電氣設(she)備維修的十項(xiang)原則 電氣設(she)備檢(jian)查方法和操(cao)作實踐

1．先動口再動手(shou)(shou)對于有故(gu)障(zhang)的(de)(de)電氣設備，不應(ying)(ying)急于動手(shou)(shou)，應(ying)(ying)先詢問產生故(gu)障(zhang)的(de)(de)前后經(jing)過及故(gu)障(zhang)現象(xiang)。對于生疏的(de)(de)設備，還應(ying)(ying)先熟(shu)悉(xi)電路原理(li)和結(jie)構特(te)點，遵守相應(ying)(ying)規則。拆卸前要充分熟(shu)悉(xi)每個電氣部件的(de)(de)功能(neng)、位置、連接(jie)方式以(yi)及與四周其(qi)他器(qi)件的(de)(de)關系，在(zai)沒(mei)有組裝圖的(de)(de)情(qing)況下，應(ying)(ying)一邊拆卸，一邊畫草圖，并(bing)記上標記。

2．先(xian)外部后內(nei)部應先(xian)檢查設(she)備有無明顯裂痕、缺(que)損，了(le)解其維(wei)修(xiu)(xiu)史、使用年(nian)限等(deng)，然后再對機內(nei)進(jin)行檢查。拆前應排隊周邊的故(gu)障(zhang)因素(su)，確(que)定為(wei)機內(nei)故(gu)障(zhang)后才能(neng)拆卸，否則，盲目拆卸，可(ke)能(neng)將設(she)備越(yue)修(xiu)(xiu)越(yue)壞。

3．先機(ji)械(xie)后(hou)電氣(qi)，只有在確(que)定機(ji)械(xie)零件無(wu)故障后(hou)，再(zai)進行(xing)電氣(qi)方面的檢查(cha)。檢查(cha)電路故障時，應(ying)利用檢測(ce)儀器尋找故障部位，確(que)認無(wu)接觸不良故障后(hou)，再(zai)有針對性地查(cha)看(kan)線路與機(ji)械(xie)的運作關系，以免(mian)誤判。

4．先靜(jing)態后動(dong)態在設備未通電(dian)(dian)時(shi)，判(pan)(pan)(pan)定(ding)電(dian)(dian)氣設備按鈕、接(jie)觸(chu)器(qi)(qi)、熱繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)以(yi)及保險絲的好(hao)壞，從而判(pan)(pan)(pan)定(ding)故障(zhang)的所在。通電(dian)(dian)試驗，聽其聲、測(ce)(ce)參數、判(pan)(pan)(pan)定(ding)故障(zhang)，最(zui)后進行維修。如在電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機缺(que)相(xiang)(xiang)時(shi)，若測(ce)(ce)量三相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)值無法著判(pan)(pan)(pan)別時(shi)，就應該聽其聲，單(dan)獨測(ce)(ce)每相(xiang)(xiang)對地(di)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)，方可判(pan)(pan)(pan)定(ding)哪一相(xiang)(xiang)缺(que)損。

5．先(xian)清潔(jie)后維修(xiu)，對污染較(jiao)重的電氣(qi)設備，先(xian)對其按(an)鈕、接線點(dian)、接觸(chu)點(dian)進行清潔(jie)，檢查外部控制鍵是(shi)否失靈。許多故(gu)障都是(shi)由臟污及導電塵塊引(yin)起的，一經清潔(jie)故(gu)障往(wang)往(wang)會排除。

6．先電(dian)源后設(she)備電(dian)源部分的故障(zhang)率在整個故障(zhang)設(she)備中占的比(bi)例很高，所(suo)以先檢修電(dian)源往往可以事半(ban)功(gong)倍。

7．先(xian)普遍后非(fei)凡，因(yin)裝配配件質量(liang)或(huo)其他設備故(gu)障(zhang)而引起的(de)故(gu)障(zhang)，一般占常見故(gu)障(zhang)的(de)50左右(you)。電氣設備的(de)非(fei)凡故(gu)障(zhang)多為軟故(gu)障(zhang)，要(yao)靠經驗和儀表來測量(liang)和維修。

8．先外(wai)圍后(hou)內部(bu)，先不(bu)要急于(yu)更換損壞(huai)的電(dian)氣部(bu)件(jian)，在確認外(wai)圍設備電(dian)路正常時，再(zai)考慮更換損壞(huai)的電(dian)氣部(bu)件(jian)。

9．先(xian)直流后(hou)交流，檢修時，必(bi)須先(xian)檢查直流回(hui)路靜(jing)態工作(zuo)點，再(zai)交流回(hui)路動態工作(zuo)點。

10．先故(gu)障(zhang)后調(diao)試(shi)，對于(yu)調(diao)試(shi)和(he)故(gu)障(zhang)并存(cun)的(de)電(dian)氣設備，應先排除(chu)故(gu)障(zhang)，再進(jin)(jin)行(xing)調(diao)試(shi)，調(diao)試(shi)必須在電(dian)氣線路速的(de)前提下進(jin)(jin)行(xing)。

檢查方法和操作實踐

1．直(zhi)觀法直(zhi)觀法是根(gen)據(ju)電器故障的外部表現，通(tong)過看、聞(wen)、聽(ting)等(deng)手段，檢查、判(pan)定(ding)故障的方(fang)法。

（1）檢(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)步驟：調查(cha)(cha)情況(kuang)：向操作(zuo)者和(he)(he)故障在(zai)場人員詢(xun)問(wen)情況(kuang)，包括故障外部(bu)(bu)表現、大致部(bu)(bu)位(wei)、發生故障時(shi)環(huan)境情況(kuang)。如(ru)有(you)(you)(you)(you)無(wu)異常氣體、明(ming)火(huo)、熱源是否(fou)靠近電(dian)器(qi)、有(you)(you)(you)(you)無(wu)腐蝕性(xing)氣體侵(qin)入、有(you)(you)(you)(you)無(wu)漏水，是否(fou)有(you)(you)(you)(you)人修理(li)過，修理(li)的(de)(de)內容等(deng)等(deng)。初步檢(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)：根據調查(cha)(cha)的(de)(de)情況(kuang)，看(kan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)關電(dian)器(qi)外部(bu)(bu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)無(wu)損壞(huai)、連線有(you)(you)(you)(you)無(wu)斷(duan)路、松動(dong)，絕緣有(you)(you)(you)(you)無(wu)燒焦，螺旋熔(rong)(rong)斷(duan)器(qi)的(de)(de)熔(rong)(rong)斷(duan)指示器(qi)是否(fou)跳(tiao)出，電(dian)器(qi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)無(wu)進水、油垢(gou)，開關位(wei)置是否(fou)正(zheng)確(que)等(deng)。試車(che)：通(tong)過初步檢(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)，確(que)認有(you)(you)(you)(you)會使故障進一(yi)步擴大和(he)(he)造成人身、設備事故后(hou)，可進一(yi)步試車(che)檢(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)，試車(che)中(zhong)要注重有(you)(you)(you)(you)無(wu)嚴重跳(tiao)火(huo)、異常氣味、異常聲音等(deng)現象，一(yi)經發現應立即停車(che)，切斷(duan)電(dian)源。注重檢(jian)(jian)查(cha)(cha)電(dian)器(qi)的(de)(de)溫升及電(dian)器(qi)的(de)(de)動(dong)作(zuo)程序是否(fou)符合電(dian)氣設備原理(li)圖的(de)(de)要求，從而發現故障部(bu)(bu)位(wei)。

（2）檢查(cha)(cha)方法(fa)：觀察火(huo)(huo)(huo)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)(dian)在閉(bi)合(he)、分(fen)斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)或(huo)(huo)導(dao)線(xian)線(xian)頭松(song)動(dong)(dong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)會(hui)產生(sheng)火(huo)(huo)(huo)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)，因此可(ke)(ke)以根據火(huo)(huo)(huo)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)無(wu)(wu)、大小等現象來檢查(cha)(cha)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)。例如，正常(chang)緊固的(de)(de)(de)(de)導(dao)線(xian)與螺釘間發現有(you)(you)火(huo)(huo)(huo)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)明(ming)(ming)線(xian)頭松(song)動(dong)(dong)或(huo)(huo)接(jie)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)不(bu)(bu)良。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)(dian)在閉(bi)合(he)、分(fen)斷(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)時(shi)(shi)(shi)跳火(huo)(huo)(huo)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)明(ming)(ming)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)通(tong)，不(bu)(bu)跳火(huo)(huo)(huo)說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)明(ming)(ming)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)不(bu)(bu)通(tong)。控制電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)接(jie)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)器(qi)(qi)主觸(chu)(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)(dian)兩相(xiang)(xiang)有(you)(you)火(huo)(huo)(huo)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、一(yi)(yi)(yi)相(xiang)(xiang)無(wu)(wu)火(huo)(huo)(huo)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，表明(ming)(ming)無(wu)(wu)火(huo)(huo)(huo)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)相(xiang)(xiang)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)(dian)接(jie)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)不(bu)(bu)良或(huo)(huo)這一(yi)(yi)(yi)相(xiang)(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)斷(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)；三相(xiang)(xiang)中兩相(xiang)(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)火(huo)(huo)(huo)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)比正常(chang)大，別一(yi)(yi)(yi)相(xiang)(xiang)比正常(chang)小，可(ke)(ke)初步判定為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)相(xiang)(xiang)間短路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)或(huo)(huo)接(jie)地；三相(xiang)(xiang)火(huo)(huo)(huo)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)都比正常(chang)大，可(ke)(ke)能是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)過載或(huo)(huo)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械部(bu)分(fen)卡住(zhu)。在輔助電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)中，接(jie)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)器(qi)(qi)線(xian)圈電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)通(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后，銜(xian)鐵(tie)不(bu)(bu)吸合(he)，要分(fen)清是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)斷(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)還是接(jie)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)器(qi)(qi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械部(bu)分(fen)卡住(zhu)造成的(de)(de)(de)(de)。可(ke)(ke)按(an)一(yi)(yi)(yi)下啟動(dong)(dong)按(an)鈕(niu)，如按(an)鈕(niu)常(chang)開(kai)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)(dian)閉(bi)合(he)位置斷(duan)開(kai)時(shi)(shi)(shi)有(you)(you)稍(shao)微的(de)(de)(de)(de)火(huo)(huo)(huo)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)，說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)明(ming)(ming)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)通(tong)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)，故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)在接(jie)觸(chu)(chu)(chu)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械部(bu)分(fen)；如觸(chu)(chu)(chu)點(dian)(dian)(dian)間無(wu)(wu)火(huo)(huo)(huo)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)，說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)明(ming)(ming)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)是斷(duan)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)。動(dong)(dong)作程(cheng)序：電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)作程(cheng)序應符合(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)明(ming)(ming)書和(he)圖紙的(de)(de)(de)(de)要求(qiu)。如某一(yi)(yi)(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)作過早、過晚或(huo)(huo)不(bu)(bu)動(dong)(dong)作，說(shuo)(shuo)(shuo)明(ming)(ming)該電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)或(huo)(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)有(you)(you)故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)。另外，還可(ke)(ke)以根據電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)發出的(de)(de)(de)(de)聲音、溫度、壓力、氣味等分(fen)析判定故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)。運用(yong)直(zhi)觀法(fa)，不(bu)(bu)但可(ke)(ke)以確定簡單(dan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)，還可(ke)(ke)以把較復雜的(de)(de)(de)(de)故(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)縮(suo)小到較小的(de)(de)(de)(de)范圍(wei)。

2．測量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)法測量(liang)(liang)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)法是根據電(dian)(dian)器的供電(dian)(dian)方式(shi)，測量(liang)(liang)各點的電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)值與(yu)電(dian)(dian)流值并(bing)與(yu)正常(chang)值比較(jiao)。具體可分為分階測量(liang)(liang)法、分段測量(liang)(liang)法和點測法。

3．測電(dian)(dian)阻法可(ke)分(fen)為分(fen)階測量法和(he)分(fen)段測量法。這(zhe)兩種方法適用于開關、電(dian)(dian)器分(fen)布距離較大的電(dian)(dian)氣設備。

4．對(dui)比、置換(huan)元(yuan)件(jian)、逐步開路(lu)（或接入）法

（1）對比法：把檢測(ce)數據與圖(tu)紙資(zi)(zi)料及平(ping)時(shi)記錄的正常參數相比較來(lai)判定(ding)(ding)故障(zhang)。對無資(zi)(zi)料又(you)無平(ping)時(shi)記錄的電(dian)器，可(ke)與同型(xing)號的完好電(dian)器相比較。電(dian)路(lu)中的電(dian)器元(yuan)件(jian)(jian)屬于同樣控(kong)制性質或多個元(yuan)件(jian)(jian)共(gong)同控(kong)制同一設備時(shi)，可(ke)以利(li)用(yong)其他相似的或同一電(dian)源的元(yuan)件(jian)(jian)動作情況來(lai)判定(ding)(ding)故障(zhang)。

（2）置轉換(huan)元(yuan)件法：某些(xie)電(dian)路的故(gu)障(zhang)原因不易確定或檢查(cha)時(shi)(shi)間過(guo)長時(shi)(shi)，但是為(wei)了保(bao)證(zheng)電(dian)氣設備(bei)的利用率(lv)，可轉換(huan)同一相性能(neng)良好(hao)的元(yuan)器(qi)件實驗，以證(zheng)實故(gu)障(zhang)是否(fou)由此電(dian)器(qi)引起。運用轉換(huan)元(yuan)件法檢查(cha)時(shi)(shi)應注重，當把原電(dian)器(qi)拆下(xia)后，要認真檢查(cha)是否(fou)已(yi)經損(sun)壞(huai)，只有肯(ken)定是由于(yu)該電(dian)器(qi)本(ben)身(shen)因素造成(cheng)損(sun)壞(huai)時(shi)(shi)，才能(neng)換(huan)上新(xin)電(dian)器(qi)，以免新(xin)換(huan)元(yuan)件再次損(sun)壞(huai)。

（3）逐(zhu)步開(kai)路(lu)(lu)(lu)（或接(jie)(jie)(jie)入(ru)(ru)）法(fa)：多(duo)支路(lu)(lu)(lu)并聯(lian)且控制較復雜的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)短路(lu)(lu)(lu)或接(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)時，一(yi)般有明(ming)顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)外部(bu)(bu)表現，如(ru)冒煙、有火花等。電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機內部(bu)(bu)或帶有護罩的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)短路(lu)(lu)(lu)、接(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)時，除熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)器熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)外，不易(yi)發現其(qi)他外部(bu)(bu)現象(xiang)。這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)情況(kuang)可(ke)采用逐(zhu)步開(kai)路(lu)(lu)(lu)（或接(jie)(jie)(jie)入(ru)(ru)）法(fa)檢查。逐(zhu)步開(kai)路(lu)(lu)(lu)法(fa)：碰到難以檢查的(de)(de)(de)(de)短路(lu)(lu)(lu)或接(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)，可(ke)重新(xin)(xin)更換(huan)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)體，把多(duo)支路(lu)(lu)(lu)交聯(lian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)，一(yi)路(lu)(lu)(lu)一(yi)路(lu)(lu)(lu)逐(zhu)步或重點(dian)地(di)從電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)中斷(duan)(duan)開(kai)，然后(hou)通電(dian)(dian)(dian)試驗，若熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)器一(yi)再熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)，故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)就在(zai)剛(gang)剛(gang)斷(duan)(duan)開(kai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)這(zhe)(zhe)條電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)上(shang)。然后(hou)再將這(zhe)(zhe)條支路(lu)(lu)(lu)分成幾段(duan)(duan)，逐(zhu)段(duan)(duan)地(di)接(jie)(jie)(jie)入(ru)(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)。當接(jie)(jie)(jie)入(ru)(ru)某段(duan)(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)時熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)器又(you)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)，故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)就在(zai)這(zhe)(zhe)段(duan)(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)及某電(dian)(dian)(dian)器元(yuan)件(jian)上(shang)。這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)方(fang)法(fa)簡單，但輕(qing)易(yi)把損壞不嚴重的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器元(yuan)件(jian)徹底燒毀。逐(zhu)步接(jie)(jie)(jie)入(ru)(ru)法(fa)：電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)出現短路(lu)(lu)(lu)或接(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)時，換(huan)上(shang)新(xin)(xin)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)器逐(zhu)步或重點(dian)地(di)將各支路(lu)(lu)(lu)一(yi)條一(yi)條的(de)(de)(de)(de)接(jie)(jie)(jie)入(ru)(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源，重新(xin)(xin)試驗。當接(jie)(jie)(jie)到某段(duan)(duan)時熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)器又(you)熔(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)斷(duan)(duan)，故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)就在(zai)剛(gang)剛(gang)接(jie)(jie)(jie)入(ru)(ru)的(de)(de)(de)(de)這(zhe)(zhe)條電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)及其(qi)所包含的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器元(yuan)件(jian)上(shang)。

5．強迫閉合法在排(pai)隊電器故障時(shi)，經過直觀檢查后(hou)(hou)沒(mei)有找到(dao)故障點而手下也沒(mei)有適當的儀表進行測量，可用一絕緣(yuan)棒將(jiang)有關繼電器、接(jie)觸器、電磁鐵等(deng)用外力強行按下，使其常開觸點閉合，然(ran)后(hou)(hou)觀察電器部分或機(ji)(ji)械部分出現的各種現象，如電動(dong)機(ji)(ji)從不轉(zhuan)到(dao)轉(zhuan)動(dong)，設(she)備相應的部分從不動(dong)到(dao)正常運行等(deng)。

6．短(duan)(duan)(duan)接(jie)(jie)(jie)法(fa)設備電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)或電(dian)(dian)器的(de)(de)(de)(de)故(gu)障大(da)致歸納為短(duan)(duan)(duan)路(lu)(lu)、過(guo)載、斷路(lu)(lu)、接(jie)(jie)(jie)地(di)、接(jie)(jie)(jie)線錯(cuo)誤、電(dian)(dian)器的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)磁及機械(xie)部(bu)分(fen)故(gu)障等(deng)六類(lei)。諸類(lei)故(gu)障中出現較多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)為斷路(lu)(lu)故(gu)障。它包括導(dao)線斷路(lu)(lu)、虛(xu)連、松動、觸點(dian)接(jie)(jie)(jie)觸不良(liang)、虛(xu)焊(han)、假(jia)焊(han)、熔斷器熔斷等(deng)。對這(zhe)類(lei)故(gu)障除用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)阻(zu)法(fa)、電(dian)(dian)壓法(fa)檢查(cha)外，還有一種(zhong)(zhong)更為簡單(dan)可靠的(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法(fa)，就是短(duan)(duan)(duan)接(jie)(jie)(jie)法(fa)。方(fang)法(fa)是用(yong)(yong)一根良(liang)好絕緣(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)導(dao)線，將(jiang)所懷疑的(de)(de)(de)(de)斷路(lu)(lu)部(bu)位短(duan)(duan)(duan)路(lu)(lu)接(jie)(jie)(jie)起(qi)來，如短(duan)(duan)(duan)接(jie)(jie)(jie)到(dao)(dao)某處(chu)，電(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)工作(zuo)恢復正常，說明(ming)該處(chu)斷路(lu)(lu)。具體操(cao)作(zuo)可分(fen)為局(ju)部(bu)短(duan)(duan)(duan)接(jie)(jie)(jie)法(fa)和長短(duan)(duan)(duan)接(jie)(jie)(jie)法(fa)。以(yi)上幾種(zhong)(zhong)檢查(cha)方(fang)法(fa)，要活學活用(yong)(yong)，遵守安全操(cao)作(zuo)規(gui)章。對于連續燒壞(huai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)元(yuan)器件應查(cha)明(ming)原(yuan)因后再進(jin)行更換；電(dian)(dian)壓測量時應考慮到(dao)(dao)導(dao)線的(de)(de)(de)(de)壓降；不違(wei)反設備電(dian)(dian)器控制的(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)則，試車時手不得離開(kai)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)開(kai)關，并且保(bao)險應使用(yong)(yong)等(deng)量或略小于額(e)定電(dian)(dian)流；，注重測量儀器的(de)(de)(de)(de)擋位的(de)(de)(de)(de)選擇(ze)。