天然石材是指從天然巖體中開采出來的,并經加工成塊狀或板狀材料的總稱。石材作(zuo)為(wei)一(yi)種(zhong)高(gao)檔建(jian)筑裝飾材料廣泛應(ying)用于室(shi)內外(wai)裝飾設(she)計、幕墻裝飾和(he)公共設(she)施建(jian)設(she)。目前市場上(shang)常(chang)見的石(shi)材主要分為(wei)天然石(shi)和(he)人造石(shi)、大理石(shi)。
建(jian)筑裝飾用的(de)(de)天(tian)然(ran)石(shi)材主要有花(hua)崗(gang)(gang)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)和大(da)(da)(da)理(li)(li)石(shi)兩大(da)(da)(da)種(zhong)。所(suo)謂(wei)大(da)(da)(da)理(li)(li)石(shi)是指沉積(ji)的(de)(de)或變質的(de)(de)碳(tan)酸鹽巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)類的(de)(de)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)石(shi),有大(da)(da)(da)理(li)(li)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、白云巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、灰巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、砂(sha)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、頁巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)和板巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)等。如(ru)(ru)我國著名(ming)的(de)(de)漢白玉就是北京房山產的(de)(de)白云巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan),云南大(da)(da)(da)理(li)(li)石(shi)則(ze)(ze)是產于大(da)(da)(da)理(li)(li)縣的(de)(de)大(da)(da)(da)理(li)(li)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan),著名(ming)的(de)(de)丹東綠(lv)則(ze)(ze)為蛇紋石(shi)化硅(gui)卡巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)。同(tong)樣,作為石(shi)材開采的(de)(de)各類巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)漿巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan),如(ru)(ru)花(hua)崗(gang)(gang)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、安山巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、輝(hui)綠(lv)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、綠(lv)長(chang)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)、片麻巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)等稱之(zhi)為花(hua)崗(gang)(gang)石(shi)。如(ru)(ru)北京白虎澗的(de)(de)白色花(hua)崗(gang)(gang)石(shi)是花(hua)崗(gang)(gang)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan),濟南青是輝(hui)長(chang)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan),而青島的(de)(de)黑色花(hua)崗(gang)(gang)石(shi)則(ze)(ze)是輝(hui)綠(lv)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)。
天然石材種類有哪些
1、砂巖
砂(sha)巖主要由礦物和巖石顆(ke)粒(顆(ke)粒大小為0.06-2mm)組成的(de)并含(han)有(you)60%以上(shang)二氧化硅的(de)一(yi)類(lei)沉(chen)積巖。其擁(yong)有(you)硅土,氧化鐵(tie),碳酸鹽或粘土凝結而成的(de)一(yi)種多(duo)空隙結構。分類(lei):商業上(shang)主要分為藍灰砂(sha)巖,褐色砂(sha)巖,正石英砂(sha)巖,石英巖,礫石,粉(fen)砂(sha)巖。
2、板巖
板(ban)(ban)(ban)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)是具(ju)有板(ban)(ban)(ban)狀結構,基本沒有重結晶的(de)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)石,是一種變質巖(yan)(yan)(yan),原巖(yan)(yan)(yan)為泥質、粉質或(huo)中(zhong)性凝(ning)灰(hui)巖(yan)(yan)(yan),沿板(ban)(ban)(ban)理方(fang)向可(ke)以剝成薄片(pian)。板(ban)(ban)(ban)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)顏色隨其(qi)所含(han)有的(de)雜質不同而變化,含(han)鐵(tie)的(de)為紅色或(huo)黃色;含(han)碳質的(de)為黑色或(huo)灰(hui)色;含(han)鈣的(de)遇鹽酸(suan)會起泡,因此一般以其(qi)顏色命名(ming)分類,如會綠色板(ban)(ban)(ban)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)、黑色板(ban)(ban)(ban)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)、鈣質板(ban)(ban)(ban)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)等(deng)。
3、大理石
大(da)理(li)石(shi)由沉積巖(yan)(yan)和沉積巖(yan)(yan)的(de)變(bian)質(zhi)巖(yan)(yan)形成,是石(shi)灰石(shi)重結晶形成后的(de)一種(zhong)變(bian)質(zhi)巖(yan)(yan),通常伴隨有生物遺體的(de)紋(wen)理(li)。從(cong)商業(ye)角度(du)來說,所有天(tian)然形成、能(neng)夠(gou)進行拋光的(de)石(shi)灰質(zhi)巖(yan)(yan)石(shi)都稱(cheng)之為大(da)理(li)石(shi),某些(xie)白云石(shi)和蛇紋(wen)巖(yan)(yan)也是如(ru)此。
4、花崗巖
花崗(gang)巖屬火成(cheng)巖,由地下巖漿噴(pen)出(chu)和(he)侵入冷卻(que)結(jie)晶(jing),以及(ji)花崗(gang)質的變質巖等形成(cheng)。具(ju)有可見的晶(jing)體結(jie)構和(he)紋理。花崗(gang)巖的比(bi)重在2.63到(dao)2.75之間,其抗壓(ya)強(qiang)度為(wei)(wei)1,050~14,000千克/平方厘米(15,000~20,000磅(bang)/平方英寸)。因為(wei)(wei)花崗(gang)巖的強(qiang)度比(bi)沙巖、石灰石和(he)大理石大,因此比(bi)較難于開采(cai)。
5、石灰石
石灰石是沉積源(yuan)形成的一種巖(yan)石(shi)(shi)(shi),主要(yao)成分是碳(tan)(tan)酸(suan)鈣、鈣鎂碳(tan)(tan)酸(suan)鹽或(huo)者碳(tan)(tan)酸(suan)鈣和(he)碳(tan)(tan)酸(suan)鎂的混合物。重結晶(jing)石(shi)(shi)(shi)灰(hui)石(shi)(shi)(shi)、結實的微晶(jing)石(shi)(shi)(shi)灰(hui)石(shi)(shi)(shi)以及能拋光的石(shi)(shi)(shi)灰(hui)華都被(bei)作為石(shi)(shi)(shi)灰(hui)石(shi)(shi)(shi)或(huo)大理(li)石(shi)(shi)(shi)進行宣傳和(he)銷售(shou),尤其是在美(mei)國。
天然石材有什么作用
無論有多少(shao)替代品(pin)和仿制(zhi)品(pin),天然石(shi)(shi)材永(yong)遠有它無法抵擋的(de)自然魅力。在日(ri)常(chang)生(sheng)活中天然石(shi)(shi)材主要(yao)用(yong)于鋪設地面或者家居(ju)臥室地面的(de)裝飾(shi),目前,主要(yao)用(yong)于建(jian)筑(zhu)裝飾(shi)的(de)天然石(shi)(shi)材是花崗石(shi)(shi)、大理石(shi)(shi)、板巖和其它一(yi)些用(yong)于局部(bu)裝飾(shi)的(de)石(shi)(shi)材。
花崗石比較堅硬、耐(nai)磨,有粗面和光面兩種(zhong)效(xiao)果,主要用于(yu)鋪(pu)砌地面。由于(yu)它的(de)高硬度,帶來施工的(de)困(kun)難和色系單調,大理石質地柔(rou)和些,易于(yu)切(qie)割或雕刻成形,紋理自(zi)然多樣,適用于(yu)墻面和地面裝飾。
板巖(yan)、頁巖(yan)等(deng)一些(xie)外觀粗糙(cao)的天然(ran)石材適宜做局部裝(zhuang)飾(shi),若有較大(da)空間,所使用的面積可以略大(da)一些(xie)。
天然石(shi)材(cai)的(de)(de)自(zi)然紋理(li)(li)和活潑生(sheng)(sheng)動的(de)(de)線條雖是(shi)優于(yu)人工制品的(de)(de)特點(dian),但由于(yu)受限于(yu)原(yuan)始因(yin)素,若施工面(mian)積較(jiao)大,要找到同(tong)批色澤、紋路一致的(de)(de)板材(cai),需要花(hua)費(fei)時間與精力。同(tong)樣(yang)由于(yu)自(zi)然形成(cheng),細(xi)微疏松裂(lie)紋處(chu)易折損,如果使用前防潮處(chu)理(li)(li)不(bu)夠(gou),也(ye)會(hui)從紋理(li)(li)處(chu)吸入過量水分,鋪(pu)裝后產生(sheng)(sheng)難以清(qing)除的(de)(de)水漬(zi)。
另外,居室中用石材有兩個因素必須要考慮。一是承重是否允許,應經過物業部門允許;二是防止在居室中使用過量放射性的,以致對人體造成危害的石材,購買時(shi)要看其放射性(xing)是(shi)否超(chao)標。按國家(jia)規(gui)定,只有符合天(tian)然石材放射性(xing)水平A類(lei)的才(cai)可(ke)在家(jia)庭(ting)中使用。