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基本介紹

海(hai)蜇又名水母，白(bai)皮子，主產于中國東南沿(yan)海(hai)。8~9月間，海(hai)蜇常成群浮(fu)游于海(hai)面。

形態及特征

海蜇(zhe)通(tong)常是(shi)單體(ti)、營漂浮或(huo)(huo)游(you)泳生活，極少數(shu)種是(shi)群(qun)體(ti)，有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)群(qun)體(ti)可營固著生活。水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)母(mu)(mu)型(xing)(xing)身(shen)體(ti)呈鈴形或(huo)(huo)倒置的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)碗形，或(huo)(huo)傘(san)(san)(san)(san)形，向(xiang)外(wai)凸出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)面稱(cheng)外(wai)傘(san)(san)(san)(san)面（exumbrella）或(huo)(huo)上傘(san)(san)(san)(san)面，凹(ao)入的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)面稱(cheng)下(xia)傘(san)(san)(san)(san)面（subumbrella），下(xia)傘(san)(san)(san)(san)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)央有(you)(you)一(yi)下(xia)垂(chui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)稱(cheng)垂(chui)唇(chun)(chun)（manubrium），垂(chui)唇(chun)(chun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)游(you)離(li)端為口，傘(san)(san)(san)(san)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)邊(bian)緣(yuan)(yuan)有(you)(you)一(yi)圈觸(chu)手(shou)(shou)，鉤手(shou)(shou)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)母(mu)(mu)下(xia)傘(san)(san)(san)(san)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)邊(bian)緣(yuan)(yuan)向(xiang)內伸出(chu)一(yi)圈窄的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)膜(mo)狀結構，稱(cheng)為緣(yuan)(yuan)膜(mo)（velum），緣(yuan)(yuan)膜(mo)是(shi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)螅(xi)(xi)綱水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)母(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特征。在缽(bo)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)母(mu)(mu)類(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)母(mu)(mu)均無(wu)緣(yuan)(yuan)膜(mo)。水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)母(mu)(mu)型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)體(ti)壁(bi)結構與(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)螅(xi)(xi)型(xing)(xing)基本(ben)相似(si)，也是(shi)由兩層上皮肌肉細胞中(zhong)間(jian)夾有(you)(you)中(zhong)膠層構成(cheng)，但水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)母(mu)(mu)型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)膠層遠(yuan)較水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)螅(xi)(xi)型(xing)(xing)發達(da)。體(ti)壁(bi)圍繞(rao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)胃循環腔也較發達(da)，它(ta)或(huo)(huo)是(shi)一(yi)個(ge)簡單的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)囊(nang)，或(huo)(huo)是(shi)被(bei)膜(mo)分隔成(cheng)4個(ge)胃囊(nang)（stomachpouchs），由胃囊(nang)向(xiang)傘(san)(san)(san)(san)緣(yuan)(yuan)伸出(chu)4條（水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)螅(xi)(xi)綱水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)母(mu)(mu)）或(huo)(huo)更多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)（缽(bo)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)母(mu)(mu)）輻(fu)射管(guan)（radialcanals），并與(yu)傘(san)(san)(san)(san)緣(yuan)(yuan)平行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)環管(guan)（circularcanals）相連，由環管(guan)也可伸出(chu)離(li)心的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)小管(guan)進入觸(chu)手(shou)(shou)，直(zhi)達(da)觸(chu)手(shou)(shou)末端。在傘(san)(san)(san)(san)緣(yuan)(yuan)或(huo)(huo)觸(chu)手(shou)(shou)基部有(you)(you)感覺器官，例如(ru)眼點(dian)（eyespot）或(huo)(huo)平衡(heng)囊(nang)（statocyst）。

生活習性

肌肉與運動

刺胞(bao)(bao)(bao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物很(hen)少(shao)能(neng)做主動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)移位運(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)，運(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)力(li)(li)是(shi)(shi)很(hen)有(you)限的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，特(te)別是(shi)(shi)水螅型(xing)。運(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)是(shi)(shi)由(you)表(biao)(biao)皮(pi)(pi)肌(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)肉(rou)細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)中肌(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)原(yuan)纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)收(shou)(shou)(shou)縮(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)所引起。例如(ru)水螅的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)身(shen)(shen)體(ti)(ti)(ti)可(ke)做伸縮(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)運(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)，伸展時(shi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)長可(ke)達15～20mm，收(shou)(shou)(shou)縮(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)時(shi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)長僅0.5mm，這種伸縮(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)是(shi)(shi)爆發式的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，每(mei)5～10分(fen)鐘左右(you)爆發一(yi)次，主要是(shi)(shi)由(you)外皮(pi)(pi)肌(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)縱行肌(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)原(yuan)纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)收(shou)(shou)(shou)縮(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)所引起。身(shen)(shen)體(ti)(ti)(ti)一(yi)側的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)肌(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)原(yuan)纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)收(shou)(shou)(shou)縮(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)可(ke)引起身(shen)(shen)體(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)彎(wan)曲(qu)。有(you)時(shi)靠彎(wan)曲(qu)身(shen)(shen)體(ti)(ti)(ti)及(ji)觸手并與基(ji)盤的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)交替附著(zhu)(zhu)而(er)做翻斛斗式的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)。基(ji)盤處粘(zhan)細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)可(ke)分(fen)泌大量的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)泡(pao)，可(ke)使水螅在水面上(shang)做短暫(zan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)漂浮。缽水母(mu)(mu)類(lei)和珊瑚類(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)肌(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)原(yuan)纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)已與表(biao)(biao)皮(pi)(pi)細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)分(fen)離(li)(li)形成(cheng)獨立的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)層肌(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，例如(ru)水母(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)肌(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)原(yuan)纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)在下(xia)(xia)(xia)傘(san)(san)面及(ji)傘(san)(san)緣(yuan)形成(cheng)薄薄的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)層肌(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)肉(rou)環，有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)被(bei)輻(fu)管分(fen)離(li)(li)成(cheng)片狀，其纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)有(you)橫(heng)紋，它們做有(you)規律(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)收(shou)(shou)(shou)縮(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)，使傘(san)(san)面有(you)節奏的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)收(shou)(shou)(shou)縮(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)運(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)。當傘(san)(san)緣(yuan)收(shou)(shou)(shou)縮(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)時(shi)，傘(san)(san)緣(yuan)內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水被(bei)噴出(chu)，由(you)于反作用力(li)(li)而(er)推(tui)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)水母(mu)(mu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)向上(shang)運(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)，當傘(san)(san)及(ji)傘(san)(san)緣(yuan)肌(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)肉(rou)舒張(zhang)，被(bei)壓縮(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中膠層的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)彈性，使傘(san)(san)又恢復了原(yuan)形，水又重(zhong)新進入傘(san)(san)緣(yuan)內(nei)，身(shen)(shen)體(ti)(ti)(ti)下(xia)(xia)(xia)沉(chen)，但由(you)于收(shou)(shou)(shou)縮(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)比舒張(zhang)要快，所以(yi)(yi)水母(mu)(mu)還是(shi)(shi)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)向上(shang)垂(chui)直(zhi)(zhi)運(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)。水母(mu)(mu)類(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)垂(chui)直(zhi)(zhi)運(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)在有(you)緣(yuan)膜(mo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水母(mu)(mu)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)看的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)更為清楚。一(yi)旦(dan)肌(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)肉(rou)停止收(shou)(shou)(shou)縮(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)，水母(mu)(mu)就會自然下(xia)(xia)(xia)沉(chen)。其水平方向的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運(yun)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)多(duo)是(shi)(shi)被(bei)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，多(duo)是(shi)(shi)由(you)于水流及(ji)風力(li)(li)所推(tui)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)。又例如(ru)在珊瑚類(lei)，海葵(kui)(kui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)肌(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)原(yuan)纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)在隔膜(mo)上(shang)形成(cheng)發達的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)牽縮(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)肌(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)收(shou)(shou)(shou)縮(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)(suo)非常(chang)有(you)力(li)(li)，所以(yi)(yi)當海葵(kui)(kui)固(gu)著(zhu)(zhu)在巖(yan)石(shi)上(shang)是(shi)(shi)很(hen)難將它取下(xia)(xia)(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。

取食與消化

刺(ci)(ci)胞(bao)(bao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)都(dou)是肉(rou)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)性的(de)，以(yi)浮(fu)游生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)，小(xiao)(xiao)的(de)甲(jia)殼類(lei)、多(duo)(duo)毛類(lei)甚至小(xiao)(xiao)的(de)魚類(lei)為(wei)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。由(you)于食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)的(de)機械(xie)刺(ci)(ci)激和化學(xue)刺(ci)(ci)激，引(yin)起水螅類(lei)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)伸長觸(chu)手，并放出(chu)刺(ci)(ci)絲(si)(si)囊以(yi)纏繞(rao)、麻痹、毒(du)殺捕獲(huo)物(wu)(wu)，再將(jiang)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)送(song)入口中(zhong)。口區腺細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)分泌的(de)粘液(ye)有(you)利于食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)的(de)吞咽，食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)進入胃(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)腔后，胃(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)層的(de)腺細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)開始分泌蛋白酶(mei)，分解、消(xiao)化食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)使之(zhi)形成(cheng)(cheng)許多(duo)(duo)多(duo)(duo)肽，同時在(zai)胃(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)腔中(zhong)由(you)于營養(yang)肌肉(rou)細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)的(de)鞭(bian)毛運動(dong)(dong)(dong)，食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)得以(yi)混合與(yu)推(tui)動(dong)(dong)(dong)。經(jing)這種(zhong)細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)外消(xiao)化之(zhi)后，開始細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)內(nei)的(de)消(xiao)化過(guo)(guo)程，營養(yang)肌肉(rou)細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)的(de)偽足吞噬食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)顆粒，在(zai)細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)內(nei)形成(cheng)(cheng)大量的(de)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)泡，經(jing)過(guo)(guo)酸(suan)性及(ji)堿性的(de)化學(xue)過(guo)(guo)程之(zhi)后，營養(yang)物(wu)(wu)質由(you)細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)的(de)擴散作(zuo)用輸(shu)送(song)到全身(shen)。缽水母類(lei)及(ji)珊(shan)瑚(hu)類(lei)胃(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)腔結構比較復雜(za)。缽水母的(de)胃(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)腔中(zhong)有(you)各種(zhong)輻管(guan)(guan)及(ji)環管(guan)(guan)，胃(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)囊中(zhong)有(you)內(nei)胚層起源的(de)胃(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)絲(si)(si)；珊(shan)瑚(hu)類(lei)的(de)胃(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)腔被許多(duo)(duo)隔(ge)膜(mo)分隔(ge)成(cheng)(cheng)許多(duo)(duo)小(xiao)(xiao)室(shi)，隔(ge)膜(mo)上有(you)隔(ge)膜(mo)絲(si)(si)。胃(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)絲(si)(si)及(ji)隔(ge)膜(mo)絲(si)(si)中(zhong)含有(you)大量的(de)刺(ci)(ci)細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)及(ji)腺細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞(bao)(bao)，它們是將(jiang)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)吞入胃(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)腔之(zhi)后才(cai)殺死及(ji)消(xiao)化。消(xiao)化后的(de)營養(yang)物(wu)(wu)通(tong)過(guo)(guo)各種(zhong)管(guan)(guan)道(dao)輸(shu)送(song)到全身(shen)，未消(xiao)化的(de)食(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)物(wu)(wu)殘(can)渣仍由(you)口排出(chu)。糖元及(ji)脂肪是腔腸(chang)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)的(de)主要貯存物(wu)(wu)。刺(ci)(ci)胞(bao)(bao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)中(zhong)許多(duo)(duo)種(zhong)類(lei)，特別是海洋(yang)中(zhong)的(de)造礁珊(shan)瑚(hu)類(lei)，體內(nei)均有(you)共生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)藻(zao)類(lei)，如動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)黃藻(zao)、腰鞭(bian)毛藻(zao)之(zhi)類(lei)。藻(zao)類(lei)能進行光合作(zuo)用，產生(sheng)(sheng)甘(gan)油、脂肪、糖及(ji)脯氨酸(suan)等，并提供(gong)給刺(ci)(ci)胞(bao)(bao)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)作(zuo)為(wei)其(qi)補充營養(yang)。這將(jiang)在(zai)珊(shan)瑚(hu)綱中(zhong)做進一步的(de)敘述。

呼吸與排泄

刺胞(bao)動(dong)(dong)物沒有專門的(de)(de)(de)呼吸(xi)及排(pai)泄器(qi)官(guan)，由(you)于(yu)身體(ti)(ti)是由(you)兩層細(xi)胞(bao)圍(wei)繞胃(wei)循(xun)環腔(qiang)(qiang)所組成，并(bing)通(tong)過口(kou)使胃(wei)腔(qiang)(qiang)與外界相通(tong)，實際上體(ti)(ti)壁(bi)的(de)(de)(de)兩層細(xi)胞(bao)均與外界環境接觸，所以呼吸(xi)與排(pai)泄作(zuo)用可以由(you)體(ti)(ti)壁(bi)細(xi)胞(bao)直接獨(du)立(li)進行(xing)。出(chu)、入口(kou)及胃(wei)腔(qiang)(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)水流可以攜帶入新鮮的(de)(de)(de)氧氣(qi)，并(bing)帶走代謝產物。刺胞(bao)動(dong)(dong)物的(de)(de)(de)主要含氮廢(fei)物是氨。

繁殖方式

無(wu)(wu)性生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)及(ji)有(you)(you)(you)性生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)在腔腸(chang)動物(wu)中都是(shi)很(hen)普遍(bian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。無(wu)(wu)性生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)式是(shi)出(chu)(chu)(chu)芽(ya)(ya)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，特別(bie)是(shi)在水(shui)(shui)(shui)螅(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)型(xing)(xing)更為(wei)常見。例如(ru)水(shui)(shui)(shui)螅(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)出(chu)(chu)(chu)芽(ya)(ya)時從身體(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)靠基部(bu)(bu)通過體(ti)(ti)(ti)壁(bi)及(ji)胃腔的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)向外突出(chu)(chu)(chu)，再(zai)長出(chu)(chu)(chu)觸手與(yu)(yu)口(kou)即形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)芽(ya)(ya)體(ti)(ti)(ti)，以(yi)后芽(ya)(ya)體(ti)(ti)(ti)與(yu)(yu)母體(ti)(ti)(ti)分(fen)離(li)即形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)個體(ti)(ti)(ti)。但在藪(sou)枝螅(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)（Obelia）所(suo)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)芽(ya)(ya)體(ti)(ti)(ti)與(yu)(yu)母體(ti)(ti)(ti)不分(fen)離(li)則形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)了群體(ti)(ti)(ti)。其(qi)次(ci)，也可(ke)以(yi)通過分(fen)裂(lie)(lie)方式進(jin)(jin)行無(wu)(wu)性生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)，主(zhu)要發生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)在水(shui)(shui)(shui)螅(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)型(xing)(xing)，例如(ru)海(hai)葵可(ke)以(yi)縱分(fen)裂(lie)(lie)，缽水(shui)(shui)(shui)母的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)幼(you)體(ti)(ti)(ti)以(yi)橫(heng)分(fen)裂(lie)(lie)進(jin)(jin)行無(wu)(wu)性生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。此外水(shui)(shui)(shui)螅(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)型(xing)(xing)一(yi)般具有(you)(you)(you)很(hen)強的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)能力，例如(ru)，將水(shui)(shui)(shui)螅(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)切(qie)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)數(shu)段(duan)(duan)，條件合宜(yi)時每段(duan)(duan)都可(ke)以(yi)再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)一(yi)個新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)個體(ti)(ti)(ti)，再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)時口(kou)與(yu)(yu)反口(kou)端(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)極(ji)性不變，但口(kou)端(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)速(su)度比反口(kou)端(duan)迅(xun)(xun)速(su)。所(suo)以(yi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)螅(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)型(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)再(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)現(xian)(xian)象也被認為(wei)是(shi)無(wu)(wu)性生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種(zhong)方式。有(you)(you)(you)些(xie)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)出(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)在多數(shu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)螅(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)型(xing)(xing)及(ji)所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)母型(xing)(xing)，除少數(shu)種(zhong)類例如(ru)水(shui)(shui)(shui)螅(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)為(wei)雌雄同體(ti)(ti)(ti)之(zhi)外，絕大(da)多數(shu)種(zhong)類為(wei)雌雄異體(ti)(ti)(ti)（或(huo)(huo)(huo)異群體(ti)(ti)(ti)）。生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)細(xi)胞(bao)來(lai)源(yuan)于(yu)(yu)間細(xi)胞(bao)，然后遷移到固(gu)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)位(wei)置上形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)腺(xian)(xian)。水(shui)(shui)(shui)螅(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)蟲(chong)綱的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動物(wu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)腺(xian)(xian)來(lai)源(yuan)于(yu)(yu)表(biao)皮層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)，例如(ru)水(shui)(shui)(shui)螅(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)，水(shui)(shui)(shui)螅(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)母的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)腺(xian)(xian)位(wei)于(yu)(yu)放射管(guan)下(xia)或(huo)(huo)(huo)垂(chui)唇周圍，但都是(shi)來(lai)源(yuan)于(yu)(yu)表(biao)皮層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)細(xi)胞(bao)。缽水(shui)(shui)(shui)母綱的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)細(xi)胞(bao)起(qi)源(yuan)于(yu)(yu)胃層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)位(wei)于(yu)(yu)胃囊低(di)部(bu)(bu)。珊瑚綱的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)細(xi)胞(bao)是(shi)由胃腔中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)隔膜上發生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)，也是(shi)內(nei)(nei)胚(pei)(pei)(pei)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)來(lai)源(yuan)。腔腸(chang)動物(wu)只有(you)(you)(you)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)腺(xian)(xian)，沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)出(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)導管(guan)及(ji)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)附屬腺(xian)(xian)，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)細(xi)胞(bao)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)熟(shu)之(zhi)后由口(kou)排出(chu)(chu)(chu)，或(huo)(huo)(huo)由體(ti)(ti)(ti)壁(bi)破裂(lie)(lie)而(er)釋(shi)放。受精(jing)作(zuo)用依(yi)不同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)而(er)異，或(huo)(huo)(huo)在體(ti)(ti)(ti)外海(hai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)中進(jin)(jin)行，或(huo)(huo)(huo)在垂(chui)管(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表(biao)面，或(huo)(huo)(huo)在胃腔內(nei)(nei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)腺(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)部(bu)(bu)位(wei)進(jin)(jin)行。卵裂(lie)(lie)是(shi)完全的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中空的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)囊胚(pei)(pei)(pei)，經移入法(fa)或(huo)(huo)(huo)內(nei)(nei)陷法(fa)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)原腸(chang)胚(pei)(pei)(pei)，結(jie)果(guo)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)兩(liang)(liang)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)細(xi)胞(bao)，即兩(liang)(liang)個胚(pei)(pei)(pei)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)，內(nei)(nei)部(bu)(bu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)團的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)細(xi)胞(bao)為(wei)內(nei)(nei)胚(pei)(pei)(pei)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)，將來(lai)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)體(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)胃層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)，外表(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)為(wei)外胚(pei)(pei)(pei)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)，將來(lai)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)體(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)表(biao)皮層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)。實心的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原腸(chang)胚(pei)(pei)(pei)迅(xun)(xun)速(su)延長，體(ti)(ti)(ti)表(biao)出(chu)(chu)(chu)現(xian)(xian)纖毛，形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)了自由游泳的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)浮浪幼(you)蟲(chong)（planula）。浮浪幼(you)蟲(chong)早期沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)口(kou)及(ji)胃腔，游泳一(yi)段(duan)(duan)時間之(zhi)后，固(gu)著在水(shui)(shui)(shui)草、巖(yan)石或(huo)(huo)(huo)其(qi)他物(wu)體(ti)(ti)(ti)上發育(yu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)水(shui)(shui)(shui)螅(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)型(xing)(xing)體(ti)(ti)(ti)，或(huo)(huo)(huo)再(zai)經過出(chu)(chu)(chu)芽(ya)(ya)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)殖(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)群體(ti)(ti)(ti)。淡水(shui)(shui)(shui)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)螅(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)幼(you)蟲(chong)期，其(qi)受精(jing)卵直接發育(yu)。

價值及其他

成分

富含蛋白質、脂肪、核黃(huang)素(su)、硫胺素(su)以及碘、鈣、鐵、磷等。

性狀特征與分布

性狀特征

1、藥材

海蜇傘(san)部呈半球形，中膠(jiao)層厚而(er)堅(jian)硬，傘(san)部寬度(du)通(tong)常在25～50厘米。口腕(wan)8個，各(ge)自分歧，其(qi)上方有8對褶皺的肩(jian)板。各(ge)口腕(wan)和肩(jian)板邊(bian)緣上有許(xu)多長的附(fu)屬器（150～180條(tiao)），每(mei)個口腕(wan)末(mo)端各(ge)有一(yi)棒狀附(fu)肢(zhi)，內通(tong)管道。生殖腺4個，馬蹄形，位于(yu)間(jian)幅。全(quan)體呈皺縮(suo)的不規則塊(kuai)狀，表(biao)面灰(hui)棕色(se)（新鮮時多為青(qing)藍、暗(an)紅、黃(huang)褐或(huo)沙色(se)），質柔(rou)韌，氣微(wei)腥，味咸微(wei)甘。以個大(da)、完整(zheng)、色(se)灰(hui)棕者為佳。

2、飲片

作為飲片(pian)，為不規則(ze)的碎塊。表面皺縮，灰棕色，質柔韌(ren)。

分布

分布廣泛，在中國南北海域均有產，以浙江沿(yan)海產量最多。

主治功效

適(shi)用于各種脂肪肝(gan)患者。尤其是伴有(you)(you)氣管炎、哮喘、胃潰瘍、風濕性關節炎等疾(ji)病的(de)(de)患者，與塵(chen)埃接(jie)觸較多(duo)的(de)(de)工(gong)作人員常(chang)吃海(hai)蜇，可保障身(shen)體健康。具有(you)(you)清(qing)熱化痰，行瘀(yu)消積，軟堅散結(jie)，補心益肺，滋陰平(ping)肝(gan)，降(jiang)血(xue)壓去(qu)濕邪，解渴醒酒，止嗽除(chu)煩，潤腸(chang)。主治肺熱咳(ke)嗽，痰熱哮喘，食(shi)積痞(pi)脹，腸(chang)燥便(bian)秘(mi)，癭(ying)瘤，瘰疬，丹毒，腳氣，甲(jia)狀腺腫(zhong)，淋(lin)巴結(jie)結(jie)核(he)，高血(xue)壓。

用量用法

取海蜇頭(tou)用(yong)清水浸泡(pao)2~3d，每日換水，漂去鹽礬，撈出(chu)，切碎，干(gan)燥備用(yong)。內服：煎湯，30~60g，或用(yong)80℃水燙過或以姜、醋拌(ban)食(shi)。外(wai)用(yong)：適量，多用(yong)蜇皮，貼敷。每周1~2次。依個人(ren)口(kou)味烹調食(shi)用(yong)。食(shi)用(yong)涼拌(ban)海蜇時應適當放些醋。

注意事項

一般人(ren)群(qun)均(jun)可食(shi)(shi)用(yong)，尤其(qi)適宜陰虛(xu)燥熱、痰熱咳嗽、食(shi)(shi)積痞(pi)脹、大便燥結、酒后(hou)煩渴、急慢性支氣管炎(yan)、高血壓患者食(shi)(shi)用(yong)。而(er)脾胃虛(xu)寒、過敏者忌(ji)食(shi)(shi)。腐(fu)爛變質后(hou)不可食(shi)(shi)用(yong)。海(hai)(hai)蜇(zhe)忌(ji)與白糖同腌(a)新鮮的海(hai)(hai)蜇(zhe)含水多，皮體較厚，還含有(you)毒(du)素，不宜食(shi)(shi)用(yong)，需經(jing)過食(shi)(shi)用(yong)鹽加白礬鹽漬3次（俗稱三(san)礬），使鮮海(hai)(hai)蜇(zhe)脫水3次以后(hou)，才能讓毒(du)素隨水排盡。