采購指南:如何鑒別視頻線的性能好壞
視頻線(xian)的(de)好(hao)壞鑒別,真正的(de)檢(jian)測是(shi)需要專門的(de)設(she)(she)備(bei)和(he)(he)儀(yi)器。而這些設(she)(she)備(bei)和(he)(he)儀(yi)器又是(shi)設(she)(she)計(ji)和(he)(he)工程單位不具備(bei)的(de)。工程實際中,怎樣鑒別視頻線(xian)的(de)好(hao)壞呢:
一、目測外觀鑒別:
1.PVC護(hu)套(tao):表面能看出壓緊里面編網有規律的(de)“不(bu)(bu)平度”,說明加工工藝好,不(bu)(bu)會產(chan)生相對滑(hua)動,是好電(dian)纜。外觀光滑(hua),看不(bu)(bu)出壓緊編網的(de)“不(bu)(bu)平度”,用手捏護(hu)套(tao)有松動感,是差電(dian)纜;
2.檢(jian)查屏蔽層(ceng)編網:編數是否夠?銅(tong)材(cai)編網,檢(jian)查可焊性,鍍錫銅(tong)線刮看里面是不是銅(tong)線,鋁(lv)鎂合金線的硬度明顯大于銅(tong)線;編網稀疏,分(fen)布(bu)不均勻,與(yu)絕緣層(ceng)包裹不緊等是差電纜;
3.檢查芯線:直徑——SYV電(dian)纜為0.78-0.8mm,SYWV電(dian)纜為1.0mm;近來出現了一種SYV75-5芯線直徑是(shi)1.0mm的(de)電(dian)纜,這種電(dian)纜的(de)特性阻抗,肯(ken)定不(bu)是(shi)75歐(ou)姆,不(bu)應(ying)用到75歐(ou)姆傳(chuan)輸系(xi)統中;
4.檢(jian)查芯線(xian)與(yu)絕緣層(ceng)的沾(zhan)合(he)力:斜向(xiang)切開(kai)絕緣層(ceng),按剝離方向(xiang)拉開(kai)芯線(xian),看(kan)芯線(xian)和絕緣層(ceng)有沒有沾(zhan)合(he)工藝(yi)材料;好電(dian)纜有較大的沾(zhan)合(he)力,差電(dian)纜沒有沾(zhan)合(he);
5.縱向抗拉(la)實驗(yan):取一(yi)米電(dian)纜(lan),分(fen)(fen)層剝(bo)開芯線,絕緣(yuan)層,屏蔽層,外戶套(tao),各留(liu)10公(gong)分(fen)(fen)長(chang)。方(fang)法是:兩(liang)只(zhi)手分(fen)(fen)別(bie)握電(dian)纜(lan)的相鄰(lin)兩(liang)層,向相反方(fang)向拉(la)動;好電(dian)纜(lan)一(yi)般力(li)量拉(la)不動,差電(dian)纜(lan)不費大(da)力(li)就可以輕松拉(la)出(chu)來——電(dian)梯電(dian)纜(lan)這一(yi)條十分(fen)(fen)重要(yao),不少所謂(wei)“電(dian)梯專用電(dian)纜(lan)”都存在這方(fang)面的問(wen)題;
二、傳輸性能測試:視(shi)頻線(xian),顧名思義,是用來傳(chuan)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)視(shi)頻信號(hao)的傳(chuan)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)線(xian)。既然(ran)是傳(chuan)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)視(shi)頻信號(hao),起碼就(jiu)要了解傳(chuan)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)線(xian)在0-6M頻帶范圍的傳(chuan)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)特性,或者說,傳(chuan)輸(shu)(shu)(shu)性能。這里主(zhu)要談一(yi)點(dian)“示(shi)(shi)波器(qi)測量方法”,共(gong)參考,因為示(shi)(shi)波器(qi)是工程商(shang)必(bi)備“武器(qi)”,資(zi)質審查的必(bi)檢設備之一(yi);以下敘述是建立在已經(jing)能夠熟練使用示(shi)(shi)波器(qi)的基礎上的。
1.彩(cai)色(se)攝像(xiang)機視(shi)頻信(xin)號可以作為(wei)(wei)“標準(zhun)視(shi)頻信(xin)號源”:測試工程(cheng)用的攝像(xiang)機視(shi)頻輸出,在75歐姆負載(zai)上的幅(fu)度(du)應是1Vp-p,即行同(tong)步頭(tou)的底端到視(shi)頻信(xin)號最高的白電平“峰——峰值”;注意行同(tong)步頭(tou)幅(fu)度(du)為(wei)(wei)“-0.3V”,色(se)同(tong)步頭(tou)(4.43M正弦波(bo)脈沖)幅(fu)度(du)為(wei)(wei)0.3Vp-p;選好示波(bo)器靈敏(min)度(du),打到幅(fu)度(du)校(xiao)準(zhun)狀態(tai)。選測一部指(zhi)標較好的攝像(xiang)機作為(wei)(wei)“視(shi)頻源”;
2.測(ce)試電纜盡量(liang)取長一(yi)(yi)點,以減(jian)少測(ce)量(liang)誤差,如1000米(mi),電纜中間接(jie)頭(tou)一(yi)(yi)定用(yong)“F型接(jie)頭(tou)”和同軸(zhou)雙(shuang)通(有線電視器材),不(bu)要用(yong)焊接(jie)方法,因為焊接(jie)方式(shi)破壞了(le)電纜的同軸(zhou)性(xing)和特性(xing)阻(zu)抗(kang)的連續性(xing)。
3.測量(liang)電(dian)(dian)纜的(de)直流電(dian)(dian)阻數據:如(ru)SYV75-5電(dian)(dian)纜1000米(mi)(mi),直流電(dian)(dian)阻芯線為35-40歐(ou)姆,外屏(ping)蔽層電(dian)(dian)阻1000米(mi)(mi)為24-36歐(ou)姆(屏(ping)蔽層編數不(bu)同,電(dian)(dian)阻區別(bie)很大);SYWV75-5電(dian)(dian)纜1000米(mi)(mi),直流電(dian)(dian)阻芯線為18-22歐(ou)姆,外屏(ping)蔽層電(dian)(dian)阻1000米(mi)(mi)為24-36歐(ou)姆;積累這(zhe)方面(mian)的(de)資料(liao)很有(you)用(yong)(yong)(yong),不(bu)僅可(ke)以(yi)判斷電(dian)(dian)纜用(yong)(yong)(yong)材質量(liang),而(er)且(qie)用(yong)(yong)(yong)來對工程布線、穿管質量(liang)進行(xing)檢查,如(ru)顧人穿管時,把(ba)線拉斷,阻值(zhi)變(bian)大,視(shi)頻信號變(bian)弱,不(bu)該出現(xian)的(de)干擾(rao)也出現(xian)了(le),這(zhe)類“事故”發生概率十分(fen)高,卻又經常被忽視(shi);
4.測量(liang)電纜高(gao)低頻(pin)衰(shuai)(shuai)減(jian)特性(xing):在(zai)末端測量(liang)行(xing)(xing)頭(tou)部頭(tou)和色同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)步(bu)頭(tou)幅度,以(yi)(yi)0.3V為0db基準(zhun),計算衰(shuai)(shuai)減(jian)量(liang),行(xing)(xing)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)部頭(tou)代(dai)(dai)表低頻(pin)衰(shuai)(shuai)減(jian),色同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)步(bu)頭(tou)代(dai)(dai)表4.43M高(gao)頻(pin)衰(shuai)(shuai)減(jian),——如(ru):測得1000米(mi)行(xing)(xing)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)步(bu)頭(tou)為0.15V,按照20log計算衰(shuai)(shuai)減(jian)倍數(shu)的(de)(de)(de)db數(shu)為“-6db/1000m”,測得4.43M色同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)步(bu)頭(tou)1000米(mi)衰(shuai)(shuai)減(jian)后的(de)(de)(de)幅度是30mv,即(ji)1/10倍,衰(shuai)(shuai)減(jian)為-20db/1000m;用這個(ge)方(fang)法就可(ke)以(yi)(yi)準(zhun)確的(de)(de)(de)掌握不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)電纜的(de)(de)(de)傳輸質量(liang),并且(qie)對(dui)“頻(pin)率失真(高(gao)低頻(pin)衰(shuai)(shuai)減(jian)差)”有了直觀(guan)的(de)(de)(de)概念,你可(ke)以(yi)(yi)比較(jiao)準(zhun)確的(de)(de)(de)測出相同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)型號和結(jie)構(gou)的(de)(de)(de)SYV和SYWV電纜的(de)(de)(de)區(qu)別和性(xing)能好壞(huai),比較(jiao)出不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)廠家產(chan)(chan)品(pin)的(de)(de)(de)區(qu)別和性(xing)能好壞(huai),也(ye)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)比較(jiao)出同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)一廠家不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)批次產(chan)(chan)品(pin)的(de)(de)(de)變化來;
5.上述方法還可以檢測(ce)(ce)視(shi)頻傳(chuan)輸系統和設備的(de)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能:如(ru)工程(cheng)中每一路同(tong)(tong)軸視(shi)頻電纜(lan)的(de)傳(chuan)輸特(te)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),光端機的(de)傳(chuan)輸特(te)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(可以測(ce)(ce)出好壞(huai),不(bu)(bu)(bu)要以為都(dou)那(nei)么理想),射(she)頻傳(chuan)輸、微波傳(chuan)輸特(te)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),雙(shuang)絞線的(de)傳(chuan)輸特(te)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),視(shi)頻分(fen)配(pei)器的(de)分(fen)配(pei)特(te)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),矩陣(zhen)主機的(de)切換特(te)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),要特(te)別注意當多路輸出同(tong)(tong)時(shi)切換同(tong)(tong)一路輸入信(xin)號(hao)時(shi),如(ru)果(guo)發(fa)現切換路數越多衰(shuai)減越大,就不(bu)(bu)(bu)對了,應該不(bu)(bu)(bu)變,測(ce)(ce)了以后你就會掌握不(bu)(bu)(bu)少不(bu)(bu)(bu)合格產品了;
6.觀察(cha)場(chang)信(xin)號,看看場(chang)同步位置(zhi)失真大不大(平(ping)不平(ping))——應該很(hen)(hen)平(ping);同時還(huan)可(ke)以用示波(bo)(bo)器察(cha)看低頻干(gan)擾情況:如(ru)場(chang)信(xin)號有慢變起伏波(bo)(bo)動(dong),是50/100周干(gan)擾,有很(hen)(hen)多“茅草”跳動(dong),大多是變頻諧波(bo)(bo)干(gan)擾,把遠端攝像機斷開(kai),電纜遠端內外導體短路(lu),在末端可(ke)以用示波(bo)(bo)器直接觀察(cha)干(gan)擾波(bo)(bo)形(xing)和(he)強度;這個方法(fa)也可(ke)以檢查和(he)考(kao)驗抗干(gan)擾設備的真實性能。