播種機的簡介以及主要類型

播種(zhong)(zhong)機(ji) （seeder） 以作物(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)子為播種(zhong)(zhong)對象(xiang)的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)植機(ji)械。用于某類或某種(zhong)(zhong)作物(wu)的(de)播種(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)，常冠以作物(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)類名稱，如(ru)谷物(wu)條播機(ji)、玉米穴播機(ji)、棉花(hua)播種(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)、牧草撒播機(ji)等(deng)。

簡介

公元前(qian)1世紀，中國已推廣(guang)使(shi)用(yong)耬，這是世界(jie)上(shang)最(zui)早的條播機具，今仍在北方旱(han)作區(qu)應(ying)用(yong)。

1636年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)在希(xi)臘制成(cheng)(cheng)第一(yi)臺播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji) 。1830 年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)俄國(guo)(guo)人在畜力(li)多(duo)鏵犁上(shang)制成(cheng)(cheng)犁播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)機(ji)(ji)。 1860年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)后，英(ying)美等(deng)國(guo)(guo)開始(shi)大(da)量生產畜力(li)谷(gu)物條播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)機(ji)(ji)。20世(shi)紀(ji)后相繼(ji)出現了牽引和(he)(he)懸(xuan)掛式谷(gu)物條播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)機(ji)(ji)，以(yi)及運用氣力(li)排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)。50年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)發展精密播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)。中國(guo)(guo)從(cong)20世(shi)紀(ji)50年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)引進了谷(gu)物條播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)機(ji)(ji)、棉花(hua)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)等(deng)。60年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)先(xian)后研制成(cheng)(cheng)懸(xuan)掛式谷(gu)物播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)、離心式播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)、通(tong)(tong)用機(ji)(ji)架(jia)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)氣吸(xi)式播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)等(deng)多(duo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)型，并研制成(cheng)(cheng)磨紋式排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器。到70年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)，已形成(cheng)(cheng)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)中耕通(tong)(tong)用機(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)谷(gu)物聯(lian)合(he)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)兩個系列，同(tong)時(shi)研制成(cheng)(cheng)功(gong)了精密播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)。

歷史

歐洲第一臺播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)于1636年在(zai)希臘制成。1830年，俄國(guo)人在(zai)畜力多鏵犁上(shang)加裝播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)裝置制成犁播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。英、美(mei)等國(guo)在(zai)1860年以(yi)后開(kai)始大量生產(chan)畜力谷物條播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。20世紀(ji)以(yi)后相繼(ji)出現(xian)了牽引和(he)懸掛式谷物條播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)機(ji)(ji)(ji)，以(yi)及運用氣力排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)的(de)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。1958年挪威出現(xian)第一臺離心(xin)式播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)，50年代以(yi)后逐步發展各種(zhong)(zhong)精密播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。

中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)在20世紀50年代(dai)從國(guo)外引進谷物(wu)(wu)(wu)條播(bo)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、棉花(hua)播(bo)種(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)等，60年代(dai)先后研制成(cheng)功(gong)(gong)懸掛式(shi)谷物(wu)(wu)(wu)播(bo)種(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、離心式(shi)播(bo)種(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、通用(yong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)架(jia)播(bo)種(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)氣(qi)吸式(shi)播(bo)種(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)等多種(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)型,并研制成(cheng)功(gong)(gong)了磨(mo)紋式(shi)排(pai)種(zhong)器(qi)。到(dao)70年代(dai),已(yi)形成(cheng)播(bo)種(zhong)中(zhong)(zhong)耕(geng)通用(yong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)谷物(wu)(wu)(wu)聯合播(bo)種(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)兩個系列并投入生產。供谷物(wu)(wu)(wu)、中(zhong)(zhong)耕(geng)作物(wu)(wu)(wu)、牧草(cao)、蔬菜用(yong)的各種(zhong)條播(bo)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)穴播(bo)機(ji)(ji)(ji)都已(yi)得到(dao)推廣使用(yong)。與(yu)此(ci)同時，還研制成(cheng)功(gong)(gong)了多種(zhong)精(jing)密播(bo)種(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。

發明人

播種機(ji)是(shi)由杰斯洛(luo)·圖爾(er)發(fa)(fa)明的(de)(de)(de)。杰斯洛(luo)·圖爾(er)是(shi)一位熱心的(de)(de)(de)業余音樂家，他(ta)還把(ba)自(zi)己(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)音樂知識運用(yong)于自(zi)己(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)明。他(ta)關于播種機(ji)里彈簧裝置(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)想法，是(shi)受到管風(feng)琴共(gong)鳴板裝置(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)啟(qi)發(fa)(fa)而產生的(de)(de)(de)。

主要類型

按播種(zhong)方(fang)法，可分為以(yi)下幾種(zhong)。

撒播機

使(shi)撒(sa)出的種子(zi)在(zai)播(bo)種地塊上均勻分布的播(bo)種機(ji) 。常用的機(ji)型為(wei)離(li)心式撒(sa)播(bo)機(ji) ，附裝在(zai)農(nong)用運輸車后部。由(you)種子(zi)箱和撒(sa)播(bo)輪構成。種子(zi)由(you)種子(zi)箱落到撒(sa)播(bo)輪上，在(zai)離(li)心力作用下沿切線方向(xiang)播(bo)出，播(bo)幅達8 ～12米。也(ye)可(ke)撒(sa)播(bo)粉狀或粒(li)狀肥料、石灰及其他物料。撒(sa)播(bo)裝置也(ye)可(ke)安裝在(zai)農(nong)用飛(fei)機(ji)上使(shi)用。

條播機

主(zhu)(zhu)要用(yong)于谷物(wu)、蔬菜、牧草等(deng)(deng)小粒種(zhong)子(zi)的(de)(de)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)作(zuo)業，常用(yong)的(de)(de)有(you)谷物(wu)條(tiao)播(bo)(bo)機(ji)。作(zuo)業時，由行走(zou)輪(lun)帶動(dong)排(pai)(pai)種(zhong)輪(lun)旋轉，種(zhong)子(zi)自種(zhong)子(zi)箱內(nei)的(de)(de)種(zhong)子(zi)杯按要求的(de)(de)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)量(liang)排(pai)(pai)入輸種(zhong)管(guan)，并經開(kai)(kai)溝(gou)器(qi)落入開(kai)(kai)好的(de)(de)溝(gou)槽(cao)內(nei)，然(ran)后由覆(fu)土鎮(zhen)(zhen)壓(ya)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置將種(zhong)子(zi)覆(fu)蓋壓(ya)實。出苗后作(zuo)物(wu)成(cheng)平行等(deng)(deng)距(ju)的(de)(de)條(tiao)行。用(yong)于不同作(zuo)物(wu)的(de)(de)條(tiao)播(bo)(bo)機(ji)除采(cai)用(yong)不同類型(xing)的(de)(de)排(pai)(pai)種(zhong)器(qi)和開(kai)(kai)溝(gou)器(qi)外，其結構基本相(xiang)同，一(yi)般由機(ji)架、牽引(yin)或懸掛裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置、種(zhong)子(zi)箱、排(pai)(pai)種(zhong)器(qi)、傳動(dong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置、輸種(zhong)管(guan)、開(kai)(kai)溝(gou)器(qi)、劃行器(qi)、行走(zou)輪(lun)和覆(fu)土鎮(zhen)(zhen)壓(ya)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置等(deng)(deng)組(zu)成(cheng)。其中影響播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)質(zhi)量(liang)的(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)要是排(pai)(pai)種(zhong)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置和開(kai)(kai)溝(gou)器(qi)。常用(yong)的(de)(de)排(pai)(pai)種(zhong)器(qi)有(you)槽(cao)輪(lun)式(shi)、離(li)心式(shi)、磨盤式(shi)等(deng)(deng)類型(xing)。開(kai)(kai)溝(gou)器(qi)有(you)鋤(chu)鏟式(shi)、靴式(shi)、滑刀式(shi)、單圓(yuan)盤式(shi)和雙圓(yuan)盤式(shi)等(deng)(deng)類型(xing)。

穴播機

按一定行距(ju)和(he)穴(xue)距(ju)，將種(zhong)子(zi)成穴(xue)播種(zhong)的種(zhong)植(zhi)機械 。每穴(xue)可(ke)播 1粒(li)(li)或(huo)數粒(li)(li)種(zhong)子(zi)，分別稱單(dan)粒(li)(li)精(jing)播或(huo)多粒(li)(li)穴(xue)播，主要用于玉(yu)米、棉(mian)花、甜菜(cai)、向日葵、豆(dou)類等中(zhong)耕作(zuo)物(wu)，又(you)稱中(zhong)耕作(zuo)物(wu)播種(zhong)機 。每個播種(zhong)機單(dan)體可(ke)完成開溝 、排(pai)種(zhong)、覆土、鎮壓等整個作(zuo)業過程。

針對中耕(geng)作物行(xing)距(ju)較寬且需調整(zheng)的(de)特點，穴(xue)播機常采(cai)用(yong)單體形式,每一(yi)(yi)個(ge)播種(zhong)單體包括一(yi)(yi)整(zheng)套工作部件,能(neng)完成(cheng)開溝、排(pai)種(zhong)、覆(fu)土、鎮壓等整(zheng)個(ge)作業過程(cheng)。多個(ge)單體按所需行(xing)距(ju)裝(zhuang)在同一(yi)(yi)橫(heng)梁上，即構成(cheng)不同行(xing)數和工作幅(fu)寬的(de)穴(xue)播機，與不同功率(lv)等級的(de)拖拉機配套。中國還發(fa)展了播種(zhong)中耕(geng)通用(yong)機，即在同一(yi)(yi)通用(yong)機架上可以(yi)按所需行(xing)距(ju)安裝(zhuang)成(cheng)組的(de)播種(zhong)或中耕(geng)部件。

穴(xue)播(bo)(bo)(bo)機(ji)的(de)(de)排(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)(qi)有(you)多(duo)(duo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類型(xing)。圓(yuan)盤(pan)(pan)式(shi)(shi)排(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)(qi)是(shi)(shi)利用(yong)旋(xuan)轉圓(yuan)盤(pan)(pan)上定(ding)距(ju)配(pei)(pei)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)型(xing)孔(kong)或窩眼排(pai)(pai)(pai)出定(ding)量的(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)，根(gen)據種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)大(da)小(xiao)(xiao)、播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)量、穴(xue)距(ju)等要求選(xuan)配(pei)(pei)具有(you)不同孔(kong)數和(he)孔(kong)徑的(de)(de)排(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)盤(pan)(pan)，選(xuan)用(yong)適當(dang)的(de)(de)傳(chuan)動速比。氣(qi)(qi)(qi)力式(shi)(shi)排(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)(qi)是(shi)(shi)20世紀(ji)30年(nian)代(dai)開始研制的(de)(de)新型(xing)排(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)(qi)，對種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)大(da)小(xiao)(xiao)要求不嚴(yan),種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)破損少(shao)，可適應7～10公里/小(xiao)(xiao)時(shi)的(de)(de)高速作業。其(qi)中，氣(qi)(qi)(qi)吸式(shi)(shi)排(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)(qi)是(shi)(shi)利用(yong)風機(ji)在排(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)盤(pan)(pan)一側造成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)負壓(ya)排(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；氣(qi)(qi)(qi)壓(ya)式(shi)(shi)排(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)(qi)是(shi)(shi)利用(yong)風機(ji)產生的(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)流在種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)箱內產生的(de)(de)正壓(ya)排(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)充填過程受(shou)風壓(ya)大(da)小(xiao)(xiao)的(de)(de)影響比氣(qi)(qi)(qi)吸式(shi)(shi)小(xiao)(xiao)，工作較穩定(ding)；氣(qi)(qi)(qi)吹式(shi)(shi)排(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)(qi)具有(you)類似窩眼輪(lun)(lun)的(de)(de)排(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)輪(lun)(lun)，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)進入(ru)窩眼后(hou)，由(you)風機(ji)產生的(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)流從氣(qi)(qi)(qi)嘴(zui)吹壓(ya)入(ru)型(xing)孔(kong)。棉(mian)子(zi)(zi)排(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)(qi)專用(yong)于(yu)播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)帶短絨的(de)(de)棉(mian)子(zi)(zi)，由(you)裝(zhuang)在圓(yuan)筒形種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)箱底部的(de)(de)水平攪拌輪(lun)(lun)和(he)位于(yu)排(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)口下方的(de)(de)垂直撥子(zi)(zi)輪(lun)(lun)組(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)。為避免棉(mian)子(zi)(zi)短絨纏結，往往先將棉(mian)子(zi)(zi)與(yu)草木灰拌和(he)，再裝(zhuang)入(ru)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)箱。常(chang)用(yong)的(de)(de)開溝(gou)器(qi)(qi)多(duo)(duo)為滑刀式(shi)(shi)。此外，穴(xue)播(bo)(bo)(bo)機(ji)尚需配(pei)(pei)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)開溝(gou)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)限(xian)深裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、覆(fu)土器(qi)(qi)和(he)鎮壓(ya)輪(lun)(lun)等部件，還可根(gen)據需要配(pei)(pei)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)免耕滅茬(cha)播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)用(yong)的(de)(de)鑿形鏟或波紋圓(yuan)盤(pan)(pan)、抗旱(han)播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)用(yong)的(de)(de)推干土鏟、防治病蟲害用(yong)的(de)(de)農藥施(shi)撒裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)等。

精密播種機

以(yi)(yi)精(jing)確的(de)(de)(de)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)量、株行距和(he)深(shen)度進(jin)行播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)機械。具(ju)有(you)節省(sheng)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)、免(mian)除(chu)出苗后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)間苗作業、使(shi)(shi)每株作物的(de)(de)(de)營養面(mian)積均勻等優點。多為單粒(li)穴播(bo)(bo)和(he)精(jing)確控制(zhi)每穴粒(li)數的(de)(de)(de)多粒(li)穴播(bo)(bo)。一(yi)般在(zai)穴播(bo)(bo)機各類(lei)排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器的(de)(de)(de)基礎上(shang)改進(jin)而成(cheng)(cheng)。如改進(jin)窩眼(yan)輪(lun)排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器上(shang)孔型的(de)(de)(de)形(xing)狀和(he)尺寸，使(shi)(shi)其只接受一(yi)粒(li)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)并(bing)防止(zhi)空穴；將排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器與開(kai)溝(gou)器直(zhi)接連(lian)接或置于開(kai)溝(gou)器內(nei)以(yi)(yi)降低投種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)高度，控制(zhi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)下落速度，避免(mian)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)彈跳；在(zai)水平圓盤(pan)排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器上(shang)加(jia)裝垂(chui)直(zhi)圓盤(pan)式(shi)投種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器，以(yi)(yi)改變投種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)方(fang)向和(he)降低投種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)高度，避免(mian)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)位(wei)移(yi);在(zai)雙(shuang)圓盤(pan)式(shi)開(kai)溝(gou)器上(shang)附裝同位(wei)限(xian)深(shen)輪(lun),以(yi)(yi)確保(bao)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)深(shen)度穩定(ding)。多粒(li)精(jing)密穴播(bo)(bo)機是在(zai)排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器與開(kai)溝(gou)器之間加(jia)設(she)成(cheng)(cheng)穴機構(gou)，使(shi)(shi)排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器排(pai)出的(de)(de)(de)單粒(li)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)在(zai)成(cheng)(cheng)穴機構(gou)內(nei)匯集成(cheng)(cheng)精(jing)確數量的(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)群，然后(hou)播(bo)(bo)入(ru)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)溝(gou)。此外，還研制(zhi)了一(yi)些新的(de)(de)(de)結(jie)構(gou)，如使(shi)(shi)用事先將單粒(li)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)按一(yi)定(ding)間距固定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)紙帶播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，或使(shi)(shi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)從一(yi)條(tiao)垂(chui)直(zhi)回轉運(yun)動(dong)的(de)(de)(de)環形(xing)橡膠(jiao)或塑料制(zhi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)帶孔排(pai)入(ru)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)溝(gou)等。

聯合作業機和免耕播種機

聯合作業機和(he)免耕(geng)(geng)播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)機 如在(zai)谷物(wu)條(tiao)播(bo)(bo)(bo)機上加設肥(fei)(fei)箱、排(pai)肥(fei)(fei)器(qi)和(he)輸肥(fei)(fei)管，即可(ke)在(zai)播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)的(de)同時施肥(fei)(fei)。與土(tu)壤(rang)耕(geng)(geng)作、噴撒殺蟲劑(ji)和(he)除莠劑(ji)、鋪塑料薄膜（見地膜覆蓋機械）等(deng)項(xiang)(xiang)作業聯合組(zu)成(cheng)的(de)聯合作業機，有(you)的(de)能(neng)一次(ci)完成(cheng)土(tu)壤(rang)播(bo)(bo)(bo)前耕(geng)(geng)作、施種(zhong)肥(fei)(fei)、土(tu)壤(rang)消毒、開(kai)排(pai)水溝、播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)、施殺蟲劑(ji)和(he)除莠劑(ji)等(deng)項(xiang)(xiang)作業。免耕(geng)(geng)播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)機是在(zai)前茬作物(wu)收獲后的(de)茬地上直(zhi)(zhi)接開(kai)出(chu)種(zhong)溝播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)，也(ye)稱(cheng)直(zhi)(zhi)接播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)機或硬(ying)茬播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)機，可(ke)防止土(tu)壤(rang)流失，節約能(neng)源，降低作業成(cheng)本，多用(yong)于谷物(wu)、牧(mu)草和(he)青飼玉米(mi)等(deng)作物(wu)的(de)播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)作業。

輔助裝置

為(wei)保證行距一致，需在(zai)播種(zhong)機上安裝劃(hua)行器(qi)。有的(de)播種(zhong)機還裝有排種(zhong)監測裝置，自動監視播種(zhong)進程(cheng)和遇有故障發出信號，以(yi)便及時排除。

早(zao)期當一個(ge)農民(min)播(bo)種(zhong)時，他(ta)從田的這頭走(zou)到那頭，邊走(zou)邊往地(di)上拋撤一把把的種(zhong)子。但(dan)這個(ge)稱為"撒播(bo)"的方法(fa)是非(fei)常(chang)靠不住的。某些(xie)地(di)方會落下(xia)許多種(zhong)子，而(er)其(qi)他(ta)地(di)方落下(xia)的種(zhong)子則(ze)很少。

當然，解決這一問題的(de)(de)辦法就是一排(pai)排(pai)地均(jun)勻撒(sa)種(zhong)。但如何才能夠(gou)做到這一點呢?古代美(mei)索(suo)不達米亞人在大約公元前3500年(nian)發(fa)明了第一臺播(bo)種(zhong)機(ji)，或者稱撒(sa)種(zhong)子機(ji)器。它是帶有(you)一個窄管的(de)(de)小(xiao)箱，可以沿著犁開(kai)出的(de)(de)直溝撤播(bo)種(zhong)子。

第一臺真正高效率的播種機直到1701年，才由英國農民發明家杰斯洛·圖爾制造出來。圖爾發覺早期的播種機有問題，它們不能均勻地撒播種子。種子本該呈直線撒播，但在種子播種線上卻常常有缺漏。因此，圖爾發明了一個彈簧機械裝置，它均勻、連續地把種子撒播出去。 由于種子以這種方式撒播，每棵作物都有望能很好地生長，而且由于小麥成直線種植而更易除掉雜草。其結果是農民獲得了更好的收成和更多的利益，食品供應也更為可靠。