清原氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、中臣氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、安倍(bei)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、賀茂(mao)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、中原氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、物部(bu)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、蘇我氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、紀氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、小野(ye)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、在原氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、鷹司氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、二條(tiao)(tiao)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、一條(tiao)(tiao)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、日(ri)下部(bu)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、惟宗氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、秦氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、安倍(bei)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、阿部(bu)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、足利氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、伊達氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、福澤氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、華岡氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、三條(tiao)(tiao)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、西園寺氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、花山院氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、四條(tiao)(tiao)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、勧修寺氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、日(ri)野(ye)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、中御門(men)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、近藤(teng)(teng)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、遠藤(teng)(teng)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、安藤(teng)(teng)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、加藤(teng)(teng)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、佐(zuo)藤(teng)(teng)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、齊藤(teng)(teng)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、齋藤(teng)(teng)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、武藤(teng)(teng)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、足利氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、佐(zuo)佐(zuo)木氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、毛利氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、武田氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、德(de)川氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)等...

注：明(ming)治維(wei)新(xin)之后，日本(ben)天(tian)皇曾冊封(feng)了大批(pi)的新(xin)貴族，稱(cheng)為(wei)華族。一(yi)共509個姓氏，包括伊藤、山(shan)縣、松方等(deng)等(deng)。不過1947年之后，日本(ben)制(zhi)定(ding)新(xin)憲法，廢(fei)除(chu)了日本(ben)的華族制(zhi)度。

日本五大政治家族（新貴族）

鳩(jiu)山家族(zu)(zu)、小(xiao)泉家族(zu)(zu)、安倍(bei)家族(zu)(zu)、麻生家族(zu)(zu)和福(fu)田家族(zu)(zu)

古(gu)代日本人沒有姓，只有名(ming)。后來(lai)隨著(zhu)生產的(de)(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)，特別是(shi)進(jin)入階(jie)級(ji)社會以后，在(zai)統治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)階(jie)級(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)間首先出現了(le)氏(shi)(shi)和姓。氏(shi)(shi)是(shi)日本古(gu)代國家中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一種(zhong)(zhong)政治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)組織(zhi)。每個(ge)氏(shi)(shi)都有自己的(de)(de)(de)(de)名(ming)稱，叫(jiao)做(zuo)“氏(shi)(shi)名(ming)”。氏(shi)(shi)名(ming)是(shi)根(gen)據該氏(shi)(shi)族(zu)在(zai)朝廷(ting)中(zhong)(zhong)擔任的(de)(de)(de)(de)職務或該氏(shi)(shi)族(zu)居(ju)住、管轄的(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)方(fang)命(ming)名(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。例(li)如，在(zai)朝廷(ting)中(zhong)(zhong)主管祭(ji)把(ba)的(de)(de)(de)(de)部門(men)叫(jiao)忌(ji)(ji)部，管理忌(ji)(ji)部的(de)(de)(de)(de)氏(shi)(shi)族(zu)便稱為忌(ji)(ji)部氏(shi)(shi)，而(er)出云氏(shi)(shi)、近江(jiang)氏(shi)(shi)則是(shi)統治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)出云、近江(jiang)地(di)(di)方(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)氏(shi)(shi)族(zu)。日本古(gu)代的(de)(de)(de)(de)“姓”是(shi)賜與氏(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)稱號，以表(biao)示該氏(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)社會政治(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地(di)(di)位(wei)。姓有幾十(shi)種(zhong)(zhong)，它類似爵位(wei)，是(shi)世襲的(de)(de)(de)(de)。各(ge)姓之間等級(ji)分明。例(li)如：臣、連、君(jun)、直等。

除氏、姓(xing)以外，公元九、十世紀時(shi)還出現(xian)了一(yi)種新(xin)的(de)(de)稱(cheng)號叫(jiao)苗(miao)(miao)字。苗(miao)(miao)是(shi)苗(miao)(miao)裔、分(fen)支的(de)(de)意(yi)思。苗(miao)(miao)字即(ji)一(yi)個家族從氏族本家分(fen)離(li)出去(qu)后的(de)(de)新(xin)姓(xing)。要言之，古代(dai)日本人的(de)(de)姓(xing)有氏、姓(xing)、苗(miao)(miao)字三(san)個部分(fen)，分(fen)別表(biao)示一(yi)定的(de)(de)意(yi)義。一(yi)個古代(dai)貴族的(de)(de)姓(xing)名寫出來往(wang)往(wang)很長，如“藤(teng)原朝臣(chen)(chen)九條兼實”。其中：藤(teng)原是(shi)氏名，朝臣(chen)(chen)是(shi)姓(xing)，九條是(shi)苗(miao)(miao)字，兼實是(shi)名。后來，新(xin)的(de)(de)苗(miao)(miao)字大量(liang)增加，氏、姓(xing)、苗(miao)(miao)字逐(zhu)漸合為一(yi)體，統稱(cheng)為苗(miao)(miao)字：在(zai)現(xian)代(dai)的(de)(de)日文中，苗(miao)(miao)字就是(shi)我們(men)通常所(suo)說的(de)(de)姓(xing)的(de)(de)意(yi)思。

在既有(you)(you)氏、姓又有(you)(you)苗(miao)字(zi)的(de)貴族統治階級當中，天(tian)(tian)(tian)皇(huang)(huang)是一個例(li)外。歷史上的(de)日本天(tian)(tian)(tian)皇(huang)(huang)都沒(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)姓，只有(you)(you)名。在古代，天(tian)(tian)(tian)皇(huang)(huang)被認為(wei)是天(tian)(tian)(tian)神的(de)后(hou)代，具(ju)有(you)(you)至(zhi)高無上的(de)權力(li)，因而(er)也就沒(mei)(mei)必要有(you)(you)姓。不僅是天(tian)(tian)(tian)皇(huang)(huang)，就連皇(huang)(huang)后(hou)和天(tian)(tian)(tian)皇(huang)(huang)的(de)子女也都沒(mei)(mei)有(you)(you)姓（天(tian)(tian)(tian)皇(huang)(huang)的(de)女兒長大出嫁以(yi)后(hou)，可以(yi)姓丈(zhang)夫的(de)姓）。