大狐姓氏作(zuo)為中國為數(shu)不多(duo)的稀有姓氏之(zhi)一,它的淵源(yuan)、遷(qian)徙、分布都(dou)是有史可循,有據可查(cha)的!
單一(yi)淵(yuan)源:源于姬(ji)(ji)(ji)姓(xing)(xing),出(chu)自(zi)春秋時(shi)期(qi)晉國大(da)(da)(da)夫狐(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)突,屬(shu)于以先祖(zu)名(ming)(ming)字為(wei)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)。大(da)(da)(da)狐(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)氏(shi)(shi)(shi),為(wei)春秋時(shi)期(qi)晉國很早即出(chu)現的姓(xing)(xing)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)。宋朝時(shi)期(qi)著(zhu)名(ming)(ming)學者鄧名(ming)(ming)世在《古(gu)今(jin)姓(xing)(xing)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)書辯證·去·十四(si)泰》中(zhong)記載(zai):“大(da)(da)(da)狐(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu),出(chu)自(zi)姬(ji)(ji)(ji)姓(xing)(xing)。晉大(da)(da)(da)夫狐(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)突,字伯行,文公(gong)重(zhong)耳(er)外祖(zu)父也,生毛及偃,毛生溱,皆為(wei)晉卿,別為(wei)大(da)(da)(da)狐(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)。”姓(xing)(xing)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)學界一(yi)般認為(wei),大(da)(da)(da)狐(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)本姓(xing)(xing)姬(ji)(ji)(ji),因其先祖(zu)被分封在狐(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)大(da)(da)(da)戎(rong)(今(jin)山(shan)西交城一(yi)帶),故改姬(ji)(ji)(ji)姓(xing)(xing)為(wei)大(da)(da)(da)狐(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)。在史籍《左傳》中(zhong)記載(zai),后(hou)來晉獻(xian)公(gong)姬(ji)(ji)(ji)佹諸(公(gong)元前676~前651年在位)“又(you)娶二女于戎(rong),大(da)(da)(da)戎(rong)狐(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)姬(ji)(ji)(ji)生重(zhong)耳(er),小戎(rong)子(zi)生夷吾(wu)”。漢(han)朝著(zhu)名(ming)(ming)的史學家司馬遷也認為(wei),“重(zhong)耳(er)母,翟(zhai)(zhai)之狐(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)女也”。不(bu)過(guo),當(dang)時(shi)也有其他民族是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)姬(ji)(ji)(ji)姓(xing)(xing)的,那么(me)狐(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)突的祖(zu)上是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)姓(xing)(xing)姬(ji)(ji)(ji)還(huan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)姓(xing)(xing)狐(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)土(tu)著(zhu)民族還(huan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)宗周后(hou)裔?如果是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)出(chu)自(zi)土(tu)著(zhu)民族,那么(me)到底是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)戎(rong)還(huan)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)翟(zhai)(zhai)?均已渺茫(mang)難考了(le)。山(shan)西,為(wei)上古(gu)唐(tang)“帝堯初(chu)都”之地,又(you)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)夏王朝統(tong)治時(shi)期(qi)的根據(ju)地,但是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)到了(le)商末西周初(chu),該地區已經基本上是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)戎(rong)、翟(zhai)(zhai)(狄)、氐、羌諸民族出(chu)沒游牧的地方了(le)。
據史籍《左傳·定公四年(nian)》中的(de)(de)(de)記載,周成(cheng)王姬誦“分(fen)唐(tang)叔(shu)(叔(shu)虞)以(yi)大路,密須之鼓,闕鞏,沽洗(xi),懷(huai)姓九(jiu)宗(zong)(zong),職官五正(zheng)(zheng)。命以(yi)《唐(tang)誥》,而(er)封于夏虛,啟(qi)以(yi)夏政,疆(jiang)以(yi)戎(rong)索。”這(zhe)里的(de)(de)(de)“啟(qi)以(yi)夏政,疆(jiang)以(yi)戎(rong)索”,實(shi)(shi)際上(shang)是(shi)就(jiu)晉(jin)(jin)國(guo)(guo)在(zai)(zai)建(jian)國(guo)(guo)初(chu)(chu)期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)根本治國(guo)(guo)方略,就(jiu)是(shi)在(zai)(zai)中央政權的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)設上(shang),堅(jian)持周王朝比較(jiao)先進的(de)(de)(de)政治制(zhi)(zhi)度(du),但是(shi)在(zai)(zai)地(di)域管理方面(mian)又遵循和順應(ying)當地(di)各(ge)個游牧民(min)族(zu)的(de)(de)(de)風俗。在(zai)(zai)晉(jin)(jin)國(guo)(guo)建(jian)立初(chu)(chu)期(qi),真(zhen)正(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)宗(zong)(zong)周貴族(zu)是(shi)不多的(de)(de)(de),姬叔(shu)虞當時只帶去了“懷(huai)姓九(jiu)宗(zong)(zong),職官五正(zheng)(zheng)”等少量(liang)姬姓族(zu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)以(yi)及一(yi)軍之卒(凡(fan)制(zhi)(zhi)軍,萬(wan)有(you)二千五百人(ren)(ren)(ren)為(wei)一(yi)軍),晉(jin)(jin)國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)大部分(fen)國(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)還是(shi)當地(di)土著居民(min)。事(shi)實(shi)(shi)上(shang),在(zai)(zai)整個春秋時期(qi),各(ge)諸侯國(guo)(guo)中的(de)(de)(de)晉(jin)(jin)國(guo)(guo)“胡”風一(yi)直是(shi)很濃厚的(de)(de)(de),從西周初(chu)(chu)期(qi)受封于唐(tang)邑,后改唐(tang)為(wei)晉(jin)(jin),建(jian)立晉(jin)(jin)國(guo)(guo),晉(jin)(jin)國(guo)(guo)人(ren)(ren)(ren)與(yu)周邊的(de)(de)(de)各(ge)個民(min)族(zu)通(tong)商、通(tong)婚的(de)(de)(de)現象一(yi)直就(jiu)十分(fen)普遍(bian),就(jiu)連國(guo)(guo)君也不例(li)外,這(zhe)與(yu)燕國(guo)(guo)、秦國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況大體相同。
大狐(hu)氏,歷(li)代皆(jie)為晉國重臣(chen),傳到(dao)歷(li)晉文公姬重耳(er)(公元(yuan)前(qian)636~前(qian)628年在位)、晉襄公姬歡(姬環,公元(yuan)前(qian)627~前(qian)621年在位)、晉靈(ling)公姬夷皋(公元(yuan)前(qian)620~前(qian)607年在位)三(san)朝、史稱晉國“股肱(gong)”的大狐(hu)射姑(gu)以后(hou),因其(qi)(qi)封地(di)在賈(jia)(今(jin)山(shan)西(xi)臨(lin)汾(fen)),其(qi)(qi)后(hou)裔子孫大多省文簡改(gai)為單姓狐(hu)氏、賈(jia)氏,大狐(hu)氏復(fu)(fu)姓就(jiu)此在歷(li)史上(shang)基本消失了。如今(jin),僅(jin)在浙江省西(xi)南部麗水地(di)區還有極其(qi)(qi)稀少(shao)的復(fu)(fu)姓大狐(hu)氏族人,仍以平陽(yang)(今(jin)山(shan)西(xi)臨(lin)汾(fen))為郡(jun)望。
大狐突(姬狐突)。
平(ping)(ping)陽郡(jun)(jun):亦稱(cheng)(cheng)臨汾(fen)(fen)(fen)郡(jun)(jun)。歷史上的平(ping)(ping)陽郡(jun)(jun)有(you)二:①即今山(shan)(shan)西(xi)省(sheng)臨汾(fen)(fen)(fen)市(shi)。西(xi)漢(han)初(chu)年(nian)(己(ji)亥,公元前(qian)202年(nian))置平(ping)(ping)陽縣(xian)(xian),治(zhi)所(suo)在(zai)(zai)平(ping)(ping)陽(今山(shan)(shan)西(xi)臨汾(fen)(fen)(fen))。三(san)國(guo)時(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)曹魏(wei)(wei)國(guo)正始(shi)八年(nian)(丁(ding)卯,公元247年(nian)),將河東(dong)(dong)郡(jun)(jun)分出一部分與平(ping)(ping)陽縣(xian)(xian)合并,設置為(wei)(wei)平(ping)(ping)陽郡(jun)(jun),治(zhi)所(suo)亦在(zai)(zai)平(ping)(ping)陽(今山(shan)(shan)西(xi)臨汾(fen)(fen)(fen)),其時(shi)(shi)(shi)轄地在(zai)(zai)今山(shan)(shan)西(xi)藿縣(xian)(xian)以(yi)南的汾(fen)(fen)(fen)河流域(yu)及其以(yi)西(xi)地區,境(jing)內(nei)為(wei)(wei)司(si)州平(ping)(ping)陽郡(jun)(jun),轄十縣(xian)(xian)。西(xi)晉(jin)時(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)仍為(wei)(wei)平(ping)(ping)陽郡(jun)(jun),轄十二縣(xian)(xian)。西(xi)晉(jin)永(yong)嘉三(san)年(nian)(己(ji)巳,公元309年(nian))初(chu),匈(xiong)奴人劉淵自蒲子城(隰(xi)縣(xian)(xian))遷都平(ping)(ping)陽,稱(cheng)(cheng)帝建漢(han),境(jing)內(nei)屬(shu)之。東(dong)(dong)晉(jin)時(shi)(shi)(shi)先(xian)后(hou)屬(shu)并州、雍州和冀州;北(bei)魏(wei)(wei)時(shi)(shi)(shi)境(jing)內(nei)為(wei)(wei)東(dong)(dong)雍州,轄七郡(jun)(jun)二十縣(xian)(xian);北(bei)魏(wei)(wei)神鹿(lu)元年(nian)(戊辰,公元428年(nian))始(shi)筑(zhu)白馬(ma)(ma)城(今山(shan)(shan)西(xi)臨汾(fen)(fen)(fen)),因魏(wei)(wei)刑白馬(ma)(ma)祭祀天地神靈筑(zhu)城而名(ming)。孝昌二年(nian)改(gai)置唐州,治(zhi)所(suo)在(zai)(zai)平(ping)(ping)陽故城(劉村);北(bei)魏(wei)(wei)建義元年(nian)(戊申,公元528年(nian))改(gai)稱(cheng)(cheng)晉(jin)州,移治(zhi)自馬(ma)(ma)城,與郡(jun)(jun)縣(xian)(xian)同治(zhi),沿(yan)用至今。②即今山(shan)(shan)東(dong)(dong)省(sheng)鄒(zou)城市(shi)。鄒(zou)城在(zai)(zai)春秋戰(zhan)國(guo)時(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)古稱(cheng)(cheng)平(ping)(ping)陽,是“鄒(zou)魯圣地”,為(wei)(wei)中(zhong)國(guo)儒學發源(yuan)地。夏(xia)王朝時(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)屬(shu)九州徐州之域(yu),秦朝時(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)開始(shi)設置“騶(zou)縣(xian)(xian)”,歷漢(han)、晉(jin)、南北(bei)朝,及唐朝初(chu)期(qi)改(gai)“騶(zou)”為(wei)(wei)“鄒(zou)”,稱(cheng)(cheng)“鄒(zou)縣(xian)(xian)”,沿(yan)襲(xi)至1992年(nian)10月,撤縣(xian)(xian)設市(shi),稱(cheng)(cheng)鄒(zou)城市(shi)。大狐氏的郡(jun)(jun)望為(wei)(wei)①即今山(shan)(shan)西(xi)臨汾(fen)(fen)(fen)。
平陽堂:以望立堂。
大狐氏(shi)復姓是一個非(fei)常古老的(de)姓氏(shi),但在(zai)今中國大陸的(de)姓氏(shi)排行榜上未列入百(bai)家姓前(qian)一千位,在(zai)臺灣省則(ze)沒有。今浙(zhe)江(jiang)省西南(nan)部的(de)麗水地(di)區,有零星大狐氏(shi)族人分布,以平陽(yang)為郡望。人口總數不及一百(bai),大概屬于人口最稀少(shao)的(de)姓氏(shi)群體之一了(le)。