清原氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、中(zhong)臣氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、安(an)倍氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、賀茂(mao)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、中(zhong)原氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、物部(bu)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、蘇我氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、紀氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、小野(ye)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、在原氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、鷹司氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、二條(tiao)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、一條(tiao)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、日(ri)(ri)下部(bu)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、惟(wei)宗(zong)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、秦(qin)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、安(an)倍氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、阿部(bu)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、足(zu)利(li)(li)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、伊達氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、福(fu)澤(ze)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、華岡氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、三條(tiao)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、西(xi)園(yuan)寺氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、花山院氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、四條(tiao)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、勧修寺氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、日(ri)(ri)野(ye)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、中(zhong)御門氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、近藤(teng)(teng)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、遠藤(teng)(teng)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、安(an)藤(teng)(teng)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、加藤(teng)(teng)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、佐藤(teng)(teng)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、齊藤(teng)(teng)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、齋藤(teng)(teng)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、武藤(teng)(teng)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、足(zu)利(li)(li)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、佐佐木氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、毛利(li)(li)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、武田氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、德川氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)等...

注：明治維新(xin)之后(hou)，日本(ben)天皇曾冊封(feng)了大(da)批的新(xin)貴族(zu)，稱(cheng)為華(hua)族(zu)。一共(gong)509個(ge)姓氏，包括伊藤、山縣、松方等(deng)等(deng)。不過1947年之后(hou)，日本(ben)制定新(xin)憲法，廢除了日本(ben)的華(hua)族(zu)制度(du)。

日本五大政治家族（新貴族）

鳩山家族(zu)(zu)、小(xiao)泉家族(zu)(zu)、安倍家族(zu)(zu)、麻生家族(zu)(zu)和福(fu)田家族(zu)(zu)

古代日本人沒(mei)有姓(xing)，只有名(ming)(ming)(ming)。后來隨著(zhu)生(sheng)產的(de)(de)發展，特別是(shi)進入階級(ji)(ji)社(she)會以(yi)后，在統治階級(ji)(ji)中(zhong)間首先出現了氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)和姓(xing)。氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)是(shi)日本古代國家(jia)中(zhong)的(de)(de)一種政(zheng)治組織。每個氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)都有自己的(de)(de)名(ming)(ming)(ming)稱(cheng)，叫(jiao)做(zuo)“氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)名(ming)(ming)(ming)”。氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)名(ming)(ming)(ming)是(shi)根(gen)據該氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)族在朝廷中(zhong)擔任的(de)(de)職務(wu)或該氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)族居住、管轄的(de)(de)地方命名(ming)(ming)(ming)的(de)(de)。例如，在朝廷中(zhong)主(zhu)管祭把的(de)(de)部門叫(jiao)忌部，管理忌部的(de)(de)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)族便稱(cheng)為忌部氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，而出云氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、近(jin)江氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)則(ze)是(shi)統治出云、近(jin)江地方的(de)(de)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)族。日本古代的(de)(de)“姓(xing)”是(shi)賜(si)與氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)稱(cheng)號，以(yi)表示該氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)社(she)會政(zheng)治地位。姓(xing)有幾十種，它類似爵位，是(shi)世襲(xi)的(de)(de)。各姓(xing)之間等級(ji)(ji)分明。例如：臣、連(lian)、君、直等。

除氏(shi)(shi)、姓(xing)以(yi)外，公元九、十世(shi)紀時還(huan)出(chu)現(xian)了一(yi)種新(xin)的(de)(de)稱(cheng)號叫苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)字(zi)。苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)是(shi)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)裔(yi)、分(fen)(fen)支的(de)(de)意思。苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)字(zi)即一(yi)個(ge)家族(zu)從氏(shi)(shi)族(zu)本(ben)家分(fen)(fen)離出(chu)去后(hou)的(de)(de)新(xin)姓(xing)。要言之，古代日(ri)(ri)本(ben)人的(de)(de)姓(xing)有氏(shi)(shi)、姓(xing)、苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)字(zi)三個(ge)部分(fen)(fen)，分(fen)(fen)別表示一(yi)定的(de)(de)意義(yi)。一(yi)個(ge)古代貴族(zu)的(de)(de)姓(xing)名寫出(chu)來往往很長，如(ru)“藤原(yuan)朝(chao)臣(chen)(chen)九條(tiao)兼實”。其中：藤原(yuan)是(shi)氏(shi)(shi)名，朝(chao)臣(chen)(chen)是(shi)姓(xing)，九條(tiao)是(shi)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)字(zi)，兼實是(shi)名。后(hou)來，新(xin)的(de)(de)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)字(zi)大量增(zeng)加，氏(shi)(shi)、姓(xing)、苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)字(zi)逐漸合為(wei)一(yi)體(ti)，統稱(cheng)為(wei)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)字(zi)：在現(xian)代的(de)(de)日(ri)(ri)文中，苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)字(zi)就是(shi)我們通常所說的(de)(de)姓(xing)的(de)(de)意思。

在(zai)既有氏、姓(xing)(xing)又有苗字(zi)的(de)貴族統(tong)治階級當(dang)中，天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)皇是(shi)(shi)一(yi)個例外。歷史(shi)上的(de)日本天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)皇都沒(mei)有姓(xing)(xing)，只有名。在(zai)古代，天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)皇被認為是(shi)(shi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)神的(de)后(hou)代，具有至高無上的(de)權力，因(yin)而也就(jiu)沒(mei)必要有姓(xing)(xing)。不僅是(shi)(shi)天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)皇，就(jiu)連皇后(hou)和天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)皇的(de)子女也都沒(mei)有姓(xing)(xing)（天(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)皇的(de)女兒(er)長大出嫁以后(hou)，可(ke)以姓(xing)(xing)丈夫的(de)姓(xing)(xing)）。