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光伏發電(dian)是利用(yong)半導體界面的光生(sheng)伏特效應(ying)而將光能(neng)直接轉變(bian)(bian)為電(dian)能(neng)的一種(zhong)技術。主要由太(tai)(tai)陽電(dian)池(chi)(chi)板（組件）、控制(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)和逆變(bian)(bian)器(qi)三大(da)部分組成，主要部件由電(dian)子元器(qi)件構成。太(tai)(tai)陽能(neng)電(dian)池(chi)(chi)經過串聯后進行封裝保護可形成大(da)面積的太(tai)(tai)陽電(dian)池(chi)(chi)組件，再配合上(shang)功率控制(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)等(deng)部件就形成了光伏發電(dian)裝置。

光(guang)伏發電(dian)(dian)(dian)的主要原(yuan)(yuan)理是半(ban)導(dao)體的光(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)效應。光(guang)子(zi)(zi)(zi)照射到(dao)金屬上時，它的能(neng)量可以被金屬中(zhong)某(mou)個(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)全部吸(xi)收，電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)吸(xi)收的能(neng)量足(zu)夠(gou)大，能(neng)克服金屬內部引力做功，離開金屬表面逃逸出來，成(cheng)為光(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)。硅原(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)有4個(ge)(ge)外(wai)層(ceng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)，如(ru)果在純(chun)硅中(zhong)摻入(ru)有5個(ge)(ge)外(wai)層(ceng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)的原(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)如(ru)磷原(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)，就成(cheng)為N型半(ban)導(dao)體；若在純(chun)硅中(zhong)摻入(ru)有3個(ge)(ge)外(wai)層(ceng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)的原(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)如(ru)硼(peng)原(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)(zi)(zi)，形(xing)成(cheng)P型半(ban)導(dao)體。當(dang)P型和N型結合在一起時，接觸面就會形(xing)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)勢差，成(cheng)為太陽(yang)能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池。當(dang)太陽(yang)光(guang)照射到(dao)P-N結后，空穴由P極(ji)區往(wang)N極(ji)區移動，電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)由N極(ji)區向P極(ji)區移動，形(xing)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流。

光(guang)電(dian)(dian)效應就(jiu)是光(guang)照使不均勻半導(dao)體或半導(dao)體與金屬結(jie)合的(de)不同部(bu)位(wei)之間產生(sheng)電(dian)(dian)位(wei)差的(de)現象。它首先是由(you)光(guang)子(光(guang)波(bo))轉化(hua)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)子、光(guang)能量(liang)轉化(hua)為(wei)電(dian)(dian)能量(liang)的(de)過(guo)程；其次，是形成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)過(guo)程。

多晶硅經(jing)過鑄錠、破(po)錠、切片(pian)(pian)等(deng)程序后(hou)，制(zhi)作成(cheng)待(dai)加工的硅片(pian)(pian)。在硅片(pian)(pian)上摻雜和(he)擴散(san)微量的硼、磷等(deng)，就(jiu)形成(cheng)P－N結。然(ran)后(hou)采用絲網印刷，將精(jing)配好的銀漿印在硅片(pian)(pian)上做成(cheng)柵線(xian)，經(jing)過燒(shao)結，同(tong)時(shi)制(zhi)成(cheng)背電(dian)(dian)極，并在有(you)(you)柵線(xian)的面涂一(yi)層防反射涂層，電(dian)(dian)池片(pian)(pian)就(jiu)至此制(zhi)成(cheng)。電(dian)(dian)池片(pian)(pian)排列組合成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)池組件，就(jiu)組成(cheng)了(le)大的電(dian)(dian)路板。一(yi)般在組件四周包(bao)鋁框，正面覆蓋玻璃，反面安(an)(an)裝(zhuang)電(dian)(dian)極。有(you)(you)了(le)電(dian)(dian)池組件和(he)其(qi)(qi)他(ta)輔(fu)助設備(bei)，就(jiu)可(ke)以組成(cheng)發電(dian)(dian)系統。為了(le)將直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)轉(zhuan)化交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)，需要(yao)安(an)(an)裝(zhuang)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)轉(zhuan)換(huan)器(qi)。發電(dian)(dian)后(hou)可(ke)用蓄電(dian)(dian)池存儲，也可(ke)輸入公(gong)共電(dian)(dian)網。發電(dian)(dian)系統成(cheng)本中，電(dian)(dian)池組件約占(zhan)(zhan)50%，電(dian)(dian)流(liu)轉(zhuan)換(huan)器(qi)、安(an)(an)裝(zhuang)費、其(qi)(qi)他(ta)輔(fu)助部件以及(ji)其(qi)(qi)他(ta)費用占(zhan)(zhan)另(ling)外50%。

無論從(cong)(cong)世界(jie)還(huan)是從(cong)(cong)中國來(lai)看(kan)，常規能源(yuan)(yuan)都(dou)是很(hen)有(you)限的(de)。中國的(de)一次(ci)能源(yuan)(yuan)儲量遠(yuan)遠(yuan)低于(yu)世界(jie)的(de)平(ping)均水平(ping)，大(da)約只有(you)世界(jie)總儲量的(de)10%。太陽能是人類取之不盡(jin)用(yong)之不竭的(de)可再生能源(yuan)(yuan)，具有(you)充分(fen)的(de)清潔性(xing)(xing)、絕對(dui)的(de)安全性(xing)(xing)、相(xiang)對(dui)的(de)廣泛(fan)性(xing)(xing)、確(que)實的(de)長壽(shou)命和(he)免維護性(xing)(xing)、資源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)充足性(xing)(xing)及(ji)潛在的(de)經濟(ji)性(xing)(xing)等優點，在能源(yuan)(yuan)戰略中具有(you)重要地位(wei)。