播種機的發明----概況----類型

公元前1世(shi)紀(ji)，中國(guo)已推廣使用耬，這是世(shi)界上最(zui)早(zao)的(de)條播機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)具，今仍在(zai)(zai)北(bei)方(fang)旱(han)作區應(ying)用。1636年(nian)在(zai)(zai)希臘制(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)第一臺(tai)播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji) 。1830 年(nian)俄國(guo)人在(zai)(zai)畜力(li)多鏵犁(li)上制(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)犁(li)播機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。1860年(nian)后(hou)(hou)，英美(mei)等(deng)國(guo)開(kai)始大量生產畜力(li)谷(gu)物(wu)(wu)條播機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。20世(shi)紀(ji)后(hou)(hou)相繼出現了(le)(le)牽引和(he)懸掛(gua)式(shi)谷(gu)物(wu)(wu)條播機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，以及運用氣力(li)排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。50年(nian)代(dai)發(fa)展精密播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。中國(guo)從20世(shi)紀(ji)50年(nian)代(dai)引進了(le)(le)谷(gu)物(wu)(wu)條播機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、棉花播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)等(deng)。60年(nian)代(dai)先(xian)后(hou)(hou)研(yan)制(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)懸掛(gua)式(shi)谷(gu)物(wu)(wu)播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、離心式(shi)播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、通(tong)用機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)架播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)氣吸式(shi)播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)等(deng)多種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類型，并研(yan)制(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)磨紋式(shi)排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器。到70年(nian)代(dai)，已形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)中耕通(tong)用機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)谷(gu)物(wu)(wu)聯合(he)播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)兩個系列(lie)，同時研(yan)制(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)功了(le)(le)精密播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)。播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是由(you)杰斯洛·圖爾發(fa)明(ming)的(de)。

按播種(zhong)方法，可分為(wei)以(yi)下幾種(zhong)。

①撒(sa)(sa)播(bo)(bo)機(ji)(ji)。使撒(sa)(sa)出的種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)在播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)地塊(kuai)上(shang)均勻分布的播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)機(ji)(ji) 。常(chang)用(yong)的機(ji)(ji)型為(wei)離(li)(li)心(xin)式(shi)撒(sa)(sa)播(bo)(bo)機(ji)(ji) ，附裝在農(nong)用(yong)運輸車后(hou)部(bu)。由種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)箱(xiang)和撒(sa)(sa)播(bo)(bo)輪(lun)構成。種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)由種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)箱(xiang)落到撒(sa)(sa)播(bo)(bo)輪(lun)上(shang)，在離(li)(li)心(xin)力作用(yong)下沿切線方向(xiang)播(bo)(bo)出，播(bo)(bo)幅達8 ～12米。也可(ke)撒(sa)(sa)播(bo)(bo)粉(fen)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)或粒(li)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)肥料、石灰及其他(ta)物料。撒(sa)(sa)播(bo)(bo)裝置也可(ke)安裝在農(nong)用(yong)飛機(ji)(ji)上(shang)使用(yong)。

②條(tiao)播(bo)機(ji)。主要(yao)用于谷物、蔬(shu)菜、牧草等(deng)小粒種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)的(de)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)作業。常用的(de)有谷物條(tiao)播(bo)機(ji)，作業時，由(you)行(xing)走輪帶動(dong)排種(zhong)(zhong)輪旋轉，種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)按(an)要(yao)求(qiu)由(you)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)箱(xiang)排入輸種(zhong)(zhong)管并經開(kai)溝器(qi)落(luo)入溝槽內，然后由(you)覆土鎮壓裝置(zhi)(zhi)將種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)覆蓋壓實。其結構一(yi)般由(you)機(ji)架、牽引(yin)或懸掛裝置(zhi)(zhi)、種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)箱(xiang)、排種(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)、傳動(dong)裝置(zhi)(zhi)、輸種(zhong)(zhong)管、開(kai)溝器(qi)、劃行(xing)器(qi)、行(xing)走輪和覆土鎮壓裝置(zhi)(zhi)等(deng)組(zu)成(cheng)。單機(ji)播(bo)幅為6～7米，播(bo)速(su)一(yi)般為10～12千(qian)米／小時。

③穴(xue)播機(ji)。按一定行距和穴(xue)距，將種(zhong)子(zi)成穴(xue)播種(zhong)的種(zhong)植機(ji)械 。每穴(xue)可播 1粒或數粒種(zhong)子(zi)，分別稱單粒精播或多粒穴(xue)播，主要用(yong)于玉米(mi)、棉(mian)花(hua)、甜(tian)菜、向日葵、豆類等(deng)中耕(geng)作(zuo)物，又稱中耕(geng)作(zuo)物播種(zhong)機(ji) 。每個播種(zhong)機(ji)單體可完成開溝 、排種(zhong)、覆(fu)土、鎮壓等(deng)整個作(zuo)業過程。

④精密播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機。以精確的(de)(de)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)量(liang)、株(zhu)行距和深度進行作業的(de)(de)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機。具有(you)節省種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)、免除出苗后的(de)(de)間苗作業、苗距整齊的(de)(de)優點 。 一般在穴播(bo)機各類排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器的(de)(de)基礎(chu)上改進而成。也有(you)事先將(jiang)單(dan)粒種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)按一定間距固定的(de)(de)紙帶播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，或(huo)使種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)垂(chui)直(zhi)回轉運動的(de)(de)環形(xing)橡膠或(huo)塑料制種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)帶孔排(pai)入種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)溝(gou)。

⑤聯合(he)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)機(ji)和免(mian)耕播(bo)種(zhong)機(ji)。如在(zai)谷物(wu)條播(bo)機(ji)上加設肥(fei)料箱、排肥(fei)裝(zhuang)置，即可在(zai)播(bo)種(zhong)的同時施肥(fei)。與土(tu)壤耕作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)、噴撒殺蟲劑 、 除莠劑和鋪(pu)塑(su)料薄膜等(deng)項(xiang)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo) 業(ye)組(zu)成聯合(he)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)機(ji)，能一次完成上述(shu)各項(xiang)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)。免(mian)耕播(bo)種(zhong)機(ji)是在(zai)前茬作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)收獲(huo)后直接(jie)開(kai)出種(zhong)溝播(bo)種(zhong)，以防止水土(tu)流(liu)失、節(jie)省能源，降低作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)成本。