大狐姓氏(shi)作(zuo)為中(zhong)國(guo)為數不(bu)多(duo)的(de)(de)稀有姓氏(shi)之一(yi),它(ta)的(de)(de)淵(yuan)源、遷徙、分布都是有史可循,有據可查的(de)(de)!
單一(yi)淵源(yuan)(yuan):源(yuan)(yuan)于姬(ji)姓(xing)(xing)(xing),出(chu)(chu)(chu)自(zi)(zi)春(chun)秋(qiu)時(shi)(shi)期晉(jin)(jin)國(guo)大(da)夫狐(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)突,屬于以先祖(zu)名字為(wei)(wei)(wei)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)。大(da)狐(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)氏(shi)(shi)(shi),為(wei)(wei)(wei)春(chun)秋(qiu)時(shi)(shi)期晉(jin)(jin)國(guo)很早即出(chu)(chu)(chu)現的姓(xing)(xing)(xing)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)。宋(song)朝(chao)(chao)時(shi)(shi)期著(zhu)(zhu)名學(xue)者(zhe)鄧名世在(zai)(zai)《古今姓(xing)(xing)(xing)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)書辯證·去·十四泰》中記(ji)載:“大(da)狐(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu),出(chu)(chu)(chu)自(zi)(zi)姬(ji)姓(xing)(xing)(xing)。晉(jin)(jin)大(da)夫狐(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)突,字伯(bo)行,文(wen)公重耳(er)(er)外(wai)祖(zu)父也(ye),生(sheng)毛及(ji)偃,毛生(sheng)溱(zhen),皆(jie)為(wei)(wei)(wei)晉(jin)(jin)卿,別為(wei)(wei)(wei)大(da)狐(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)。”姓(xing)(xing)(xing)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)學(xue)界一(yi)般(ban)認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei),大(da)狐(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)本(ben)姓(xing)(xing)(xing)姬(ji),因其先祖(zu)被分封在(zai)(zai)狐(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)大(da)戎(今山西交(jiao)城一(yi)帶),故改姬(ji)姓(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)(wei)大(da)狐(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)。在(zai)(zai)史籍《左傳(chuan)》中記(ji)載,后(hou)來(lai)晉(jin)(jin)獻公姬(ji)佹諸(zhu)(公元(yuan)前676~前651年(nian)在(zai)(zai)位)“又娶(qu)二女于戎,大(da)戎狐(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)姬(ji)生(sheng)重耳(er)(er),小戎子(zi)生(sheng)夷吾”。漢朝(chao)(chao)著(zhu)(zhu)名的史學(xue)家司馬(ma)遷也(ye)認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei),“重耳(er)(er)母(mu),翟(zhai)之(zhi)狐(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)女也(ye)”。不過,當時(shi)(shi)也(ye)有其他民族(zu)是(shi)姬(ji)姓(xing)(xing)(xing)的,那么狐(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)突的祖(zu)上是(shi)姓(xing)(xing)(xing)姬(ji)還是(shi)姓(xing)(xing)(xing)狐(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu),是(shi)土(tu)著(zhu)(zhu)民族(zu)還是(shi)宗周(zhou)(zhou)后(hou)裔?如(ru)果是(shi)出(chu)(chu)(chu)自(zi)(zi)土(tu)著(zhu)(zhu)民族(zu),那么到(dao)底是(shi)戎還是(shi)翟(zhai)?均已渺茫難考(kao)了。山西,為(wei)(wei)(wei)上古唐“帝堯初都”之(zhi)地,又是(shi)夏王朝(chao)(chao)統治時(shi)(shi)期的根據地,但是(shi)到(dao)了商末西周(zhou)(zhou)初,該地區(qu)已經基本(ben)上是(shi)戎、翟(zhai)(狄(di))、氐、羌諸(zhu)民族(zu)出(chu)(chu)(chu)沒游牧(mu)的地方了。
據(ju)史(shi)籍《左傳·定(ding)公(gong)四年》中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)記載,周(zhou)(zhou)成王(wang)姬誦“分唐叔(shu)(叔(shu)虞)以(yi)大路(lu),密須之鼓,闕鞏(gong),沽洗(xi),懷姓(xing)九宗(zong)(zong)(zong),職官五(wu)正(zheng)。命以(yi)《唐誥》,而封于(yu)夏虛(xu),啟(qi)以(yi)夏政(zheng),疆(jiang)以(yi)戎(rong)索。”這里的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“啟(qi)以(yi)夏政(zheng),疆(jiang)以(yi)戎(rong)索”,實際上是就晉(jin)(jin)(jin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)在建國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)初期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)根本治國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)方略,就是在中(zhong)(zhong)央(yang)政(zheng)權的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建設上,堅(jian)持周(zhou)(zhou)王(wang)朝比較先(xian)進的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)治制(zhi)度,但是在地域管理方面又遵循和順應當地各個(ge)游牧民(min)族(zu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)風俗。在晉(jin)(jin)(jin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)建立初期(qi),真(zhen)正(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)宗(zong)(zong)(zong)周(zhou)(zhou)貴族(zu)是不多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),姬叔(shu)虞當時只帶去了“懷姓(xing)九宗(zong)(zong)(zong),職官五(wu)正(zheng)”等少量(liang)姬姓(xing)族(zu)人以(yi)及一(yi)軍(jun)(jun)之卒(凡(fan)制(zhi)軍(jun)(jun),萬有二千五(wu)百人為一(yi)軍(jun)(jun)),晉(jin)(jin)(jin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大部分國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人還是當地土著居民(min)。事實上,在整個(ge)春(chun)秋時期(qi),各諸侯國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)晉(jin)(jin)(jin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)“胡(hu)”風一(yi)直是很濃厚的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),從西(xi)周(zhou)(zhou)初期(qi)受封于(yu)唐邑,后改唐為晉(jin)(jin)(jin),建立晉(jin)(jin)(jin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo),晉(jin)(jin)(jin)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)人與(yu)周(zhou)(zhou)邊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各個(ge)民(min)族(zu)通商(shang)、通婚的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現象(xiang)一(yi)直就十(shi)分普遍,就連(lian)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)君也(ye)不例(li)外,這與(yu)燕(yan)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)、秦國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況大體相(xiang)同。
大狐(hu)氏(shi),歷代皆為晉(jin)國(guo)重(zhong)臣,傳到歷晉(jin)文(wen)公(gong)(gong)姬(ji)(ji)重(zhong)耳(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)前636~前628年(nian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)位)、晉(jin)襄公(gong)(gong)姬(ji)(ji)歡(姬(ji)(ji)環,公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)前627~前621年(nian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)位)、晉(jin)靈公(gong)(gong)姬(ji)(ji)夷皋(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)前620~前607年(nian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)位)三朝、史(shi)稱晉(jin)國(guo)“股肱(gong)”的大狐(hu)射姑以后,因其封地在(zai)(zai)(zai)賈(今(jin)山西(xi)臨(lin)(lin)汾),其后裔子孫大多省(sheng)文(wen)簡改為單姓(xing)狐(hu)氏(shi)、賈氏(shi),大狐(hu)氏(shi)復(fu)姓(xing)就此在(zai)(zai)(zai)歷史(shi)上基本(ben)消失(shi)了。如今(jin),僅(jin)在(zai)(zai)(zai)浙江省(sheng)西(xi)南部麗水地區還有極其稀少的復(fu)姓(xing)大狐(hu)氏(shi)族人(ren),仍以平陽(今(jin)山西(xi)臨(lin)(lin)汾)為郡望。
大狐突(姬狐突)。
平(ping)(ping)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)郡(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun):亦稱(cheng)臨(lin)(lin)汾郡(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)。歷史上的平(ping)(ping)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)郡(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)有二(er)(er):①即今(jin)山(shan)(shan)西(xi)(xi)省臨(lin)(lin)汾市(shi)。西(xi)(xi)漢(han)初年(nian)(nian)(nian)(己亥(hai),公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)前202年(nian)(nian)(nian))置(zhi)(zhi)平(ping)(ping)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)縣(xian),治(zhi)所(suo)在(zai)平(ping)(ping)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(今(jin)山(shan)(shan)西(xi)(xi)臨(lin)(lin)汾)。三(san)國(guo)時(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)(qi)曹魏(wei)(wei)國(guo)正始八年(nian)(nian)(nian)(丁卯,公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)247年(nian)(nian)(nian)),將河東(dong)郡(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)分出一(yi)部分與平(ping)(ping)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)縣(xian)合并(bing),設(she)置(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)平(ping)(ping)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)郡(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun),治(zhi)所(suo)亦在(zai)平(ping)(ping)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(今(jin)山(shan)(shan)西(xi)(xi)臨(lin)(lin)汾),其(qi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)轄(xia)地在(zai)今(jin)山(shan)(shan)西(xi)(xi)藿縣(xian)以(yi)南的汾河流域(yu)及其(qi)以(yi)西(xi)(xi)地區(qu),境(jing)內(nei)為(wei)司州平(ping)(ping)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)郡(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun),轄(xia)十(shi)縣(xian)。西(xi)(xi)晉(jin)時(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)(qi)仍(reng)為(wei)平(ping)(ping)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)郡(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun),轄(xia)十(shi)二(er)(er)縣(xian)。西(xi)(xi)晉(jin)永(yong)嘉三(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(己巳,公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)309年(nian)(nian)(nian))初,匈(xiong)奴(nu)人劉(liu)淵自蒲(pu)子城(cheng)(隰縣(xian))遷都平(ping)(ping)陽(yang)(yang)(yang),稱(cheng)帝建漢(han),境(jing)內(nei)屬(shu)之。東(dong)晉(jin)時(shi)(shi)(shi)先(xian)后屬(shu)并(bing)州、雍(yong)州和冀(ji)州;北(bei)魏(wei)(wei)時(shi)(shi)(shi)境(jing)內(nei)為(wei)東(dong)雍(yong)州,轄(xia)七郡(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)二(er)(er)十(shi)縣(xian);北(bei)魏(wei)(wei)神(shen)鹿(lu)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(戊(wu)辰(chen),公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)428年(nian)(nian)(nian))始筑白馬城(cheng)(今(jin)山(shan)(shan)西(xi)(xi)臨(lin)(lin)汾),因魏(wei)(wei)刑白馬祭祀(si)天(tian)地神(shen)靈筑城(cheng)而名。孝(xiao)昌(chang)二(er)(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)改(gai)置(zhi)(zhi)唐州,治(zhi)所(suo)在(zai)平(ping)(ping)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)故城(cheng)(劉(liu)村);北(bei)魏(wei)(wei)建義元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(戊(wu)申(shen),公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)528年(nian)(nian)(nian))改(gai)稱(cheng)晉(jin)州,移治(zhi)自馬城(cheng),與郡(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)縣(xian)同治(zhi),沿用(yong)至(zhi)今(jin)。②即今(jin)山(shan)(shan)東(dong)省鄒城(cheng)市(shi)。鄒城(cheng)在(zai)春(chun)秋戰國(guo)時(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)(qi)古稱(cheng)平(ping)(ping)陽(yang)(yang)(yang),是“鄒魯圣(sheng)地”,為(wei)中國(guo)儒(ru)學發(fa)源地。夏(xia)王朝時(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)(qi)屬(shu)九(jiu)州徐州之域(yu),秦(qin)朝時(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)(qi)開始設(she)置(zhi)(zhi)“騶縣(xian)”,歷漢(han)、晉(jin)、南北(bei)朝,及唐朝初期(qi)(qi)(qi)改(gai)“騶”為(wei)“鄒”,稱(cheng)“鄒縣(xian)”,沿襲至(zhi)1992年(nian)(nian)(nian)10月,撤(che)縣(xian)設(she)市(shi),稱(cheng)鄒城(cheng)市(shi)。大狐氏的郡(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)望為(wei)①即今(jin)山(shan)(shan)西(xi)(xi)臨(lin)(lin)汾。
平陽堂:以望立堂。
大狐氏(shi)復姓(xing)(xing)是一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)非常古老(lao)的姓(xing)(xing)氏(shi),但(dan)在(zai)今中國大陸的姓(xing)(xing)氏(shi)排行(xing)榜上未(wei)列入百家姓(xing)(xing)前一(yi)(yi)(yi)千位(wei),在(zai)臺灣(wan)省則沒有。今浙江(jiang)省西南部的麗水地(di)區,有零(ling)星大狐氏(shi)族人分布,以平(ping)陽(yang)為郡望。人口(kou)總(zong)數不及一(yi)(yi)(yi)百,大概屬于(yu)人口(kou)最稀(xi)少的姓(xing)(xing)氏(shi)群體之一(yi)(yi)(yi)了。