播種機(ji)的(de)發明----概況(kuang)----類型

公元前1世紀，中國(guo)已推廣使用(yong)(yong)耬，這是(shi)世界上(shang)最(zui)早的條播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)具，今仍(reng)在北方(fang)旱作區應(ying)用(yong)(yong)。1636年(nian)(nian)在希臘制成(cheng)(cheng)第(di)一臺播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji) 。1830 年(nian)(nian)俄國(guo)人(ren)在畜力多鏵(hua)犁(li)上(shang)制成(cheng)(cheng)犁(li)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。1860年(nian)(nian)后(hou)(hou)，英美等國(guo)開始大(da)量生產畜力谷物(wu)條播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。20世紀后(hou)(hou)相(xiang)繼(ji)出(chu)現了(le)(le)牽引(yin)和懸掛式(shi)(shi)谷物(wu)條播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，以及運用(yong)(yong)氣(qi)力排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。50年(nian)(nian)代(dai)(dai)發展精(jing)(jing)密(mi)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。中國(guo)從20世紀50年(nian)(nian)代(dai)(dai)引(yin)進了(le)(le)谷物(wu)條播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、棉花播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)等。60年(nian)(nian)代(dai)(dai)先(xian)后(hou)(hou)研制成(cheng)(cheng)懸掛式(shi)(shi)谷物(wu)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、離心式(shi)(shi)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、通用(yong)(yong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)架播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和氣(qi)吸式(shi)(shi)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)等多種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)型(xing)，并研制成(cheng)(cheng)磨紋式(shi)(shi)排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器。到70年(nian)(nian)代(dai)(dai)，已形成(cheng)(cheng)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)中耕通用(yong)(yong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和谷物(wu)聯(lian)合播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)兩個系列，同時(shi)研制成(cheng)(cheng)功了(le)(le)精(jing)(jing)密(mi)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是(shi)由杰斯洛·圖爾發明的。

按播(bo)種(zhong)方法，可分為以(yi)下幾(ji)種(zhong)。

①撒(sa)(sa)(sa)播(bo)(bo)機。使撒(sa)(sa)(sa)出的種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)在播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)地塊上均勻分(fen)布(bu)的播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)機 。常用(yong)(yong)的機型為離(li)心式撒(sa)(sa)(sa)播(bo)(bo)機 ，附裝(zhuang)在農用(yong)(yong)運輸(shu)車(che)后(hou)部。由(you)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)箱和撒(sa)(sa)(sa)播(bo)(bo)輪構成。種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)由(you)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)箱落到撒(sa)(sa)(sa)播(bo)(bo)輪上，在離(li)心力作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)下(xia)沿切(qie)線(xian)方向播(bo)(bo)出，播(bo)(bo)幅達8 ～12米。也可(ke)撒(sa)(sa)(sa)播(bo)(bo)粉狀或粒狀肥料、石灰及其他物(wu)料。撒(sa)(sa)(sa)播(bo)(bo)裝(zhuang)置也可(ke)安裝(zhuang)在農用(yong)(yong)飛(fei)機上使用(yong)(yong)。

②條(tiao)播(bo)(bo)(bo)機(ji)。主要用(yong)于谷物、蔬菜、牧草等小(xiao)粒種子(zi)的(de)(de)播(bo)(bo)(bo)種作業。常(chang)用(yong)的(de)(de)有谷物條(tiao)播(bo)(bo)(bo)機(ji)，作業時(shi)，由行(xing)走輪(lun)帶動(dong)排(pai)(pai)種輪(lun)旋轉，種子(zi)按要求由種子(zi)箱排(pai)(pai)入(ru)輸(shu)種管(guan)(guan)并經開溝器(qi)落入(ru)溝槽(cao)內，然后由覆(fu)土鎮壓(ya)裝置將種子(zi)覆(fu)蓋壓(ya)實。其(qi)結構一般(ban)由機(ji)架、牽引或懸(xuan)掛裝置、種子(zi)箱、排(pai)(pai)種器(qi)、傳動(dong)裝置、輸(shu)種管(guan)(guan)、開溝器(qi)、劃行(xing)器(qi)、行(xing)走輪(lun)和覆(fu)土鎮壓(ya)裝置等組成(cheng)。單機(ji)播(bo)(bo)(bo)幅為6～7米，播(bo)(bo)(bo)速一般(ban)為10～12千米／小(xiao)時(shi)。

③穴播(bo)(bo)(bo)機。按(an)一定(ding)行距和穴距，將(jiang)種子成穴播(bo)(bo)(bo)種的種植(zhi)機械 。每(mei)穴可播(bo)(bo)(bo) 1粒(li)或(huo)數粒(li)種子，分別稱(cheng)單(dan)粒(li)精播(bo)(bo)(bo)或(huo)多粒(li)穴播(bo)(bo)(bo)，主要用于(yu)玉米、棉花、甜(tian)菜、向日葵、豆類等(deng)中耕作(zuo)物，又稱(cheng)中耕作(zuo)物播(bo)(bo)(bo)種機 。每(mei)個播(bo)(bo)(bo)種機單(dan)體可完成開(kai)溝 、排(pai)種、覆土、鎮壓等(deng)整個作(zuo)業過程。

④精密播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機。以精確的(de)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)量、株(zhu)行距和深度進(jin)行作(zuo)業的(de)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機。具(ju)有節省(sheng)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)、免除出苗(miao)后的(de)間(jian)苗(miao)作(zuo)業、苗(miao)距整齊的(de)優點 。 一般在穴播(bo)機各類(lei)排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器的(de)基礎上改進(jin)而成。也有事先將單(dan)粒種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)按一定(ding)間(jian)距固定(ding)的(de)紙帶播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，或(huo)使種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)垂直(zhi)回轉運(yun)動(dong)的(de)環形(xing)橡膠或(huo)塑料制種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)帶孔排入種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)溝(gou)。

⑤聯合作(zuo)業機(ji)(ji)和免耕播種機(ji)(ji)。如在(zai)谷物(wu)條播機(ji)(ji)上加設(she)肥料箱、排肥裝置，即可(ke)在(zai)播種的同時施(shi)肥。與土壤(rang)耕作(zuo)、噴撒殺蟲劑 、 除莠劑和鋪塑料薄膜等項(xiang)(xiang)作(zuo) 業組成聯合作(zuo)業機(ji)(ji)，能一次完(wan)成上述(shu)各項(xiang)(xiang)作(zuo)業。免耕播種機(ji)(ji)是在(zai)前茬(cha)作(zuo)物(wu)收獲后直接開出種溝播種，以防止水土流失、節省能源，降低作(zuo)物(wu)成本。