【中(zhong)央(yang)(yang)空(kong)(kong)調節(jie)(jie)能】大型中(zhong)央(yang)(yang)空(kong)(kong)調節(jie)(jie)能改造 中(zhong)央(yang)(yang)空(kong)(kong)調節(jie)(jie)能控制系統

大型中(zhong)央空調節能改造

對于消費者(zhe)來說，中(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)(yang)空(kong)調(diao)不(bu)(bu)僅是(shi)家里(li)的(de)大(da)家電產品(pin)，還是(shi)商場、寫字樓、工廠(chang)等(deng)商用場所里(li)耗(hao)電最大(da)的(de)單元。在我(wo)國建筑(zhu)樓宇(yu)中(zhong)(zhong)，中(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)(yang)空(kong)調(diao)系統是(shi)一個龐大(da)的(de)設備群體(ti)，大(da)量(liang)的(de)統計結果表明，空(kong)調(diao)系統所消耗(hao)的(de)電能(neng)，約占樓宇(yu)電耗(hao)的(de)40—60%。如(ru)此龐大(da)的(de)能(neng)量(liang)浪費，不(bu)(bu)得不(bu)(bu)讓人們(men)想方設法降低(di)空(kong)調(diao)的(de)運(yun)行(xing)成(cheng)本，中(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)(yang)空(kong)調(diao)節(jie)能(neng)改造(zao)勢在必(bi)行(xing)。目(mu)前(qian)，市(shi)場上出現(xian)了(le)一系列節(jie)能(neng)型(xing)中(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)(yang)空(kong)調(diao)，在了(le)解中(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)(yang)空(kong)調(diao)節(jie)能(neng)方案和中(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)(yang)空(kong)調(diao)節(jie)能(neng)改造(zao)措(cuo)施之前(qian)，我(wo)們(men)首先(xian)來看看中(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)(yang)空(kong)調(diao)實(shi)現(xian)節(jie)能(neng)的(de)兩(liang)個基(ji)本的(de)前(qian)提條件。

中央空調實現節能有兩個基本的前提條件：

1、必(bi)須確保中央(yang)空(kong)調系統主機和外(wai)圍設(she)備(bei)的安(an)全(quan)運行。因為節(jie)能(neng)固然重(zhong)要，但安(an)全(quan)應是第(di)一(yi)位。

2、 確保空調末端用戶(hu)環境的舒(shu)適(shi)性，效益固然重要，但服務才是目的。

這兩個條件是保(bao)護用戶的(de)根(gen)本(ben)利(li)益(yi)所在，如果不能(neng)滿足這兩個前提條件，所實現(xian)的(de)“中央空調節(jie)能(neng)改造”，則(ze)是以犧牲用戶的(de)利(li)益(yi)（即系統的(de)安全性(xing)及空調服務效(xiao)果）為(wei)代價的(de)。

中央空調改造節能方案

大部分中央(yang)空調(diao)的(de)主機(ji)(ji)有自動(dong)加載和卸載的(de)功能，且主機(ji)(ji)有螺(luo)桿式(shi)(shi)、活塞式(shi)(shi)、離心式(shi)(shi)等多(duo)種(zhong)機(ji)(ji)型，不全是平方(fang)轉矩(ju)負載，對其進(jin)行節(jie)電改造投資大，投資回收期長，一般不改動(dong)空調(diao)的(de)主機(ji)(ji)。

因此，中(zhong)央空調(diao)(diao)節(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)改造(zao)主(zhu)(zhu)要把目光集中(zhong)在了循(xun)(xun)環(huan)(huan)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)上(shang)。如果對循(xun)(xun)環(huan)(huan)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)節(jie)電(dian)改造(zao)，使主(zhu)(zhu)機(ji)(ji)(ji)也能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)間(jian)接(jie)(jie)節(jie)電(dian)，將是(shi)一個(ge)很(hen)好的(de)(de)中(zhong)央空調(diao)(diao)節(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)方案。事實證明，通過對冷(leng)凍泵(beng)(beng)(beng)與(yu)冷(leng)卻(que)(que)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)的(de)(de)合理化(hua)控制(zhi)，不但循(xun)(xun)環(huan)(huan)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)本身可(ke)節(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)30～60%，而(er)(er)且可(ke)以促進(jin)主(zhu)(zhu)機(ji)(ji)(ji)間(jian)接(jie)(jie)節(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)5～10%。中(zhong)央空調(diao)(diao)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)的(de)(de)循(xun)(xun)環(huan)(huan)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、冷(leng)卻(que)(que)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)與(yu)冷(leng)凍泵(beng)(beng)(beng)除個(ge)別小型機(ji)(ji)(ji)型外，大部分為(wei)多(duo)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)，隨(sui)著天氣(qi)變化(hua)而(er)(er)啟(qi)動不同數量(liang)的(de)(de)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)，即：氣(qi)溫(wen)高時多(duo)開(kai)(kai)(kai)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)，氣(qi)溫(wen)低時少(shao)開(kai)(kai)(kai)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)，表面上(shang)看已經采取了節(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)手段，但是(shi)有(you)些(xie)情況(kuang)是(shi)沒(mei)有(you)辦法解(jie)決的(de)(de)，例(li)如開(kai)(kai)(kai)一臺泵(beng)(beng)(beng)不夠開(kai)(kai)(kai)兩臺泵(beng)(beng)(beng)浪(lang)費的(de)(de)問題，開(kai)(kai)(kai)0.7臺泵(beng)(beng)(beng)就(jiu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)滿足(zu)的(de)(de)情況(kuang)，但只能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)開(kai)(kai)(kai)一臺泵(beng)(beng)(beng)而(er)(er)造(zao)成浪(lang)費。中(zhong)央空調(diao)(diao)節(jie)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)就(jiu)是(shi)以冷(leng)凍水(shui)與(yu)冷(leng)卻(que)(que)水(shui)的(de)(de)進(jin)出水(shui)溫(wen)度為(wei)控制(zhi)依據(ju)，對冷(leng)凍泵(beng)(beng)(beng)、冷(leng)卻(que)(que)泵(beng)(beng)(beng)及(ji)送風系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)風機(ji)(ji)(ji)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)變頻控制(zhi)，使中(zhong)央空調(diao)(diao)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)始終運行(xing)(xing)在最(zui)佳(jia)的(de)(de)狀(zhuang)態，從(cong)而(er)(er)達(da)到節(jie)電(dian)的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)。

中央空調節能改造措施-降低冷卻水溫度

由于(yu)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)卻水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)溫(wen)度越低(di)，冷(leng)(leng)(leng)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)制冷(leng)(leng)(leng)系數就(jiu)越高。冷(leng)(leng)(leng)卻水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)供水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)溫(wen)度甸上升1攝(she)氏度，冷(leng)(leng)(leng)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)COP下降(jiang)(jiang)近4%。降(jiang)(jiang)低(di)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)卻水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)溫(wen)度就(jiu)需要加強冷(leng)(leng)(leng)卻塔(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)運行(xing)管(guan)理。首先，對于(yu)停止(zhi)運行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)卻塔(ta)，其(qi)進(jin)出水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)管(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)閥門(men)應該(gai)關閉；否則，因為(wei)來自停開(kai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)卻塔(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)溫(wen)度較高，混合后的(de)(de)(de)(de)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)卻水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)溫(wen)就(jiu)會(hui)(hui)提(ti)高，冷(leng)(leng)(leng)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)制冷(leng)(leng)(leng)系數就(jiu)減低(di)了。其(qi)次，冷(leng)(leng)(leng)卻塔(ta)使用一段時間(jian)后，應及時檢修(xiu)，否則冷(leng)(leng)(leng)卻塔(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)率會(hui)(hui)下降(jiang)(jiang)，不能充分地為(wei)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)卻水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)降(jiang)(jiang)溫(wen)。

中央空調節能改造措施-提高冷凍水溫度

冷(leng)(leng)凍水(shui)(shui)(shui)溫(wen)度(du)越高(gao)，冷(leng)(leng)機的制(zhi)冷(leng)(leng)效率就越高(gao)。冷(leng)(leng)凍水(shui)(shui)(shui)供(gong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)溫(wen)度(du)提高(gao)1攝(she)氏度(du)，冷(leng)(leng)機的制(zhi)冷(leng)(leng)系數(shu)可提高(gao)3%，所以在日常運(yun)行中不要(yao)盲目降低(di)冷(leng)(leng)凍水(shui)(shui)(shui)溫(wen)度(du)。首先，不要(yao)設置過(guo)低(di)的冷(leng)(leng)機冷(leng)(leng)凍水(shui)(shui)(shui)設定(ding)溫(wen)度(du)。其次(ci)一定(ding)要(yao)關閉(bi)停止運(yun)行的冷(leng)(leng)機的水(shui)(shui)(shui)閥，防止部分冷(leng)(leng)凍水(shui)(shui)(shui)走(zou)旁通管路(lu)，否則，經過(guo)運(yun)行中的冷(leng)(leng)機的水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)就會(hui)減少，導致冷(leng)(leng)凍水(shui)(shui)(shui)的溫(wen)度(du)被(bei)冷(leng)(leng)機降到過(guo)低(di)的水(shui)(shui)(shui)平。

中央空(kong)調節(jie)能改造措(cuo)施-新風(feng)系統的節(jie)能設(she)計(ji)

新風(feng)系(xi)統(tong)的(de)合理使(shi)用(yong)，也可(ke)以有效地控制能耗使(shi)用(yong)量。在滿足衛生條件的(de)情(qing)況下，減少新風(feng)量或根據實際需要采用(yong)變風(feng)量系(xi)統(tong)進(jin)行(xing)調(diao)節。有排風(feng)系(xi)統(tong)的(de)，利用(yong)室內能量對新風(feng)進(jin)行(xing)預熱(re)與預冷(leng)處(chu)理（即熱(re)回(hui)收(shou)技(ji)術）等都能夠有效減少空(kong)調(diao)系(xi)統(tong)的(de)能耗。

中央空調改造節能方案投資回報分析：

冷凍泵(beng)及冷卻(que)泵(beng)功(gong)率(lv)均(jun)為4.5kw，由于開機(ji)運(yun)行(xing)1臺(tai)不等(deng)，即(ji)冷卻(que)泵(beng)運(yun)行(xing)總功(gong)率(lv)為4.5KW×3=13.5KW，以(yi)節電率(lv)40%計算：

改造前每小時耗電(dian)：13.5kw×1h×0.9=12.15(度)(功率(lv)負荷系數:0.9)

改造后每小時耗電(dian)：13.5kw×1h×（1-35%）=8.78(度(du))

每小時(shi)省電：149度-97度=3.38(度)

每月節省費用（電價:0.9元/度(du)）: 3.38度(du)×12小時×30天×0.9元/度(du)=1095(元)

全(quan)年節省費(fei)用按開機12個月計：1095元×12=13141(元)

可以看(kan)出，中(zhong)央空(kong)(kong)(kong)調(diao)(diao)在(zai)進行節(jie)能(neng)改造(zao)以后，全年(nian)節(jie)省電費在(zai)1.3萬元左右，經濟效(xiao)益不言而喻。中(zhong)央空(kong)(kong)(kong)調(diao)(diao)節(jie)能(neng)方(fang)案從空(kong)(kong)(kong)調(diao)(diao)本身著手外，我們還可以合理設(she)計圍護結構的(de)(de)構造(zao)，提高房(fang)屋門窗的(de)(de)密閉性；室外溫度較(jiao)低時(shi)(shi)（尤其在(zai)夜間），注意房(fang)間的(de)(de)通風；白(bai)天注意采用(yong)遮(zhe)陽措(cuo)施；空(kong)(kong)(kong)調(diao)(diao)運(yun)行時(shi)(shi)盡(jin)量關閉門窗等措(cuo)施，這樣在(zai)空(kong)(kong)(kong)調(diao)(diao)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統的(de)(de)任何負荷(he)條件下，都能(neng)既(ji)確保中(zhong)央空(kong)(kong)(kong)調(diao)(diao)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統的(de)(de)舒適(shi)性，又能(neng)實現空(kong)(kong)(kong)調(diao)(diao)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統的(de)(de)最大(da)節(jie)能(neng)。

中央空調節能控制系(xi)統

中央(yang)空調系統由冷熱(re)源系統和(he)空氣調節系統組成。采用液體汽化制冷的原(yuan)理為(wei)空氣調節系統提供(gong)所需(xu)冷量，用以抵消室(shi)內環境的冷負荷;制熱系(xi)統(tong)為(wei)空(kong)氣調節系(xi)統(tong)提供用以抵消室內環境(jing)熱負荷的(de)熱量。制冷系(xi)統(tong)是中央空(kong)調系(xi)統(tong)至關(guan)重要的(de)部分，其采用種(zhong)類、運(yun)行方式、結構(gou)形(xing)式等直接影響了(le)中央空(kong)調系(xi)統(tong)在運(yun)行中的(de)經濟性、高(gao)效性、合理性。