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光伏(fu)發電(dian)是利用半(ban)導體界面(mian)的光生伏(fu)特效應而將光能(neng)直(zhi)接轉(zhuan)變(bian)為電(dian)能(neng)的一種技術。主(zhu)要由太陽(yang)電(dian)池板(ban)（組(zu)件）、控制(zhi)器和逆變(bian)器三大(da)部(bu)(bu)分組(zu)成，主(zhu)要部(bu)(bu)件由電(dian)子元器件構成。太陽(yang)能(neng)電(dian)池經(jing)過串(chuan)聯后進行(xing)封裝保護(hu)可形成大(da)面(mian)積(ji)的太陽(yang)電(dian)池組(zu)件，再(zai)配(pei)合(he)上(shang)功率控制(zhi)器等部(bu)(bu)件就形成了光伏(fu)發電(dian)裝置。

光(guang)伏(fu)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)主要原(yuan)理是半(ban)導(dao)體的(de)(de)(de)(de)光(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)效(xiao)應。光(guang)子(zi)(zi)照射(she)到金(jin)屬(shu)上時，它的(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)量(liang)可以被金(jin)屬(shu)中(zhong)某個(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)全(quan)部(bu)吸收，電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)吸收的(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)量(liang)足夠大(da)，能(neng)克服金(jin)屬(shu)內部(bu)引力做功，離(li)開(kai)金(jin)屬(shu)表面(mian)逃逸出來，成(cheng)(cheng)為光(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)。硅(gui)原(yuan)子(zi)(zi)有4個(ge)外(wai)層電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)，如果在(zai)純(chun)硅(gui)中(zhong)摻(chan)入(ru)有5個(ge)外(wai)層電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)子(zi)(zi)如磷原(yuan)子(zi)(zi)，就(jiu)成(cheng)(cheng)為N型(xing)(xing)半(ban)導(dao)體；若在(zai)純(chun)硅(gui)中(zhong)摻(chan)入(ru)有3個(ge)外(wai)層電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)子(zi)(zi)如硼原(yuan)子(zi)(zi)，形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)P型(xing)(xing)半(ban)導(dao)體。當(dang)P型(xing)(xing)和N型(xing)(xing)結合(he)在(zai)一(yi)起(qi)時，接(jie)觸面(mian)就(jiu)會形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)勢差，成(cheng)(cheng)為太(tai)陽能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池。當(dang)太(tai)陽光(guang)照射(she)到P-N結后，空穴由P極(ji)區往N極(ji)區移(yi)動，電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)由N極(ji)區向P極(ji)區移(yi)動，形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流。

光電效應就是光照使不(bu)均勻(yun)半導體或半導體與金屬結合的不(bu)同(tong)部(bu)位之間產生電位差的現象。它首先是由光子(zi)(光波)轉化為電子(zi)、光能(neng)量轉化為電能(neng)量的過(guo)程(cheng)；其次，是形成電壓過(guo)程(cheng)。

多晶硅(gui)經(jing)過鑄錠、破錠、切片(pian)(pian)(pian)等(deng)程序后，制(zhi)作成(cheng)(cheng)待加工(gong)的(de)硅(gui)片(pian)(pian)(pian)。在(zai)硅(gui)片(pian)(pian)(pian)上(shang)(shang)摻雜和擴散微(wei)量的(de)硼、磷等(deng)，就(jiu)形成(cheng)(cheng)P－N結(jie)。然后采用(yong)絲網印刷，將精配(pei)好(hao)的(de)銀漿(jiang)印在(zai)硅(gui)片(pian)(pian)(pian)上(shang)(shang)做成(cheng)(cheng)柵(zha)線(xian)，經(jing)過燒結(jie)，同時(shi)制(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)背電(dian)(dian)(dian)極，并在(zai)有柵(zha)線(xian)的(de)面涂一(yi)(yi)層(ceng)防(fang)反(fan)射(she)涂層(ceng)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)片(pian)(pian)(pian)就(jiu)至此制(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)片(pian)(pian)(pian)排列組合成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組件(jian)(jian)(jian)，就(jiu)組成(cheng)(cheng)了(le)大的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路板。一(yi)(yi)般在(zai)組件(jian)(jian)(jian)四(si)周包鋁框，正面覆(fu)蓋玻璃，反(fan)面安裝(zhuang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)極。有了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組件(jian)(jian)(jian)和其他(ta)輔助(zhu)設備，就(jiu)可以組成(cheng)(cheng)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)。為了(le)將直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)轉化交流電(dian)(dian)(dian)，需要(yao)安裝(zhuang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流轉換器。發電(dian)(dian)(dian)后可用(yong)蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)存儲，也可輸入公共電(dian)(dian)(dian)網。發電(dian)(dian)(dian)系統(tong)成(cheng)(cheng)本中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)組件(jian)(jian)(jian)約占(zhan)50%，電(dian)(dian)(dian)流轉換器、安裝(zhuang)費(fei)(fei)、其他(ta)輔助(zhu)部件(jian)(jian)(jian)以及其他(ta)費(fei)(fei)用(yong)占(zhan)另外50%。

無論(lun)從(cong)(cong)世界還是(shi)從(cong)(cong)中國(guo)來(lai)看，常規(gui)能(neng)源(yuan)都(dou)是(shi)很有(you)限的。中國(guo)的一次能(neng)源(yuan)儲量(liang)遠遠低(di)于世界的平均水平，大約只有(you)世界總儲量(liang)的10%。太陽能(neng)是(shi)人類(lei)取(qu)之(zhi)不(bu)盡用之(zhi)不(bu)竭的可再生能(neng)源(yuan)，具有(you)充分的清潔性(xing)(xing)、絕對(dui)的安全性(xing)(xing)、相對(dui)的廣泛(fan)性(xing)(xing)、確實(shi)的長壽命和(he)免維護(hu)性(xing)(xing)、資源(yuan)的充足性(xing)(xing)及潛在的經濟(ji)性(xing)(xing)等優點，在能(neng)源(yuan)戰略(lve)中具有(you)重要地(di)位。