電氣(qi)設備維修的(de)十項(xiang)原則 電氣(qi)設備檢查(cha)方(fang)法和操作實(shi)踐

1．先動口再動手對于有(you)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)的(de)電(dian)氣設(she)備，不(bu)應(ying)(ying)(ying)急于動手，應(ying)(ying)(ying)先詢問產生故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)的(de)前(qian)后經過及(ji)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)現(xian)象。對于生疏的(de)設(she)備，還應(ying)(ying)(ying)先熟(shu)悉電(dian)路(lu)原理和結構特點，遵守相應(ying)(ying)(ying)規則(ze)。拆卸前(qian)要充分熟(shu)悉每個電(dian)氣部件(jian)的(de)功能、位置、連(lian)接方(fang)式以及(ji)與四周其他器件(jian)的(de)關系，在沒有(you)組裝圖的(de)情況(kuang)下，應(ying)(ying)(ying)一(yi)邊(bian)拆卸，一(yi)邊(bian)畫草圖，并(bing)記(ji)上標記(ji)。

2．先外部后(hou)內(nei)部應先檢查(cha)設(she)(she)備有無明顯裂痕(hen)、缺損，了解其(qi)維修史、使(shi)用年限等，然后(hou)再對機內(nei)進行檢查(cha)。拆(chai)前應排隊周邊的(de)故障(zhang)因(yin)素，確定為機內(nei)故障(zhang)后(hou)才能拆(chai)卸(xie)，否則，盲目拆(chai)卸(xie)，可能將設(she)(she)備越(yue)修越(yue)壞。

3．先機械后(hou)(hou)電(dian)氣(qi)，只有在確定(ding)機械零件無故(gu)(gu)障后(hou)(hou)，再進行(xing)電(dian)氣(qi)方面的檢查(cha)。檢查(cha)電(dian)路(lu)故(gu)(gu)障時，應(ying)利用檢測儀(yi)器尋找故(gu)(gu)障部位，確認(ren)無接觸不良故(gu)(gu)障后(hou)(hou)，再有針對性地查(cha)看線(xian)路(lu)與機械的運(yun)作關系，以(yi)免誤判(pan)。

4．先(xian)靜態(tai)后動(dong)態(tai)在(zai)設(she)備未通電(dian)(dian)(dian)時，判(pan)(pan)定電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣設(she)備按鈕、接觸(chu)器、熱(re)繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)器以(yi)及保(bao)險絲的好壞，從而判(pan)(pan)定故障(zhang)的所(suo)在(zai)。通電(dian)(dian)(dian)試(shi)驗，聽其聲(sheng)、測參(can)數、判(pan)(pan)定故障(zhang)，最后進(jin)行維修。如在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)機缺(que)相(xiang)時，若測量三相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓值無法(fa)著判(pan)(pan)別時，就應該(gai)聽其聲(sheng)，單獨測每相(xiang)對地電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，方(fang)可判(pan)(pan)定哪(na)一相(xiang)缺(que)損(sun)。

5．先清(qing)潔后(hou)維修(xiu)，對污染較重(zhong)的電氣設備，先對其(qi)按(an)鈕、接線(xian)點、接觸點進行清(qing)潔，檢查外(wai)部控制鍵(jian)是否失靈。許多故障都(dou)是由臟污及導電塵塊(kuai)引起的，一經(jing)清(qing)潔故障往往會排除。

6．先(xian)電(dian)(dian)源后設備(bei)電(dian)(dian)源部分(fen)的故(gu)障率(lv)在整個故(gu)障設備(bei)中(zhong)占的比例很高，所以先(xian)檢修電(dian)(dian)源往往可以事半功倍。

7．先普遍(bian)后非凡，因(yin)裝配配件質量或其他設(she)備(bei)故障(zhang)而引起的(de)故障(zhang)，一般占常見故障(zhang)的(de)50左右。電氣(qi)設(she)備(bei)的(de)非凡故障(zhang)多為軟故障(zhang)，要靠(kao)經驗和儀表來測量和維修。

8．先(xian)外(wai)(wai)圍后內部(bu)，先(xian)不要急于(yu)更換損壞的(de)(de)電(dian)氣(qi)部(bu)件(jian)(jian)，在確認外(wai)(wai)圍設(she)備電(dian)路正常時，再考(kao)慮(lv)更換損壞的(de)(de)電(dian)氣(qi)部(bu)件(jian)(jian)。

9．先直(zhi)流(liu)后交(jiao)流(liu)，檢修(xiu)時，必須先檢查直(zhi)流(liu)回路(lu)靜態(tai)工作點(dian)，再交(jiao)流(liu)回路(lu)動態(tai)工作點(dian)。

10．先故障后調試(shi)，對于(yu)調試(shi)和故障并存的電氣(qi)設備，應先排除故障，再進(jin)行調試(shi)，調試(shi)必須(xu)在電氣(qi)線路速(su)的前(qian)提下進(jin)行。

檢查方法和操作實踐

1．直觀(guan)法直觀(guan)法是根(gen)據(ju)電器故(gu)障(zhang)的(de)(de)外部表現，通過看、聞、聽等手段，檢查、判定(ding)故(gu)障(zhang)的(de)(de)方(fang)法。

（1）檢(jian)查(cha)步驟：調(diao)(diao)查(cha)情(qing)況(kuang)：向操作(zuo)者和故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)在場人員詢問情(qing)況(kuang)，包括(kuo)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)外部(bu)表現(xian)(xian)、大致(zhi)部(bu)位、發生故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)時環境情(qing)況(kuang)。如有(you)(you)(you)(you)無(wu)異常(chang)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)、明火(huo)、熱源是否(fou)靠近電(dian)器(qi)(qi)、有(you)(you)(you)(you)無(wu)腐蝕性氣(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)侵入、有(you)(you)(you)(you)無(wu)漏水，是否(fou)有(you)(you)(you)(you)人修理過，修理的(de)內容等等。初(chu)步檢(jian)查(cha)：根(gen)據調(diao)(diao)查(cha)的(de)情(qing)況(kuang)，看有(you)(you)(you)(you)關(guan)電(dian)器(qi)(qi)外部(bu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)無(wu)損壞、連(lian)線有(you)(you)(you)(you)無(wu)斷路、松動，絕緣(yuan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)無(wu)燒焦，螺旋熔斷器(qi)(qi)的(de)熔斷指示器(qi)(qi)是否(fou)跳出(chu)，電(dian)器(qi)(qi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)無(wu)進(jin)水、油(you)垢，開關(guan)位置是否(fou)正確等。試車：通過初(chu)步檢(jian)查(cha)，確認有(you)(you)(you)(you)會使故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)進(jin)一(yi)步擴大和造成人身、設備事故(gu)(gu)后，可進(jin)一(yi)步試車檢(jian)查(cha)，試車中要注(zhu)重有(you)(you)(you)(you)無(wu)嚴重跳火(huo)、異常(chang)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)味、異常(chang)聲音(yin)等現(xian)(xian)象，一(yi)經(jing)發現(xian)(xian)應(ying)立即停車，切斷電(dian)源。注(zhu)重檢(jian)查(cha)電(dian)器(qi)(qi)的(de)溫升及電(dian)器(qi)(qi)的(de)動作(zuo)程序是否(fou)符合(he)電(dian)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)設備原理圖的(de)要求，從(cong)而發現(xian)(xian)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)部(bu)位。

（2）檢查方法(fa)：觀察火(huo)(huo)(huo)花(hua)(hua)(hua)：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)點(dian)在(zai)閉(bi)合(he)(he)、分(fen)(fen)斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)或(huo)導線(xian)線(xian)頭(tou)松動(dong)(dong)時會產生火(huo)(huo)(huo)花(hua)(hua)(hua)，因(yin)此可以根(gen)據火(huo)(huo)(huo)花(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)無、大小等現象(xiang)來(lai)檢查電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)故(gu)障。例(li)如(ru)(ru)，正(zheng)常(chang)緊固的(de)(de)(de)(de)導線(xian)與螺釘(ding)間(jian)發現有(you)(you)火(huo)(huo)(huo)花(hua)(hua)(hua)時，說(shuo)明(ming)(ming)(ming)線(xian)頭(tou)松動(dong)(dong)或(huo)接(jie)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)不良。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)點(dian)在(zai)閉(bi)合(he)(he)、分(fen)(fen)斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)時跳火(huo)(huo)(huo)說(shuo)明(ming)(ming)(ming)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)通(tong)(tong)，不跳火(huo)(huo)(huo)說(shuo)明(ming)(ming)(ming)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)不通(tong)(tong)。控制電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)接(jie)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)主(zhu)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)點(dian)兩相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)有(you)(you)火(huo)(huo)(huo)花(hua)(hua)(hua)、一相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)無火(huo)(huo)(huo)花(hua)(hua)(hua)時，表明(ming)(ming)(ming)無火(huo)(huo)(huo)花(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)點(dian)接(jie)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)不良或(huo)這(zhe)一相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)斷(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)；三(san)(san)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)中兩相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)火(huo)(huo)(huo)花(hua)(hua)(hua)比正(zheng)常(chang)大，別一相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)比正(zheng)常(chang)小，可初(chu)步判(pan)定為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)間(jian)短路(lu)(lu)(lu)或(huo)接(jie)地(di)；三(san)(san)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)火(huo)(huo)(huo)花(hua)(hua)(hua)都比正(zheng)常(chang)大，可能是(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)過載或(huo)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)部分(fen)(fen)卡(ka)(ka)住。在(zai)輔助電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)中，接(jie)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)線(xian)圈(quan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)通(tong)(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后，銜鐵不吸合(he)(he)，要分(fen)(fen)清是(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)斷(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)還是(shi)(shi)接(jie)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)部分(fen)(fen)卡(ka)(ka)住造成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。可按(an)一下啟(qi)動(dong)(dong)按(an)鈕，如(ru)(ru)按(an)鈕常(chang)開觸(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)點(dian)閉(bi)合(he)(he)位置斷(duan)開時有(you)(you)稍(shao)微的(de)(de)(de)(de)火(huo)(huo)(huo)花(hua)(hua)(hua)，說(shuo)明(ming)(ming)(ming)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)通(tong)(tong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)，故(gu)障在(zai)接(jie)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)部分(fen)(fen)；如(ru)(ru)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)點(dian)間(jian)無火(huo)(huo)(huo)花(hua)(hua)(hua)，說(shuo)明(ming)(ming)(ming)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)是(shi)(shi)斷(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)。動(dong)(dong)作(zuo)程(cheng)序：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)作(zuo)程(cheng)序應符合(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣說(shuo)明(ming)(ming)(ming)書和圖(tu)紙的(de)(de)(de)(de)要求。如(ru)(ru)某一電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)作(zuo)過早、過晚或(huo)不動(dong)(dong)作(zuo)，說(shuo)明(ming)(ming)(ming)該電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)或(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)(you)故(gu)障。另外，還可以根(gen)據電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)發出的(de)(de)(de)(de)聲音、溫(wen)度、壓力、氣味等分(fen)(fen)析判(pan)定故(gu)障。運用直觀法(fa)，不但(dan)可以確定簡(jian)單的(de)(de)(de)(de)故(gu)障，還可以把較復雜的(de)(de)(de)(de)故(gu)障縮小到(dao)較小的(de)(de)(de)(de)范圍。

2．測(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)壓法測(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)電(dian)壓法是(shi)根據電(dian)器的供電(dian)方(fang)式，測(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)各點(dian)(dian)的電(dian)壓值(zhi)與電(dian)流值(zhi)并與正(zheng)常值(zhi)比較。具體可分(fen)為分(fen)階測(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)法、分(fen)段(duan)測(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)法和(he)點(dian)(dian)測(ce)(ce)法。

3．測電阻法可分(fen)為分(fen)階測量(liang)法和分(fen)段測量(liang)法。這(zhe)兩種(zhong)方法適用(yong)于開關、電器(qi)分(fen)布(bu)距(ju)離較大(da)的(de)電氣設備。

4．對比、置(zhi)換(huan)元(yuan)件、逐步(bu)開路（或接入(ru)）法

（1）對(dui)比(bi)法：把檢測數據與圖紙(zhi)資料及(ji)平(ping)時記錄(lu)的正(zheng)常(chang)參數相(xiang)(xiang)比(bi)較來(lai)判定故(gu)(gu)障。對(dui)無(wu)資料又無(wu)平(ping)時記錄(lu)的電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)，可(ke)(ke)與同型號的完(wan)好電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)相(xiang)(xiang)比(bi)較。電(dian)(dian)路中的電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)元件(jian)(jian)屬(shu)于同樣控制性質或多個元件(jian)(jian)共同控制同一(yi)設備(bei)時，可(ke)(ke)以利用其他(ta)相(xiang)(xiang)似(si)的或同一(yi)電(dian)(dian)源的元件(jian)(jian)動(dong)作情(qing)況來(lai)判定故(gu)(gu)障。

（2）置轉換(huan)元(yuan)件(jian)(jian)法：某(mou)些電路的(de)(de)故障(zhang)原因(yin)不易(yi)確定或(huo)檢(jian)查(cha)時間過長時，但是(shi)為了保證電氣設備的(de)(de)利用率(lv)，可轉換(huan)同一(yi)相性能良好的(de)(de)元(yuan)器(qi)件(jian)(jian)實(shi)驗，以(yi)證實(shi)故障(zhang)是(shi)否(fou)由此電器(qi)引起。運(yun)用轉換(huan)元(yuan)件(jian)(jian)法檢(jian)查(cha)時應注重，當把原電器(qi)拆下后(hou)，要認真檢(jian)查(cha)是(shi)否(fou)已經損(sun)壞(huai)，只有(you)肯定是(shi)由于(yu)該電器(qi)本身因(yin)素造成損(sun)壞(huai)時，才(cai)能換(huan)上新電器(qi)，以(yi)免(mian)新換(huan)元(yuan)件(jian)(jian)再次損(sun)壞(huai)。

（3）逐(zhu)步(bu)開路(lu)(lu)（或(huo)(huo)(huo)接(jie)(jie)(jie)入(ru)）法(fa)：多支(zhi)路(lu)(lu)并(bing)聯且(qie)控制較復(fu)雜(za)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)短(duan)(duan)路(lu)(lu)或(huo)(huo)(huo)接(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)(di)時(shi)(shi)，一般有(you)明顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)外部表現(xian)，如冒(mao)煙、有(you)火花等。電(dian)(dian)動機內部或(huo)(huo)(huo)帶有(you)護罩的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)短(duan)(duan)路(lu)(lu)、接(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)(di)時(shi)(shi)，除熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)外，不(bu)易發現(xian)其他外部現(xian)象(xiang)。這種(zhong)(zhong)情況可采用逐(zhu)步(bu)開路(lu)(lu)（或(huo)(huo)(huo)接(jie)(jie)(jie)入(ru)）法(fa)檢查。逐(zhu)步(bu)開路(lu)(lu)法(fa)：碰到難以(yi)檢查的(de)(de)(de)(de)短(duan)(duan)路(lu)(lu)或(huo)(huo)(huo)接(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)(di)故(gu)(gu)障，可重新更換熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)體，把(ba)多支(zhi)路(lu)(lu)交聯電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)，一路(lu)(lu)一路(lu)(lu)逐(zhu)步(bu)或(huo)(huo)(huo)重點地(di)(di)(di)從電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)中斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)開，然后(hou)通電(dian)(dian)試驗，若(ruo)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)一再熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，故(gu)(gu)障就(jiu)在(zai)剛(gang)(gang)(gang)剛(gang)(gang)(gang)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)開的(de)(de)(de)(de)這條(tiao)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)上。然后(hou)再將這條(tiao)支(zhi)路(lu)(lu)分成幾(ji)段，逐(zhu)段地(di)(di)(di)接(jie)(jie)(jie)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)。當接(jie)(jie)(jie)入(ru)某(mou)段電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)時(shi)(shi)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)又熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，故(gu)(gu)障就(jiu)在(zai)這段電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)及某(mou)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)元(yuan)件上。這種(zhong)(zhong)方(fang)法(fa)簡(jian)單，但(dan)輕易把(ba)損壞不(bu)嚴重的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)元(yuan)件徹底(di)燒毀。逐(zhu)步(bu)接(jie)(jie)(jie)入(ru)法(fa)：電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)出(chu)現(xian)短(duan)(duan)路(lu)(lu)或(huo)(huo)(huo)接(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)(di)故(gu)(gu)障時(shi)(shi)，換上新熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)逐(zhu)步(bu)或(huo)(huo)(huo)重點地(di)(di)(di)將各(ge)支(zhi)路(lu)(lu)一條(tiao)一條(tiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)接(jie)(jie)(jie)入(ru)電(dian)(dian)源，重新試驗。當接(jie)(jie)(jie)到某(mou)段時(shi)(shi)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)器(qi)(qi)(qi)又熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)(duan)(duan)，故(gu)(gu)障就(jiu)在(zai)剛(gang)(gang)(gang)剛(gang)(gang)(gang)接(jie)(jie)(jie)入(ru)的(de)(de)(de)(de)這條(tiao)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)及其所包含(han)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(qi)元(yuan)件上。

5．強迫閉合(he)法在排隊電(dian)(dian)器(qi)故障時，經過直觀檢查后沒(mei)有找到(dao)故障點而(er)手下也沒(mei)有適當的儀(yi)表進行測量，可用(yong)(yong)一絕緣棒將有關繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)、接觸(chu)器(qi)、電(dian)(dian)磁鐵等(deng)用(yong)(yong)外力強行按下，使(shi)其常(chang)開觸(chu)點閉合(he)，然后觀察電(dian)(dian)器(qi)部分或(huo)機械部分出現(xian)的各種現(xian)象，如電(dian)(dian)動機從不轉到(dao)轉動，設備(bei)相應(ying)的部分從不動到(dao)正常(chang)運行等(deng)。

6．短(duan)接(jie)法(fa)設(she)備電(dian)路或電(dian)器(qi)的(de)(de)故障(zhang)大致歸納為短(duan)路、過(guo)載、斷(duan)(duan)路、接(jie)地、接(jie)線錯誤、電(dian)器(qi)的(de)(de)電(dian)磁及機械部(bu)分(fen)故障(zhang)等(deng)(deng)六類。諸(zhu)類故障(zhang)中出現較多的(de)(de)為斷(duan)(duan)路故障(zhang)。它包括(kuo)導(dao)線斷(duan)(duan)路、虛連、松動(dong)、觸點接(jie)觸不良(liang)、虛焊(han)、假(jia)焊(han)、熔斷(duan)(duan)器(qi)熔斷(duan)(duan)等(deng)(deng)。對(dui)這類故障(zhang)除用電(dian)阻法(fa)、電(dian)壓法(fa)檢查(cha)外，還有一種更為簡單可(ke)靠的(de)(de)方法(fa)，就(jiu)是(shi)短(duan)接(jie)法(fa)。方法(fa)是(shi)用一根(gen)良(liang)好絕緣的(de)(de)導(dao)線，將所懷疑的(de)(de)斷(duan)(duan)路部(bu)位短(duan)路接(jie)起來(lai)，如(ru)短(duan)接(jie)到(dao)某(mou)處，電(dian)路工作(zuo)(zuo)恢復正常，說明該處斷(duan)(duan)路。具(ju)體(ti)操作(zuo)(zuo)可(ke)分(fen)為局部(bu)短(duan)接(jie)法(fa)和長(chang)短(duan)接(jie)法(fa)。以上幾(ji)種檢查(cha)方法(fa)，要活學活用，遵守安全操作(zuo)(zuo)規章(zhang)。對(dui)于(yu)(yu)連續燒(shao)壞的(de)(de)元器(qi)件應查(cha)明原因后再(zai)進(jin)行(xing)更換；電(dian)壓測量時應考慮(lv)到(dao)導(dao)線的(de)(de)壓降；不違反設(she)備電(dian)器(qi)控(kong)制(zhi)的(de)(de)原則，試車(che)時手不得離(li)開(kai)電(dian)源開(kai)關，并(bing)且保險應使用等(deng)(deng)量或略小(xiao)于(yu)(yu)額定電(dian)流；，注重測量儀器(qi)的(de)(de)擋(dang)位的(de)(de)選擇。