流(liu)電壓,從而(er)點(dian)亮8W熒光(guang)燈(deng),作(zuo)為應(ying)急燈(deng)使(shi)用。
電阻R為晶體(ti)管(guan)VT的基極偏置電阻,適(shi)當調(diao)整它可改變逆變輸出功率(lv)。
制作時,變壓(ya)器(qi)的(de)(de)磁芯可用(yong)電視機(ji)的(de)(de)行(xing)輸(shu)出變壓(ya)器(qi)的(de)(de)磁芯,L1用(yong)Φ0.35mm漆(qi)包線(xian)繞(rao)40圈(quan),L2用(yong)Φ0.35mm漆(qi)包線(xian)繞(rao)40圈(quan),L3用(yong)Φ0.16mm漆(qi)包線(xian)繞(rao)300圈(quan)。晶(jing)體管VT選用(yong)3DD15A,電阻阻值為1kΩ左右(you),功率為1/8W。
三、消防應急燈線路
消(xiao)(xiao)防(fang)應急燈(deng)線路如圖1-1-3所(suo)示(shi)。該線路被廣泛安裝于公共場所(suo)的走(zou)廊、消(xiao)(xiao)防(fang)通道內,屬(shu)于消(xiao)(xiao)防(fang)專用設(she)備(bei)。其工作原理(li)如下。
1、燈(deng)(deng)光控制電(dian)路(lu):由VT3、VT4、VT5、VT7和按(an)鈕(niu)SB2、SB3構成燈(deng)(deng)光控制電(dian)路(lu)。在無市電(dian)時,按(an)一(yi)下(xia)(xia)按(an)鈕(niu)SB2(開),VT5飽和導(dao)(dao)通,VT5的集(ji)電(dian)極(ji)電(dian)流通過(guo)R12使VT7維(wei)持(chi)導(dao)(dao)通;VD11反(fan)向(xiang)擊穿工作(zuo)在穩(wen)壓狀態;VT5的集(ji)電(dian)極(ji)電(dian)壓給(gei)VT3、VT4提供偏(pian)置電(dian)壓使其導(dao)(dao)通,EL1、EL2點(dian)亮。當按(an)一(yi)下(xia)(xia)按(an)鈕(niu)SB3(關)時,VT7截止(zhi),VT5不具備導(dao)(dao)通條件,燈(deng)(deng)熄滅。
當有(you)市電供電時,外接電源經VD9使(shi)VD7反(fan)向截止(zhi).VT5無法導通,按鈕SB2和SB3都不能控制(zhi)燈EL1、EL2的開和關。
停電(dian)(dian)(dian)后二極管飽和導通(tong),構成點燈電(dian)(dian)(dian)路條(tiao)件(jian),EL1、EL2點亮;來(lai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)后VD7負極電(dian)(dian)(dian)位變高又反向截(jie)止,VT5截(jie)止,燈滅(起到自動控制的(de)作(zuo)用(yong))。點燈控制電(dian)(dian)(dian)路中VD7、VT7通(tong)過R6工作(zuo)在(zai)臨界狀(zhuang)態,按鈕SB2、SB3只(zhi)起到觸(chu)發作(zuo)用(yong)。
2、電(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路:外接電(dian)(dian)(dian)源VT2、VT6、R8、VD10對電(dian)(dian)(dian)池進行恒流(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。當有外接電(dian)(dian)(dian)源供電(dian)(dian)(dian)時,充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)經R8、VD10向電(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian),且使充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)指示燈(deng)VL3點(dian)亮(liang)。
3、電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)電(dian)(dian)路(lu):220V交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)經(jing)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)、整流(liu)濾波(bo),由(you)VT1集電(dian)(dian)極(ji)輸出4.6V直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya),主要提(ti)供給電(dian)(dian)路(lu)供電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)充電(dian)(dian),并經(jing)R9使(shi)VL1發光指示。
4、驗電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu):當按(an)住試驗按(an)鈕SB1不放時,VT1截(jie)止。VD7負載電(dian)(dian)位(wei)變低而正(zheng)偏導通,使VD5導通,滿(man)足(zu)點燈(deng)條件,VL1、VL2點亮;松開(kai)按(an)鈕SB1燈(deng)隨即熄滅。試驗電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)的作用(yong)是測試點燈(deng)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)是否正(zheng)常。
5、 障(zhang)顯示電路:由VD13、VT8、R17和VD11組(zu)成故(gu)障(zhang)顯示電路,如果外接電源電壓(ya)過高使VT8導通,VL2點亮,指示過電壓(ya)故(gu)障(zhang)。
四、消防應急燈接線方式
消防應(ying)急燈具線(xian)路(lu)的(de)鋪設(she)按規定(ding)應(ying)設(she)置(zhi)專用線(xian)路(lu),不(bu)應(ying)該與(yu)常用的(de)照明線(xian)路(lu)共用一條電源線(xian),并且在專用的(de)線(xian)路(lu)中間不(bu)應(ying)設(she)置(zhi)開(kai)關。
二線(xian)制(zhi)和三(san)線(xian)制(zhi)型的(de)消(xiao)(xiao)防(fang)應(ying)(ying)急燈具(ju)可統一使(shi)用(yong)一條專(zhuan)用(yong)的(de)消(xiao)(xiao)防(fang)應(ying)(ying)急專(zhuan)用(yong)電源線(xian)。消(xiao)(xiao)防(fang)應(ying)(ying)急燈具(ju)專(zhuan)用(yong)電源的(de)設置應(ying)(ying)和相應(ying)(ying)的(de)防(fang)火規范(fan)相結合。
消防應急電源(yuan)與燈具分開放置的(de),其電氣連接應采用耐高溫的(de)電源(yuan)線,以(yi)滿(man)足(zu)防火要求,提高防護(hu)等級。
二線制
二線(xian)制的消(xiao)防(fang)應急(ji)(ji)(ji)燈(deng)具接(jie)線(xian)方式(shi)是(shi)專用(yong)(yong)消(xiao)防(fang)應急(ji)(ji)(ji)燈(deng)具常(chang)用(yong)(yong)接(jie)法(fa),適用(yong)(yong)在應急(ji)(ji)(ji)燈(deng)平時不作照明使用(yong)(yong),或24小時持續照明使用(yong)(yong)。(CED標志燈(deng)就屬于此種類(lei))消(xiao)防(fang)應急(ji)(ji)(ji)燈(deng)具在遇到突發性的停電后,應急(ji)(ji)(ji)燈(deng)會(hui)自動點亮,提(ti)供照明光源;
三線制
三線制(zhi)的(de)消(xiao)防應急(ji)燈具接線方(fang)式為(wei)較常用的(de)應急(ji)燈接線方(fang)法,可對(dui)應急(ji)燈具平(ping)時照明狀態(tai)的(de)開(kai)或關(guan)(guan)進行人為(wei)的(de)控制(zhi),當遇(yu)到(dao)供電(dian)電(dian)源(yuan)突然(ran)停電(dian)的(de)情(qing)況下,不(bu)論設置的(de)開(kai)關(guan)(guan)處于何種狀態(tai),應急(ji)燈都會立(li)即點亮應急(ji),提供光源(yuan),維持照明。