播種機的簡介以及主要類型

播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)機(ji) （seeder） 以作物(wu)種(zhong)子(zi)為播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)對象的種(zhong)植機(ji)械。用(yong)于某(mou)類或某(mou)種(zhong)作物(wu)的播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)機(ji)，常冠以作物(wu)種(zhong)類名稱，如谷(gu)物(wu)條播(bo)(bo)機(ji)、玉米穴播(bo)(bo)機(ji)、棉花播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)機(ji)、牧草(cao)撒播(bo)(bo)機(ji)等。

簡介

公元前(qian)1世紀，中國已推廣使用耬，這是(shi)世界上最(zui)早(zao)的條播機(ji)具，今仍在北方旱作區應用。

1636年(nian)在希臘(la)制成(cheng)第(di)一臺(tai)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji) 。1830 年(nian)俄國人在畜(chu)力多鏵(hua)犁上(shang)制成(cheng)犁播(bo)機(ji)。 1860年(nian)后(hou)，英美等(deng)(deng)國開始大量(liang)生產畜(chu)力谷(gu)物條播(bo)機(ji)。20世紀后(hou)相繼出現了(le)牽(qian)引和懸掛(gua)式谷(gu)物條播(bo)機(ji)，以及運用氣力排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)。50年(nian)代(dai)(dai)發展(zhan)精密(mi)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)。中(zhong)國從20世紀50年(nian)代(dai)(dai)引進了(le)谷(gu)物條播(bo)機(ji)、棉花(hua)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)等(deng)(deng)。60年(nian)代(dai)(dai)先后(hou)研(yan)(yan)制成(cheng)懸掛(gua)式谷(gu)物播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)、離(li)心式播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)、通用機(ji)架(jia)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)和氣吸式播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)等(deng)(deng)多種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類型，并研(yan)(yan)制成(cheng)磨紋式排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)。到70年(nian)代(dai)(dai)，已(yi)形(xing)成(cheng)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)中(zhong)耕通用機(ji)和谷(gu)物聯合播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)兩個系(xi)列，同時(shi)研(yan)(yan)制成(cheng)功了(le)精密(mi)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)。

歷史

歐洲第一臺(tai)播(bo)(bo)(bo)種機(ji)于1636年(nian)(nian)在(zai)(zai)希臘制成(cheng)。1830年(nian)(nian)，俄國人在(zai)(zai)畜力(li)(li)多鏵(hua)犁上加裝(zhuang)播(bo)(bo)(bo)種裝(zhuang)置制成(cheng)犁播(bo)(bo)(bo)機(ji)。英、美等(deng)國在(zai)(zai)1860年(nian)(nian)以后(hou)開始(shi)大量生(sheng)產畜力(li)(li)谷物條播(bo)(bo)(bo)機(ji)。20世(shi)紀以后(hou)相繼出現了牽引和懸掛(gua)式谷物條播(bo)(bo)(bo)機(ji)，以及運用氣力(li)(li)排種的播(bo)(bo)(bo)種機(ji)。1958年(nian)(nian)挪威出現第一臺(tai)離(li)心式播(bo)(bo)(bo)種機(ji)，50年(nian)(nian)代以后(hou)逐步發(fa)展各種精密播(bo)(bo)(bo)種機(ji)。

中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)在20世紀50年代(dai)從國(guo)外引進(jin)谷(gu)物(wu)條(tiao)播機(ji)(ji)(ji)、棉花播種(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)等，60年代(dai)先后研制(zhi)成功懸掛式谷(gu)物(wu)播種(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、離心式播種(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、通用(yong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)架播種(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和氣吸(xi)式播種(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)等多種(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)型,并研制(zhi)成功了磨紋式排種(zhong)(zhong)器。到(dao)70年代(dai),已形成播種(zhong)(zhong)中(zhong)(zhong)耕通用(yong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和谷(gu)物(wu)聯合播種(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)兩個(ge)系列(lie)并投入(ru)生產(chan)。供谷(gu)物(wu)、中(zhong)(zhong)耕作物(wu)、牧(mu)草、蔬菜用(yong)的(de)各種(zhong)(zhong)條(tiao)播機(ji)(ji)(ji)和穴播機(ji)(ji)(ji)都已得到(dao)推廣(guang)使用(yong)。與此同(tong)時，還研制(zhi)成功了多種(zhong)(zhong)精(jing)密播種(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。

發明人

播種(zhong)(zhong)機是由杰斯(si)洛·圖(tu)爾發明(ming)的(de)(de)。杰斯(si)洛·圖(tu)爾是一位熱心的(de)(de)業(ye)余音樂家，他還把自己(ji)的(de)(de)音樂知(zhi)識運(yun)用于自己(ji)的(de)(de)發明(ming)。他關于播種(zhong)(zhong)機里彈簧裝置的(de)(de)想(xiang)法，是受(shou)到管風琴共鳴板裝置的(de)(de)啟(qi)發而(er)產生的(de)(de)。

主要類型

按播種方(fang)法，可分為以(yi)下幾(ji)種。

撒播機

使(shi)撒(sa)(sa)出的(de)(de)種子(zi)在播種地(di)塊上均勻分布的(de)(de)播種機(ji) 。常用(yong)的(de)(de)機(ji)型為(wei)離心(xin)式(shi)撒(sa)(sa)播機(ji) ，附(fu)裝(zhuang)在農(nong)用(yong)運輸車后部(bu)。由(you)種子(zi)箱和撒(sa)(sa)播輪構成。種子(zi)由(you)種子(zi)箱落到撒(sa)(sa)播輪上，在離心(xin)力作用(yong)下(xia)沿切線方向播出，播幅達(da)8 ～12米。也可(ke)撒(sa)(sa)播粉狀或粒狀肥料、石灰及其他物料。撒(sa)(sa)播裝(zhuang)置也可(ke)安裝(zhuang)在農(nong)用(yong)飛機(ji)上使(shi)用(yong)。

條播機

主(zhu)要用(yong)于谷(gu)物、蔬菜、牧草等小粒種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)作(zuo)業(ye)，常(chang)(chang)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有谷(gu)物條(tiao)播(bo)機(ji)。作(zuo)業(ye)時，由(you)行走輪(lun)帶動排(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)輪(lun)旋轉，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子自種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子箱(xiang)內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子杯按要求的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)量排(pai)(pai)(pai)入輸種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)管，并經開溝(gou)器(qi)落入開好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溝(gou)槽內(nei)，然后由(you)覆土鎮(zhen)壓裝置(zhi)將種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子覆蓋壓實。出苗(miao)后作(zuo)物成平行等距的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)條(tiao)行。用(yong)于不同作(zuo)物的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)條(tiao)播(bo)機(ji)除采用(yong)不同類(lei)型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)排(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)和(he)開溝(gou)器(qi)外，其結構基本相同，一般由(you)機(ji)架、牽引(yin)或懸掛裝置(zhi)、種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子箱(xiang)、排(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)、傳動裝置(zhi)、輸種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)管、開溝(gou)器(qi)、劃行器(qi)、行走輪(lun)和(he)覆土鎮(zhen)壓裝置(zhi)等組成。其中影響播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)質(zhi)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要是(shi)排(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)裝置(zhi)和(he)開溝(gou)器(qi)。常(chang)(chang)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)排(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)有槽輪(lun)式(shi)、離心式(shi)、磨(mo)盤式(shi)等類(lei)型(xing)(xing)。開溝(gou)器(qi)有鋤鏟式(shi)、靴式(shi)、滑刀式(shi)、單圓(yuan)盤式(shi)和(he)雙(shuang)圓(yuan)盤式(shi)等類(lei)型(xing)(xing)。

穴播機

按一定行距和穴距，將種(zhong)子(zi)成(cheng)穴播(bo)種(zhong)的種(zhong)植(zhi)機械(xie) 。每穴可播(bo) 1粒(li)或數(shu)粒(li)種(zhong)子(zi)，分別稱單(dan)粒(li)精(jing)播(bo)或多粒(li)穴播(bo)，主要用于玉(yu)米、棉花、甜(tian)菜、向日(ri)葵、豆類(lei)等中耕(geng)作(zuo)物(wu)，又稱中耕(geng)作(zuo)物(wu)播(bo)種(zhong)機 。每個播(bo)種(zhong)機單(dan)體可完成(cheng)開溝 、排種(zhong)、覆土(tu)、鎮壓等整(zheng)個作(zuo)業過程。

針對中(zhong)耕(geng)(geng)作物行距較(jiao)寬且(qie)需調整(zheng)的(de)特點，穴(xue)播(bo)機(ji)常采用單體形式,每一(yi)個播(bo)種(zhong)單體包(bao)括一(yi)整(zheng)套工作部(bu)件(jian),能完成(cheng)開(kai)溝、排(pai)種(zhong)、覆土、鎮(zhen)壓等(deng)整(zheng)個作業過程。多個單體按(an)(an)所需行距裝在(zai)同一(yi)橫梁(liang)上，即構成(cheng)不同行數和工作幅(fu)寬的(de)穴(xue)播(bo)機(ji)，與不同功(gong)率等(deng)級的(de)拖拉機(ji)配套。中(zhong)國(guo)還發展了(le)播(bo)種(zhong)中(zhong)耕(geng)(geng)通(tong)(tong)用機(ji)，即在(zai)同一(yi)通(tong)(tong)用機(ji)架上可以按(an)(an)所需行距安裝成(cheng)組的(de)播(bo)種(zhong)或中(zhong)耕(geng)(geng)部(bu)件(jian)。

穴播(bo)(bo)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)(qi)有多種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)型(xing)(xing)。圓盤(pan)式(shi)(shi)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)(qi)是(shi)利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)旋轉圓盤(pan)上定(ding)距配置的(de)(de)(de)(de)型(xing)(xing)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)或窩(wo)眼(yan)(yan)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)出定(ding)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子，根據(ju)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子大小、播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)量、穴距等要求選(xuan)配具(ju)有不同孔(kong)(kong)(kong)數(shu)和孔(kong)(kong)(kong)徑(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)盤(pan)，選(xuan)用(yong)適當的(de)(de)(de)(de)傳動(dong)速比。氣力式(shi)(shi)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)(qi)是(shi)20世紀30年代開始研制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)新型(xing)(xing)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)(qi)，對種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子的(de)(de)(de)(de)大小要求不嚴,種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子破損少，可適應(ying)7～10公里/小時的(de)(de)(de)(de)高速作(zuo)業。其中，氣吸式(shi)(shi)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)(qi)是(shi)利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)風(feng)機(ji)在(zai)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)盤(pan)一側造成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)負壓(ya)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；氣壓(ya)式(shi)(shi)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)(qi)是(shi)利(li)(li)(li)用(yong)風(feng)機(ji)產(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)(de)氣流在(zai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子箱(xiang)(xiang)內(nei)產(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)(de)正壓(ya)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子充填過(guo)程(cheng)受風(feng)壓(ya)大小的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響比氣吸式(shi)(shi)小，工作(zuo)較穩定(ding)；氣吹(chui)(chui)式(shi)(shi)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)(qi)具(ju)有類(lei)似窩(wo)眼(yan)(yan)輪(lun)(lun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)輪(lun)(lun)，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子進入窩(wo)眼(yan)(yan)后，由(you)風(feng)機(ji)產(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)(de)氣流從氣嘴吹(chui)(chui)壓(ya)入型(xing)(xing)孔(kong)(kong)(kong)。棉子排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)(qi)專用(yong)于(yu)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)帶(dai)短絨(rong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)棉子，由(you)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)在(zai)圓筒形(xing)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子箱(xiang)(xiang)底部(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)水平攪拌輪(lun)(lun)和位(wei)于(yu)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)口下方的(de)(de)(de)(de)垂直撥子輪(lun)(lun)組(zu)成(cheng)。為避免棉子短絨(rong)纏結，往往先將棉子與草木灰拌和，再裝(zhuang)(zhuang)入種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子箱(xiang)(xiang)。常(chang)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)開溝(gou)器(qi)(qi)多為滑刀式(shi)(shi)。此外，穴播(bo)(bo)機(ji)尚(shang)需(xu)配置開溝(gou)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)限深(shen)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置、覆土器(qi)(qi)和鎮壓(ya)輪(lun)(lun)等部(bu)件，還可根據(ju)需(xu)要配置免耕(geng)滅茬播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)鑿形(xing)鏟(chan)或波紋(wen)圓盤(pan)、抗旱播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)推干土鏟(chan)、防治病蟲害用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)農藥施(shi)撒裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置等。

精密播種機

以(yi)精確(que)的(de)(de)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)量、株行(xing)距和深度(du)(du)(du)進(jin)行(xing)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)機(ji)械(xie)。具有節省種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)、免(mian)(mian)除出(chu)苗后的(de)(de)間(jian)苗作業、使(shi)(shi)(shi)每株作物的(de)(de)營養面積均勻等優(you)點。多(duo)(duo)(duo)為(wei)單粒(li)(li)穴(xue)(xue)(xue)播(bo)和精確(que)控(kong)制(zhi)每穴(xue)(xue)(xue)粒(li)(li)數(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)多(duo)(duo)(duo)粒(li)(li)穴(xue)(xue)(xue)播(bo)。一般在(zai)(zai)穴(xue)(xue)(xue)播(bo)機(ji)各類(lei)排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)基礎上(shang)改(gai)進(jin)而成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。如改(gai)進(jin)窩眼輪排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)上(shang)孔型的(de)(de)形狀和尺寸，使(shi)(shi)(shi)其只接(jie)受一粒(li)(li)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)并防止空穴(xue)(xue)(xue)；將(jiang)排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)與開溝(gou)(gou)器(qi)(qi)(qi)直(zhi)(zhi)接(jie)連接(jie)或置于開溝(gou)(gou)器(qi)(qi)(qi)內以(yi)降低投種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)高度(du)(du)(du)，控(kong)制(zhi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)下(xia)落速度(du)(du)(du)，避免(mian)(mian)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)彈(dan)跳；在(zai)(zai)水(shui)平圓(yuan)盤排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)上(shang)加裝垂直(zhi)(zhi)圓(yuan)盤式投種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)，以(yi)改(gai)變投種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)方(fang)向和降低投種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)高度(du)(du)(du)，避免(mian)(mian)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)位(wei)(wei)移;在(zai)(zai)雙圓(yuan)盤式開溝(gou)(gou)器(qi)(qi)(qi)上(shang)附裝同位(wei)(wei)限深輪,以(yi)確(que)保(bao)播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)深度(du)(du)(du)穩(wen)定。多(duo)(duo)(duo)粒(li)(li)精密(mi)穴(xue)(xue)(xue)播(bo)機(ji)是在(zai)(zai)排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)與開溝(gou)(gou)器(qi)(qi)(qi)之(zhi)間(jian)加設成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)穴(xue)(xue)(xue)機(ji)構，使(shi)(shi)(shi)排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)排出(chu)的(de)(de)單粒(li)(li)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)在(zai)(zai)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)穴(xue)(xue)(xue)機(ji)構內匯(hui)集成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)精確(que)數(shu)(shu)量的(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)群，然(ran)后播(bo)入種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)溝(gou)(gou)。此(ci)外，還研制(zhi)了(le)一些新的(de)(de)結構，如使(shi)(shi)(shi)用事先將(jiang)單粒(li)(li)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)按一定間(jian)距固定的(de)(de)紙(zhi)帶播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，或使(shi)(shi)(shi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)從(cong)一條垂直(zhi)(zhi)回轉運(yun)動的(de)(de)環(huan)形橡膠(jiao)或塑料(liao)制(zhi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)帶孔排入種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)溝(gou)(gou)等。

聯合作業機和免耕播種機

聯(lian)合(he)作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)(ye)機(ji)和(he)免耕(geng)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)機(ji) 如在(zai)(zai)谷(gu)物(wu)條播(bo)(bo)機(ji)上加設肥(fei)箱、排肥(fei)器和(he)輸肥(fei)管，即可在(zai)(zai)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)的(de)(de)同時施肥(fei)。與土(tu)壤(rang)耕(geng)作(zuo)(zuo)、噴撒殺蟲劑和(he)除(chu)莠(you)劑、鋪塑料薄(bo)膜(mo)（見地膜(mo)覆蓋機(ji)械(xie)）等(deng)(deng)項作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)(ye)聯(lian)合(he)組成的(de)(de)聯(lian)合(he)作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)(ye)機(ji)，有的(de)(de)能(neng)一次完(wan)成土(tu)壤(rang)播(bo)(bo)前耕(geng)作(zuo)(zuo)、施種(zhong)肥(fei)、土(tu)壤(rang)消(xiao)毒、開排水溝、播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)、施殺蟲劑和(he)除(chu)莠(you)劑等(deng)(deng)項作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)(ye)。免耕(geng)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)機(ji)是在(zai)(zai)前茬作(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)收獲后的(de)(de)茬地上直接開出種(zhong)溝播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)，也稱直接播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)機(ji)或硬(ying)茬播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)機(ji)，可防止土(tu)壤(rang)流失，節約能(neng)源，降(jiang)低作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)(ye)成本，多用于谷(gu)物(wu)、牧草和(he)青飼玉米等(deng)(deng)作(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)的(de)(de)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)(ye)。

輔助裝置

為(wei)保證行(xing)距一致，需在播(bo)種機上安裝劃行(xing)器。有的播(bo)種機還裝有排種監測裝置，自(zi)動監視播(bo)種進程和遇有故障發出信號，以便及時排除(chu)。

早期當一(yi)個農民播種(zhong)(zhong)時，他(ta)從(cong)田的這(zhe)頭(tou)走到那(nei)頭(tou)，邊走邊往地(di)上(shang)拋撤一(yi)把把的種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)。但這(zhe)個稱為"撒播"的方法是非常靠不住的。某些地(di)方會落(luo)下(xia)許多種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)，而其他(ta)地(di)方落(luo)下(xia)的種(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)則很少(shao)。

當然，解決這一(yi)(yi)問題的(de)辦(ban)法就是一(yi)(yi)排排地均勻撒種(zhong)。但如(ru)何(he)才能夠(gou)做到(dao)這一(yi)(yi)點呢(ni)?古代美索不達(da)米(mi)亞人在(zai)大約公(gong)元前(qian)3500年發明了第(di)一(yi)(yi)臺播種(zhong)機(ji)，或者(zhe)稱撒種(zhong)子機(ji)器(qi)。它(ta)是帶有一(yi)(yi)個窄管的(de)小(xiao)箱，可以沿著犁開(kai)出的(de)直溝(gou)撤播種(zhong)子。

第一臺真正高效率的播種機直到1701年，才由英國農民發明家杰斯洛·圖爾制造出來。圖爾發覺早期的播種機有問題，它們不能均勻地撒播種子。種子本該呈直線撒播，但在種子播種線上卻常常有缺漏。因此，圖爾發明了一個彈簧機械裝置，它均勻、連續地把種子撒播出去。 由于種子以這種方式撒播，每棵作物都有望能很好地生長，而且由于小麥成直線種植而更易除掉雜草。其結果是農民獲得了更好的收成和更多的利益，食品供應也更為可靠。