如何用好氣吸式精密播種(zhong)機(ji)若干經驗(yan)
由于氣吸(xi)式精密播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機投種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)點低、種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)床(chuang)平整(zheng)、籽粒分布均勻(yun)、種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)深(shen)一致以(yi)及(ji)(ji)出苗整(zheng)齊等符合(he)農(nong)藝要求的特點,越(yue)來越(yue)受(shou)到人們的歡迎。在該機氣吸(xi)體上(shang)更換不(bu)同的排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)盤和不(bu)同傳動比的鏈輪(lun),即(ji)可(ke)精密播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)玉米、大豆、高粱、小豆以(yi)及(ji)(ji)甜菜等多種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)作(zuo)物。氣吸(xi)式播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機可(ke)單行、雙行作(zuo)業,通(tong)用性強(qiang),并能一次完成側施肥、開溝、播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、覆土和鎮壓作(zuo)業,是(shi)滿(man)足(zu)三壟耕作(zuo)模式中的精密播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)以(yi)實(shi)現均衡增產(chan)的更新機械。這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機雖然有其(qi)明顯(xian)的優越(yue)性,但(dan)也存在不(bu)足(zu)之處,需(xu)要使用者不(bu)斷總結經驗,發(fa)揮其(qi)長處,彌補其(qi)不(bu)足(zu)。
1.了解工作原理是用好氣吸式精密播種機的保證
氣(qi)吸式播種器(qi)工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)時由高速風機(ji)產生負壓(ya)(ya),傳給排種單體(ti)的(de)真(zhen)(zhen)空(kong)室。排種盤回(hui)轉時,在真(zhen)(zhen)空(kong)室負壓(ya)(ya)作(zuo)(zuo)用下吸附種子,并隨(sui)排種盤一(yi)起轉動。當種子轉出真(zhen)(zhen)空(kong)室后,不再承受負壓(ya)(ya),就靠自重或在刮(gua)種器(qi)作(zuo)(zuo)用下落(luo)在溝內(nei)。其工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)質量可以用空(kong)穴率、重播率來(lai)評價。主要影響因素有真(zhen)(zhen)空(kong)度、吸孔形狀、種子尺寸以及刮(gua)種器(qi)的(de)構造和調整等。
(1)真空(kong)度(du)。真空(kong)度(du)越大(da)則吸(xi)附種子的(de)(de)能(neng)力越強(qiang),越不易(yi)產(chan)生空(kong)穴;但(dan)單個吸(xi)孔吸(xi)附幾粒種子的(de)(de)可能(neng)性加大(da),使重播率增大(da)。
(2)吸孔(kong)直徑。吸孔(kong)越大,吸孔(kong)處對種子的吸力越大,同樣(yang)可使空穴(xue)率減(jian)少、重播率增(zeng)加。
(3)刮種(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)。它的(de)(de)作用是(shi)刮去(qu)吸孔(kong)吸附的(de)(de)多余種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi),降低重播率(lv)。在(zai)工作中由于機具的(de)(de)裝(zhuang)配質量(liang)不好或(huo)運動中碰撞,使刮種(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)與(yu)排種(zhong)(zhong)盤之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)(de)距(ju)離(li)產生變(bian)化,或(huo)導致碎(sui)種(zhong)(zhong),或(huo)達不到刮種(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)。刮種(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)與(yu)排種(zhong)(zhong)盤之(zhi)間(jian)的(de)(de)距(ju)離(li)應在(zai)0與(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)平均直(zhi)徑的(de)(de)一半之(zhi)間(jian),使種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)無(wu)法進入刮種(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)與(yu)排種(zhong)(zhong)盤之(zhi)間(jian)形成的(de)(de)間(jian)隙。
(4)風機(ji)。它是產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)負壓(ya)以供排(pai)種器(qi)吸(xi)附種子(zi)的關鍵部(bu)件(jian),風機(ji)葉輪要高(gao)(gao)速(su)旋轉(zhuan)以產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)高(gao)(gao)的負壓(ya)。風機(ji)風力小、風管漏氣或風管直徑小均會產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)排(pai)種器(qi)真空室真空度小、吸(xi)不上種子(zi)而產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)漏播現象。
以上是氣吸式播種(zhong)機主要特(te)點(dian),其他如(ru)開(kai)溝(gou)器、鎮壓輪、覆(fu)土器等部件與一般(ban)播種(zhong)機基本相(xiang)同。
2.熟知一般故障產生的可能原因,排除故障時可以少走彎路
(1)地(di)輪滑移率大。可(ke)能的原因為地(di)輪安裝位(wei)置過高、主梁不平或(huo)傳動機構卡滯。
(2)不排(pai)種。可能的原因為種子(zi)架空、吸氣管脫落(luo)、吸氣管堵塞、排(pai)種器不密封、傳動失靈(ling)或刮種器位置不對。
(3)排(pai)種(zhong)不(bu)均。可(ke)能的原因為(wei)氣(qi)(qi)壓不(bu)足、風機轉速不(bu)夠(gou)、吸氣(qi)(qi)管漏氣(qi)(qi)、吸氣(qi)(qi)管堵塞、排(pai)種(zhong)器(qi)(qi)不(bu)密(mi)封(feng)、作(zuo)業(ye)速度(du)過(guo)快、刮種(zhong)器(qi)(qi)調整不(bu)當、排(pai)種(zhong)盤孔過(guo)小、種(zhong)子(zi)內含雜質或種(zhong)子(zi)量太少。
(4)開(kai)溝器入土過淺。可能的原(yuan)因為鎮壓輪深度調(diao)節板插銷位置不當或開(kai)溝器伸縮桿彈簧調(diao)整不當。
(5)開溝(gou)器入土過深。可能的原(yuan)因為地(di)輪調整(zheng)不(bu)(bu)當、鎮壓輪插位置不(bu)(bu)當或開溝(gou)器伸縮(suo)桿彈簧調整(zheng)不(bu)(bu)當。
(6)掉鏈(lian)或(huo)跳鏈(lian)。可(ke)能的原因為鏈(lian)條(tiao)不對中或(huo)鏈(lian)條(tiao)與(yu)鏈(lian)輪阻塞。
3.進行適當的改裝可以取得很好的效果
(1)有的播種(zhong)機地(di)輪(lun)的2個(ge)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承過盈(ying)配(pei)合(he)在叉架的2個(ge)孔內,采用通(tong)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)式(shi)。其缺點是地(di)輪(lun)出現故(gu)障拆裝時,必須(xu)用錘子敲(qiao)打軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承,拆裝不便,并影響軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承的壽(shou)命(ming)。改為夾(jia)瓦式(shi)后,更換(huan)軸(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)承和修理地(di)輪(lun)均方便很(hen)多。
(2)有(you)的(de)播種(zhong)機(ji)的(de)排種(zhong)器(qi)(qi)采(cai)用硬塑材(cai)(cai)料制造真(zhen)空(kong)(kong)(kong)室(shi),雖(sui)然(ran)有(you)其成(cheng)本低、質量(liang)小的(de)優點,但排種(zhong)器(qi)(qi)兩邊的(de)傳動(dong)部(bu)件是金屬材(cai)(cai)料,在作業時易(yi)使真(zhen)空(kong)(kong)(kong)室(shi)變(bian)形、漏氣(qi),從而影響真(zhen)空(kong)(kong)(kong)室(shi)內的(de)真(zhen)空(kong)(kong)(kong)度。采(cai)用鑄造鐵制造真(zhen)空(kong)(kong)(kong)室(shi)效果很(hen)好。
(3)有的(de)播種(zhong)器的(de)傳動部分采用從一端開始(shi)以串聯(lian)的(de)形式(shi)輸入動力,當(dang)其中某組排(pai)種(zhong)器出現故障后會影響其他排(pai)種(zhong)器的(de)工(gong)作。把(ba)整體串聯(lian)傳動改(gai)為單體鏈輪式(shi)并聯(lian)傳動后工(gong)作質量大為改(gai)善。
(4)用硬塑材料制成的風管從風機連結至排(pai)種器,顯(xian)得很零(ling)亂(luan),且裸(luo)露(lu)在外(wai)面,常因(yin)磨損(sun)、老化而影(ying)響其壽命。以橫梁為主風道(dao)(dao)的連接(jie)通道(dao)(dao),不(bu)僅(jin)減少了零(ling)亂(luan)感,而且可避(bi)免風管老化,并(bing)使安裝方(fang)便。
(5)覆(fu)土(tu)(tu)器部分。一些播種(zhong)機(ji)采用犁鏵式覆(fu)土(tu)(tu)器,此(ci)覆(fu)土(tu)(tu)器僅(jin)適(shi)合于較平整地塊,在(zai)原(yuan)壟地塊播種(zhong)時易產(chan)生覆(fu)土(tu)(tu)不嚴或覆(fu)土(tu)(tu)過厚的缺陷。原(yuan)壟地塊作業(ye)時可(ke)采用刮板式或圓盤(pan)式覆(fu)土(tu)(tu)器。
4.必須做好作業前的準備工作
為了保(bao)證精密播種(zhong)作業的質量,播種(zhong)前各項(xiang)準備工作是非常(chang)重要的。
(1)整(zheng)(zheng)地(di)。播種前要(yao)整(zheng)(zheng)地(di),要(yao)求整(zheng)(zheng)后土粒細碎,表(biao)面(mian)松(song)軟平整(zheng)(zheng),有(you)適(shi)當(dang)的緊(jin)密度(du),深度(du)適(shi)當(dang)和一致(zhi),不(bu)(bu)漏(lou)耙,不(bu)(bu)漏(lou)壓。
(2)種子(zi)準備(bei)。種子(zi)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)精選,形(xing)狀、大(da)小要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)一(yi)致,不含雜(za)質(zhi),純凈率(lv)和發芽率(lv)都要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)達(da)到98%以上,并且(qie)要(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)進(jin)行(xing)種子(zi)處理。
(3)化肥準備(bei)。應選用(yong)流動性好(hao)的顆粒(li)肥,無雜質(zhi),不潮濕。
(4)機具調(diao)試(shi)。正確組(zu)裝、保養(yang)和調(diao)試(shi),按(an)農藝要求(qiu)調(diao)整(zheng)機具的(de)行距,調(diao)整(zheng)好(hao)后要進行試(shi)播,達到(dao)要求(qiu)后才能進行正常作業(ye)。