播種機的簡介以及主要類型

播種(zhong)(zhong)機(ji) （seeder） 以作(zuo)物(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)子為播種(zhong)(zhong)對象(xiang)的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)植機(ji)械。用于某類或某種(zhong)(zhong)作(zuo)物(wu)的(de)播種(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)，常冠以作(zuo)物(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)類名(ming)稱，如(ru)谷物(wu)條播機(ji)、玉(yu)米穴播機(ji)、棉花播種(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)、牧草撒播機(ji)等。

簡介

公(gong)元前1世紀，中國(guo)已推廣使用(yong)耬，這(zhe)是世界上最(zui)早(zao)的條播機具，今(jin)仍(reng)在北方旱作區應用(yong)。

1636年(nian)(nian)在希臘制成(cheng)第一臺播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji) 。1830 年(nian)(nian)俄(e)國人(ren)在畜力(li)多鏵(hua)犁上制成(cheng)犁播(bo)(bo)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。 1860年(nian)(nian)后，英(ying)美等國開始大量生產畜力(li)谷物(wu)(wu)條(tiao)播(bo)(bo)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。20世紀(ji)后相繼出(chu)現了牽引(yin)和懸掛式(shi)谷物(wu)(wu)條(tiao)播(bo)(bo)機(ji)(ji)(ji)，以及運用(yong)(yong)氣力(li)排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。50年(nian)(nian)代發展精密播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。中(zhong)國從20世紀(ji)50年(nian)(nian)代引(yin)進了谷物(wu)(wu)條(tiao)播(bo)(bo)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、棉(mian)花播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)等。60年(nian)(nian)代先后研(yan)制成(cheng)懸掛式(shi)谷物(wu)(wu)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、離(li)心式(shi)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)、通(tong)用(yong)(yong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)架(jia)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和氣吸式(shi)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)等多種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類型(xing)，并研(yan)制成(cheng)磨(mo)紋式(shi)排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)。到(dao)70年(nian)(nian)代，已(yi)形成(cheng)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)中(zhong)耕通(tong)用(yong)(yong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和谷物(wu)(wu)聯合播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)兩個系列，同時研(yan)制成(cheng)功了精密播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)。

歷史

歐(ou)洲(zhou)第一臺(tai)播(bo)種(zhong)機(ji)(ji)于(yu)1636年(nian)(nian)在希臘(la)制成(cheng)。1830年(nian)(nian)，俄國人在畜(chu)(chu)力多鏵(hua)犁上加裝(zhuang)播(bo)種(zhong)裝(zhuang)置制成(cheng)犁播(bo)機(ji)(ji)。英、美等國在1860年(nian)(nian)以后開始大量生產畜(chu)(chu)力谷物條播(bo)機(ji)(ji)。20世(shi)紀以后相繼出現了牽(qian)引和懸掛(gua)式(shi)谷物條播(bo)機(ji)(ji)，以及運用氣(qi)力排(pai)種(zhong)的播(bo)種(zhong)機(ji)(ji)。1958年(nian)(nian)挪威出現第一臺(tai)離(li)心式(shi)播(bo)種(zhong)機(ji)(ji)，50年(nian)(nian)代以后逐步(bu)發(fa)展各種(zhong)精(jing)密播(bo)種(zhong)機(ji)(ji)。

中(zhong)(zhong)國在20世紀50年代(dai)(dai)從國外引(yin)進谷(gu)物條(tiao)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)機(ji)(ji)、棉花播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)等，60年代(dai)(dai)先后研(yan)制(zhi)成功懸(xuan)掛式谷(gu)物播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)、離(li)心式播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)、通(tong)用機(ji)(ji)架播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)和(he)氣吸式播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)等多種(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)型,并研(yan)制(zhi)成功了磨(mo)紋式排種(zhong)(zhong)器。到70年代(dai)(dai),已(yi)形成播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)中(zhong)(zhong)耕(geng)通(tong)用機(ji)(ji)和(he)谷(gu)物聯(lian)合播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)兩(liang)個(ge)系列(lie)并投入生產。供谷(gu)物、中(zhong)(zhong)耕(geng)作物、牧(mu)草、蔬菜用的各種(zhong)(zhong)條(tiao)播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)機(ji)(ji)和(he)穴播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)機(ji)(ji)都已(yi)得到推廣使用。與(yu)此同時，還(huan)研(yan)制(zhi)成功了多種(zhong)(zhong)精(jing)密播(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)機(ji)(ji)。

發明人

播(bo)種(zhong)機是(shi)由杰斯(si)洛·圖爾(er)發明的。杰斯(si)洛·圖爾(er)是(shi)一位(wei)熱心的業余音樂家，他還把自己的音樂知識運(yun)用于(yu)自己的發明。他關(guan)于(yu)播(bo)種(zhong)機里彈簧裝(zhuang)置的想法，是(shi)受(shou)到管(guan)風琴共鳴板裝(zhuang)置的啟發而產生的。

主要類型

按(an)播種方法(fa)，可分為以(yi)下幾種。

撒播機

使撒(sa)(sa)(sa)出(chu)的種(zhong)子(zi)在播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)地(di)塊(kuai)上(shang)均勻分布(bu)的播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)機 。常用(yong)的機型為(wei)離心式撒(sa)(sa)(sa)播(bo)(bo)(bo)機 ，附裝(zhuang)在農用(yong)運(yun)輸車后(hou)部。由(you)種(zhong)子(zi)箱(xiang)和撒(sa)(sa)(sa)播(bo)(bo)(bo)輪(lun)構(gou)成(cheng)。種(zhong)子(zi)由(you)種(zhong)子(zi)箱(xiang)落到撒(sa)(sa)(sa)播(bo)(bo)(bo)輪(lun)上(shang)，在離心力作用(yong)下沿切線方向播(bo)(bo)(bo)出(chu)，播(bo)(bo)(bo)幅達8 ～12米。也(ye)可撒(sa)(sa)(sa)播(bo)(bo)(bo)粉狀或粒(li)狀肥料、石灰及其他物料。撒(sa)(sa)(sa)播(bo)(bo)(bo)裝(zhuang)置也(ye)可安裝(zhuang)在農用(yong)飛(fei)機上(shang)使用(yong)。

條播機

主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)用于(yu)谷物、蔬(shu)菜、牧草等(deng)(deng)小粒種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)的(de)(de)(de)播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)作(zuo)業，常用的(de)(de)(de)有(you)谷物條(tiao)(tiao)播機。作(zuo)業時，由(you)行(xing)走輪帶動排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)輪旋轉，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)自(zi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)箱內的(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)杯按(an)要(yao)求的(de)(de)(de)播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)量(liang)排入輸種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)管(guan)，并經(jing)開(kai)溝器(qi)落入開(kai)好的(de)(de)(de)溝槽內，然后由(you)覆(fu)(fu)土(tu)(tu)鎮(zhen)壓(ya)(ya)裝置(zhi)將(jiang)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)覆(fu)(fu)蓋壓(ya)(ya)實。出苗后作(zuo)物成平行(xing)等(deng)(deng)距的(de)(de)(de)條(tiao)(tiao)行(xing)。用于(yu)不同(tong)(tong)作(zuo)物的(de)(de)(de)條(tiao)(tiao)播機除采用不同(tong)(tong)類型的(de)(de)(de)排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)和開(kai)溝器(qi)外，其結構基本相同(tong)(tong)，一(yi)般由(you)機架、牽(qian)引或懸掛(gua)裝置(zhi)、種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)箱、排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)、傳動裝置(zhi)、輸種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)管(guan)、開(kai)溝器(qi)、劃(hua)行(xing)器(qi)、行(xing)走輪和覆(fu)(fu)土(tu)(tu)鎮(zhen)壓(ya)(ya)裝置(zhi)等(deng)(deng)組成。其中影響播種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)質量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)是排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)裝置(zhi)和開(kai)溝器(qi)。常用的(de)(de)(de)排種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)有(you)槽輪式(shi)(shi)、離心(xin)式(shi)(shi)、磨(mo)盤(pan)式(shi)(shi)等(deng)(deng)類型。開(kai)溝器(qi)有(you)鋤鏟式(shi)(shi)、靴(xue)式(shi)(shi)、滑刀式(shi)(shi)、單圓(yuan)(yuan)盤(pan)式(shi)(shi)和雙圓(yuan)(yuan)盤(pan)式(shi)(shi)等(deng)(deng)類型。

穴播機

按一定行距和(he)穴(xue)(xue)距，將種(zhong)子(zi)成穴(xue)(xue)播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)的種(zhong)植機(ji)械 。每(mei)穴(xue)(xue)可(ke)播(bo)(bo)(bo) 1粒(li)或數粒(li)種(zhong)子(zi)，分別(bie)稱單粒(li)精(jing)播(bo)(bo)(bo)或多粒(li)穴(xue)(xue)播(bo)(bo)(bo)，主要用(yong)于玉(yu)米、棉(mian)花、甜(tian)菜、向日葵、豆類等中(zhong)耕作物，又稱中(zhong)耕作物播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)機(ji) 。每(mei)個(ge)播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)機(ji)單體可(ke)完成開溝(gou) 、排(pai)種(zhong)、覆土、鎮壓等整個(ge)作業過程。

針對中耕作物行(xing)距較寬且(qie)需(xu)調(diao)整(zheng)(zheng)的(de)特點，穴(xue)播(bo)(bo)(bo)機(ji)(ji)常采用單(dan)體形式,每一個播(bo)(bo)(bo)種單(dan)體包括一整(zheng)(zheng)套(tao)工(gong)作部(bu)件(jian),能完成開溝(gou)、排種、覆(fu)土、鎮(zhen)壓等(deng)整(zheng)(zheng)個作業過程。多個單(dan)體按(an)所(suo)需(xu)行(xing)距裝(zhuang)在同(tong)一橫梁(liang)上(shang)，即構成不同(tong)行(xing)數(shu)和(he)工(gong)作幅寬的(de)穴(xue)播(bo)(bo)(bo)機(ji)(ji)，與不同(tong)功率等(deng)級(ji)的(de)拖拉機(ji)(ji)配套(tao)。中國(guo)還發展了播(bo)(bo)(bo)種中耕通用機(ji)(ji)，即在同(tong)一通用機(ji)(ji)架上(shang)可以按(an)所(suo)需(xu)行(xing)距安裝(zhuang)成組的(de)播(bo)(bo)(bo)種或(huo)中耕部(bu)件(jian)。

穴(xue)播(bo)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)(qi)有多(duo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)型(xing)。圓盤(pan)(pan)(pan)式(shi)(shi)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)(qi)是(shi)利用(yong)旋轉圓盤(pan)(pan)(pan)上定距(ju)配置(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)型(xing)孔(kong)(kong)或(huo)窩(wo)(wo)眼(yan)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)出定量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)，根(gen)據種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)大小、播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)量、穴(xue)距(ju)等(deng)要(yao)求選配具有不同孔(kong)(kong)數(shu)和(he)(he)孔(kong)(kong)徑的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)，選用(yong)適當的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傳(chuan)動速比。氣(qi)(qi)力式(shi)(shi)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)(qi)是(shi)20世紀30年代開始(shi)研制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新型(xing)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)(qi)，對種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大小要(yao)求不嚴,種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)破損少，可(ke)(ke)適應7～10公(gong)里/小時的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高速作業。其(qi)中，氣(qi)(qi)吸(xi)式(shi)(shi)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)(qi)是(shi)利用(yong)風(feng)機(ji)在排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)一側(ce)造成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)負壓(ya)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；氣(qi)(qi)壓(ya)式(shi)(shi)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)(qi)是(shi)利用(yong)風(feng)機(ji)產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)流在種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)箱(xiang)內產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正壓(ya)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)充填過(guo)程受風(feng)壓(ya)大小的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響比氣(qi)(qi)吸(xi)式(shi)(shi)小，工作較穩定；氣(qi)(qi)吹式(shi)(shi)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)(qi)具有類(lei)似窩(wo)(wo)眼(yan)輪(lun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)輪(lun)，種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)進入(ru)窩(wo)(wo)眼(yan)后(hou)，由風(feng)機(ji)產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)流從氣(qi)(qi)嘴吹壓(ya)入(ru)型(xing)孔(kong)(kong)。棉(mian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)(qi)專(zhuan)用(yong)于播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)帶短絨(rong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)棉(mian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)，由裝在圓筒形種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)箱(xiang)底部的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水平(ping)攪(jiao)拌輪(lun)和(he)(he)位于排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)口下方的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)垂直撥子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)輪(lun)組成。為避免(mian)棉(mian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)短絨(rong)纏結，往(wang)往(wang)先將棉(mian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)與(yu)草(cao)木灰拌和(he)(he)，再裝入(ru)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)箱(xiang)。常用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)開溝器(qi)(qi)多(duo)為滑刀式(shi)(shi)。此(ci)外，穴(xue)播(bo)機(ji)尚需(xu)配置(zhi)開溝器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)限深裝置(zhi)、覆土器(qi)(qi)和(he)(he)鎮壓(ya)輪(lun)等(deng)部件，還可(ke)(ke)根(gen)據需(xu)要(yao)配置(zhi)免(mian)耕滅茬播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鑿形鏟或(huo)波紋(wen)圓盤(pan)(pan)(pan)、抗旱播(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)推(tui)干(gan)土鏟、防(fang)治病蟲害用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)農藥施撒裝置(zhi)等(deng)。

精密播種機

以精確(que)的播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)量、株行(xing)距和(he)深度(du)進(jin)行(xing)播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的機(ji)械。具有節省種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子、免除(chu)出(chu)苗(miao)后(hou)的間(jian)苗(miao)作業(ye)、使(shi)每株作物的營養面積均(jun)勻(yun)等優點。多(duo)為單粒(li)(li)(li)(li)穴(xue)播(bo)(bo)(bo)和(he)精確(que)控制每穴(xue)粒(li)(li)(li)(li)數的多(duo)粒(li)(li)(li)(li)穴(xue)播(bo)(bo)(bo)。一(yi)般在(zai)穴(xue)播(bo)(bo)(bo)機(ji)各類(lei)排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)的基(ji)礎上改(gai)進(jin)而成。如(ru)改(gai)進(jin)窩(wo)眼輪排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)上孔型(xing)的形狀(zhuang)和(he)尺寸，使(shi)其只接(jie)受一(yi)粒(li)(li)(li)(li)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子并防止空穴(xue)；將(jiang)排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)與(yu)開(kai)(kai)溝(gou)(gou)(gou)器(qi)直(zhi)(zhi)接(jie)連接(jie)或置于開(kai)(kai)溝(gou)(gou)(gou)器(qi)內(nei)以降低(di)投種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)高(gao)度(du)，控制種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子下落速度(du)，避(bi)免種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子彈跳；在(zai)水平圓盤(pan)排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)上加(jia)裝垂直(zhi)(zhi)圓盤(pan)式投種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)，以改(gai)變投種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)方向和(he)降低(di)投種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)高(gao)度(du)，避(bi)免種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子位移;在(zai)雙圓盤(pan)式開(kai)(kai)溝(gou)(gou)(gou)器(qi)上附裝同位限深輪,以確(que)保播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)深度(du)穩定(ding)。多(duo)粒(li)(li)(li)(li)精密穴(xue)播(bo)(bo)(bo)機(ji)是在(zai)排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)與(yu)開(kai)(kai)溝(gou)(gou)(gou)器(qi)之(zhi)間(jian)加(jia)設成穴(xue)機(ji)構，使(shi)排(pai)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)器(qi)排(pai)出(chu)的單粒(li)(li)(li)(li)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子在(zai)成穴(xue)機(ji)構內(nei)匯(hui)集成精確(que)數量的種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子群，然后(hou)播(bo)(bo)(bo)入種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)溝(gou)(gou)(gou)。此外，還(huan)研制了一(yi)些新的結構，如(ru)使(shi)用事先將(jiang)單粒(li)(li)(li)(li)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子按(an)一(yi)定(ding)間(jian)距固定(ding)的紙帶(dai)播(bo)(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，或使(shi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子從一(yi)條垂直(zhi)(zhi)回轉(zhuan)運動的環形橡膠或塑料制種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)帶(dai)孔排(pai)入種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)溝(gou)(gou)(gou)等。

聯合作業機和免耕播種機

聯合作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)(ye)機(ji)(ji)(ji)和免(mian)耕播(bo)種(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji) 如在谷物(wu)條播(bo)機(ji)(ji)(ji)上加設肥(fei)箱、排(pai)肥(fei)器和輸肥(fei)管，即可在播(bo)種(zhong)的同時施肥(fei)。與土壤耕作(zuo)(zuo)、噴撒殺(sha)蟲(chong)(chong)劑(ji)和除(chu)莠劑(ji)、鋪塑料薄膜（見地膜覆蓋機(ji)(ji)(ji)械）等項作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)(ye)聯合組成的聯合作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)(ye)機(ji)(ji)(ji)，有的能一次完成土壤播(bo)前(qian)耕作(zuo)(zuo)、施種(zhong)肥(fei)、土壤消毒、開(kai)排(pai)水溝、播(bo)種(zhong)、施殺(sha)蟲(chong)(chong)劑(ji)和除(chu)莠劑(ji)等項作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)(ye)。免(mian)耕播(bo)種(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)是在前(qian)茬(cha)作(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)收(shou)獲后的茬(cha)地上直接(jie)開(kai)出種(zhong)溝播(bo)種(zhong)，也稱直接(jie)播(bo)種(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)或硬茬(cha)播(bo)種(zhong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)，可防止土壤流(liu)失，節約能源，降(jiang)低(di)作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)(ye)成本，多(duo)用(yong)于(yu)谷物(wu)、牧草(cao)和青飼玉米等作(zuo)(zuo)物(wu)的播(bo)種(zhong)作(zuo)(zuo)業(ye)(ye)。

輔助裝置

為保證行距一致，需在播種(zhong)機上安裝劃(hua)行器。有(you)的播種(zhong)機還裝有(you)排(pai)種(zhong)監測裝置，自動監視播種(zhong)進(jin)程和遇有(you)故障發出信號，以(yi)便及(ji)時排(pai)除。

早期當(dang)一個(ge)農民播種時(shi)，他(ta)從(cong)田的這頭走到那頭，邊走邊往地上(shang)拋撤一把把的種子(zi)(zi)。但(dan)這個(ge)稱為"撒播"的方(fang)法是非常靠不住的。某些地方(fang)會落下許多種子(zi)(zi)，而其他(ta)地方(fang)落下的種子(zi)(zi)則很(hen)少。

當然，解決(jue)這一(yi)問題的辦法就是(shi)(shi)一(yi)排排地均勻撒(sa)種。但如何才能(neng)夠做到這一(yi)點呢?古代美(mei)索不(bu)達米亞人在(zai)大約公元前(qian)3500年發明了(le)第一(yi)臺(tai)播種機，或者稱撒(sa)種子機器。它是(shi)(shi)帶有(you)一(yi)個窄管(guan)的小箱，可以(yi)沿著犁開(kai)出(chu)的直溝撤播種子。

第一臺真正高效率的播種機直到1701年，才由英國農民發明家杰斯洛·圖爾制造出來。圖爾發覺早期的播種機有問題，它們不能均勻地撒播種子。種子本該呈直線撒播，但在種子播種線上卻常常有缺漏。因此，圖爾發明了一個彈簧機械裝置，它均勻、連續地把種子撒播出去。 由于種子以這種方式撒播，每棵作物都有望能很好地生長，而且由于小麥成直線種植而更易除掉雜草。其結果是農民獲得了更好的收成和更多的利益，食品供應也更為可靠。