清(qing)原氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、中(zhong)臣(chen)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、安(an)倍(bei)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、賀(he)茂氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、中(zhong)原氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、物部氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、蘇我氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、紀氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、小野氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、在(zai)原氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、鷹司氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、二條氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、一條氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、日下部氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、惟宗氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、秦(qin)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、安(an)倍(bei)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、阿部氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、足利(li)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、伊達(da)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、福澤氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、華(hua)岡氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、三條氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、西園(yuan)寺(si)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、花山院氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、四條氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、勧修寺(si)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、日野氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、中(zhong)御門(men)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、近藤(teng)(teng)(teng)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、遠(yuan)藤(teng)(teng)(teng)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、安(an)藤(teng)(teng)(teng)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、加藤(teng)(teng)(teng)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、佐藤(teng)(teng)(teng)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、齊(qi)藤(teng)(teng)(teng)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、齋藤(teng)(teng)(teng)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、武藤(teng)(teng)(teng)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、足利(li)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、佐佐木氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、毛(mao)利(li)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、武田氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、德川氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)等...

注：明治維新之(zhi)后，日本(ben)(ben)天(tian)皇曾冊封了大批(pi)的新貴族(zu)，稱為華(hua)族(zu)。一共509個姓氏，包括(kuo)伊藤、山縣、松方(fang)等等。不過1947年(nian)之(zhi)后，日本(ben)(ben)制定新憲法，廢除了日本(ben)(ben)的華(hua)族(zu)制度。

日本五大政治家族（新貴族）

鳩山家(jia)(jia)族(zu)(zu)、小(xiao)泉(quan)家(jia)(jia)族(zu)(zu)、安倍(bei)家(jia)(jia)族(zu)(zu)、麻生家(jia)(jia)族(zu)(zu)和福田家(jia)(jia)族(zu)(zu)

古代(dai)日(ri)本人沒有姓(xing)，只有名(ming)。后(hou)來隨著生產的(de)(de)發(fa)展，特別是進入階級社(she)會(hui)以(yi)后(hou)，在統(tong)治(zhi)階級中間首先出現了氏(shi)(shi)(shi)和姓(xing)。氏(shi)(shi)(shi)是日(ri)本古代(dai)國家中的(de)(de)一種政(zheng)治(zhi)組織。每(mei)個氏(shi)(shi)(shi)都有自己(ji)的(de)(de)名(ming)稱，叫做“氏(shi)(shi)(shi)名(ming)”。氏(shi)(shi)(shi)名(ming)是根據該(gai)(gai)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)族在朝廷中擔任(ren)的(de)(de)職務或該(gai)(gai)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)族居(ju)住、管(guan)轄的(de)(de)地(di)方(fang)(fang)命名(ming)的(de)(de)。例如，在朝廷中主管(guan)祭把的(de)(de)部(bu)(bu)門叫忌部(bu)(bu)，管(guan)理忌部(bu)(bu)的(de)(de)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)族便(bian)稱為忌部(bu)(bu)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)，而出云氏(shi)(shi)(shi)、近江氏(shi)(shi)(shi)則是統(tong)治(zhi)出云、近江地(di)方(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)族。日(ri)本古代(dai)的(de)(de)“姓(xing)”是賜與氏(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)稱號，以(yi)表示該(gai)(gai)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)社(she)會(hui)政(zheng)治(zhi)地(di)位。姓(xing)有幾十種，它類似爵位，是世襲的(de)(de)。各姓(xing)之間等級分明。例如：臣(chen)、連、君、直等。

除氏(shi)、姓以(yi)外，公元九(jiu)、十世紀時還(huan)出現(xian)了一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)稱號叫苗(miao)字(zi)(zi)。苗(miao)是(shi)(shi)苗(miao)裔、分(fen)支的(de)(de)(de)意思。苗(miao)字(zi)(zi)即一(yi)(yi)個(ge)家(jia)族(zu)(zu)從(cong)氏(shi)族(zu)(zu)本家(jia)分(fen)離出去后的(de)(de)(de)新(xin)姓。要言之，古代(dai)(dai)日本人的(de)(de)(de)姓有(you)氏(shi)、姓、苗(miao)字(zi)(zi)三個(ge)部分(fen)，分(fen)別表示一(yi)(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)意義(yi)。一(yi)(yi)個(ge)古代(dai)(dai)貴族(zu)(zu)的(de)(de)(de)姓名寫(xie)出來往(wang)往(wang)很長，如(ru)“藤(teng)原朝(chao)臣(chen)九(jiu)條兼實”。其中：藤(teng)原是(shi)(shi)氏(shi)名，朝(chao)臣(chen)是(shi)(shi)姓，九(jiu)條是(shi)(shi)苗(miao)字(zi)(zi)，兼實是(shi)(shi)名。后來，新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)苗(miao)字(zi)(zi)大量增加(jia)，氏(shi)、姓、苗(miao)字(zi)(zi)逐漸合為一(yi)(yi)體(ti)，統(tong)稱為苗(miao)字(zi)(zi)：在現(xian)代(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)日文中，苗(miao)字(zi)(zi)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)我們通常所(suo)說的(de)(de)(de)姓的(de)(de)(de)意思。

在(zai)既(ji)有(you)氏、姓(xing)又有(you)苗字的(de)(de)貴(gui)族統(tong)治階級當(dang)中，天(tian)(tian)皇(huang)(huang)是(shi)(shi)一個例(li)外(wai)。歷(li)史(shi)上(shang)的(de)(de)日本(ben)天(tian)(tian)皇(huang)(huang)都沒(mei)有(you)姓(xing)，只(zhi)有(you)名(ming)。在(zai)古代，天(tian)(tian)皇(huang)(huang)被認為是(shi)(shi)天(tian)(tian)神的(de)(de)后(hou)代，具有(you)至高無上(shang)的(de)(de)權力，因而也就沒(mei)必要有(you)姓(xing)。不僅是(shi)(shi)天(tian)(tian)皇(huang)(huang)，就連皇(huang)(huang)后(hou)和天(tian)(tian)皇(huang)(huang)的(de)(de)子女(nv)也都沒(mei)有(you)姓(xing)（天(tian)(tian)皇(huang)(huang)的(de)(de)女(nv)兒(er)長大(da)出嫁以(yi)后(hou)，可以(yi)姓(xing)丈夫的(de)(de)姓(xing)）。