播種(zhong)機的發明----概況----類型

公元(yuan)前1世紀，中(zhong)國(guo)已(yi)推(tui)廣使用(yong)耬，這(zhe)是世界上(shang)最早的條播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)機(ji)(ji)具，今仍在北方旱作區應用(yong)。1636年(nian)在希臘制(zhi)(zhi)成第一(yi)臺播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji) 。1830 年(nian)俄國(guo)人在畜力多鏵犁(li)(li)上(shang)制(zhi)(zhi)成犁(li)(li)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)機(ji)(ji)。1860年(nian)后(hou)，英美(mei)等國(guo)開始(shi)大量生產畜力谷物(wu)條播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)機(ji)(ji)。20世紀后(hou)相繼(ji)出現(xian)了牽引和(he)懸(xuan)掛(gua)式谷物(wu)條播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)機(ji)(ji)，以及運用(yong)氣力排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)。50年(nian)代(dai)發展精密播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)。中(zhong)國(guo)從20世紀50年(nian)代(dai)引進了谷物(wu)條播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)機(ji)(ji)、棉(mian)花播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)等。60年(nian)代(dai)先后(hou)研(yan)(yan)制(zhi)(zhi)成懸(xuan)掛(gua)式谷物(wu)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)、離(li)心式播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)、通用(yong)機(ji)(ji)架播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)和(he)氣吸式播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)等多種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類型，并研(yan)(yan)制(zhi)(zhi)成磨紋(wen)式排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器。到(dao)70年(nian)代(dai)，已(yi)形成播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)中(zhong)耕通用(yong)機(ji)(ji)和(he)谷物(wu)聯合播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)兩個(ge)系(xi)列，同時研(yan)(yan)制(zhi)(zhi)成功了精密播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)。播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)是由(you)杰(jie)斯洛·圖爾(er)發明的。

按播種(zhong)方法，可分(fen)為以下(xia)幾種(zhong)。

①撒(sa)播(bo)(bo)機。使(shi)撒(sa)出的(de)(de)種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)在(zai)(zai)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)地塊上均勻分(fen)布的(de)(de)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)機 。常(chang)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)機型(xing)為離心(xin)式撒(sa)播(bo)(bo)機 ，附裝在(zai)(zai)農(nong)用(yong)(yong)運輸車(che)后部。由種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)箱(xiang)和撒(sa)播(bo)(bo)輪構成。種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)由種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)箱(xiang)落到撒(sa)播(bo)(bo)輪上，在(zai)(zai)離心(xin)力(li)作用(yong)(yong)下沿(yan)切線方向播(bo)(bo)出，播(bo)(bo)幅達8 ～12米。也(ye)可撒(sa)播(bo)(bo)粉狀或粒(li)狀肥料(liao)、石灰及其(qi)他物(wu)料(liao)。撒(sa)播(bo)(bo)裝置也(ye)可安裝在(zai)(zai)農(nong)用(yong)(yong)飛機上使(shi)用(yong)(yong)。

②條播機(ji)(ji)。主要用于谷物、蔬菜、牧(mu)草(cao)等小粒(li)種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)的播種(zhong)作(zuo)業。常用的有谷物條播機(ji)(ji)，作(zuo)業時，由(you)(you)(you)行走輪帶動排種(zhong)輪旋轉(zhuan)，種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)按要求由(you)(you)(you)種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)箱排入輸(shu)(shu)種(zhong)管并經(jing)開溝器落入溝槽內，然后(hou)由(you)(you)(you)覆(fu)土鎮(zhen)壓(ya)裝置(zhi)將種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)覆(fu)蓋壓(ya)實。其結構一般由(you)(you)(you)機(ji)(ji)架、牽引或(huo)懸掛裝置(zhi)、種(zhong)子(zi)(zi)箱、排種(zhong)器、傳動裝置(zhi)、輸(shu)(shu)種(zhong)管、開溝器、劃行器、行走輪和覆(fu)土鎮(zhen)壓(ya)裝置(zhi)等組成。單機(ji)(ji)播幅(fu)為6～7米，播速(su)一般為10～12千米／小時。

③穴(xue)播機(ji)(ji)。按一定行距(ju)(ju)和穴(xue)距(ju)(ju)，將(jiang)種(zhong)子成穴(xue)播種(zhong)的(de)種(zhong)植機(ji)(ji)械 。每(mei)穴(xue)可(ke)播 1粒(li)或數(shu)粒(li)種(zhong)子，分別稱(cheng)單(dan)粒(li)精播或多(duo)粒(li)穴(xue)播，主要(yao)用于玉(yu)米、棉花、甜菜、向(xiang)日葵(kui)、豆(dou)類等中耕(geng)作物，又稱(cheng)中耕(geng)作物播種(zhong)機(ji)(ji) 。每(mei)個播種(zhong)機(ji)(ji)單(dan)體可(ke)完成開溝 、排種(zhong)、覆(fu)土、鎮壓(ya)等整個作業過(guo)程。

④精密播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)機。以精確的播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)量、株行(xing)(xing)距和深度進行(xing)(xing)作(zuo)業(ye)的播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)機。具有(you)節省種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)、免除出(chu)苗(miao)(miao)后的間苗(miao)(miao)作(zuo)業(ye)、苗(miao)(miao)距整齊的優點 。 一(yi)般在(zai)穴播(bo)機各類(lei)排種(zhong)(zhong)器的基礎上改進而成。也(ye)有(you)事(shi)先將單粒(li)種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)按一(yi)定(ding)(ding)間距固定(ding)(ding)的紙帶播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)，或(huo)使種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)垂(chui)直(zhi)回轉運動的環形橡膠或(huo)塑料制種(zhong)(zhong)帶孔排入種(zhong)(zhong)溝。

⑤聯合作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)(ye)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)免(mian)耕播(bo)種機(ji)(ji)(ji)。如在谷物條播(bo)機(ji)(ji)(ji)上(shang)加設肥料箱(xiang)、排肥裝置，即可在播(bo)種的同時施肥。與土壤(rang)耕作(zuo)(zuo)、噴撒殺蟲劑 、 除莠劑和(he)鋪塑料薄膜等(deng)項(xiang)作(zuo)(zuo) 業(ye)(ye)組成聯合作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)(ye)機(ji)(ji)(ji)，能一次完成上(shang)述各項(xiang)作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)(ye)。免(mian)耕播(bo)種機(ji)(ji)(ji)是在前(qian)茬(cha)作(zuo)(zuo)物收獲后直接開出種溝(gou)播(bo)種，以防止水土流失、節省(sheng)能源，降低(di)作(zuo)(zuo)物成本。