清原氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、中(zhong)臣氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、安倍氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、賀茂氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、中(zhong)原氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、物部氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、蘇我(wo)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、紀氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、小野氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、在原氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、鷹司氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、二條(tiao)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、一條(tiao)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、日(ri)下部氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、惟宗氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、秦氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、安倍氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、阿部氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、足(zu)利氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、伊達氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、福澤氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、華岡氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、三條(tiao)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、西園寺氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、花(hua)山院氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、四條(tiao)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、勧修寺氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、日(ri)野氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、中(zhong)御門氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、近藤(teng)(teng)(teng)(teng)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、遠藤(teng)(teng)(teng)(teng)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、安藤(teng)(teng)(teng)(teng)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、加藤(teng)(teng)(teng)(teng)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、佐(zuo)藤(teng)(teng)(teng)(teng)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、齊藤(teng)(teng)(teng)(teng)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、齋藤(teng)(teng)(teng)(teng)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、武藤(teng)(teng)(teng)(teng)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、足(zu)利氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、佐(zuo)佐(zuo)木氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、毛利氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、武田氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、德川氏(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)等(deng)...

注：明治維新之后(hou)，日(ri)本(ben)天皇曾(ceng)冊封了(le)大(da)批的新貴(gui)族(zu)，稱為華(hua)族(zu)。一共(gong)509個姓(xing)氏，包括伊藤、山縣、松方等(deng)等(deng)。不過1947年之后(hou)，日(ri)本(ben)制定(ding)新憲法(fa)，廢除了(le)日(ri)本(ben)的華(hua)族(zu)制度。

日本五大政治家族（新貴族）

鳩山家族、小泉家族、安倍家族、麻生家族和福田(tian)家族

古(gu)代(dai)日本(ben)人沒有姓，只有名(ming)(ming)。后(hou)來隨著生產的(de)(de)發展，特別是(shi)(shi)(shi)進入(ru)階級(ji)社會(hui)以(yi)后(hou)，在(zai)統治階級(ji)中間(jian)首先出現(xian)了氏(shi)(shi)(shi)和姓。氏(shi)(shi)(shi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)日本(ben)古(gu)代(dai)國家(jia)中的(de)(de)一種(zhong)政治組織。每個氏(shi)(shi)(shi)都有自己(ji)的(de)(de)名(ming)(ming)稱，叫做“氏(shi)(shi)(shi)名(ming)(ming)”。氏(shi)(shi)(shi)名(ming)(ming)是(shi)(shi)(shi)根據該氏(shi)(shi)(shi)族在(zai)朝廷中擔任的(de)(de)職務或(huo)該氏(shi)(shi)(shi)族居住、管(guan)轄的(de)(de)地方命(ming)名(ming)(ming)的(de)(de)。例如，在(zai)朝廷中主管(guan)祭把(ba)的(de)(de)部(bu)門叫忌(ji)部(bu)，管(guan)理忌(ji)部(bu)的(de)(de)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)族便稱為忌(ji)部(bu)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)，而出云氏(shi)(shi)(shi)、近(jin)(jin)江氏(shi)(shi)(shi)則是(shi)(shi)(shi)統治出云、近(jin)(jin)江地方的(de)(de)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)族。日本(ben)古(gu)代(dai)的(de)(de)“姓”是(shi)(shi)(shi)賜與氏(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)稱號(hao)，以(yi)表(biao)示該氏(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)社會(hui)政治地位。姓有幾(ji)十種(zhong)，它類(lei)似(si)爵(jue)位，是(shi)(shi)(shi)世(shi)襲(xi)的(de)(de)。各姓之(zhi)間(jian)等級(ji)分明。例如：臣、連、君、直等。

除氏(shi)、姓(xing)以外，公元九、十(shi)世紀時還出現(xian)了(le)一(yi)(yi)種新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)稱號(hao)叫苗(miao)(miao)(miao)字(zi)(zi)(zi)。苗(miao)(miao)(miao)是(shi)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)裔(yi)、分支的(de)(de)(de)意思(si)。苗(miao)(miao)(miao)字(zi)(zi)(zi)即(ji)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)家(jia)族從氏(shi)族本家(jia)分離出去后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)新(xin)姓(xing)。要言之，古代(dai)(dai)(dai)日(ri)本人的(de)(de)(de)姓(xing)有氏(shi)、姓(xing)、苗(miao)(miao)(miao)字(zi)(zi)(zi)三(san)個(ge)部分，分別表示(shi)一(yi)(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)意義(yi)。一(yi)(yi)個(ge)古代(dai)(dai)(dai)貴族的(de)(de)(de)姓(xing)名(ming)(ming)寫出來(lai)往往很長，如“藤原(yuan)朝(chao)臣九條兼實”。其中(zhong)：藤原(yuan)是(shi)氏(shi)名(ming)(ming)，朝(chao)臣是(shi)姓(xing)，九條是(shi)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)字(zi)(zi)(zi)，兼實是(shi)名(ming)(ming)。后(hou)來(lai)，新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)字(zi)(zi)(zi)大量增(zeng)加，氏(shi)、姓(xing)、苗(miao)(miao)(miao)字(zi)(zi)(zi)逐漸(jian)合為一(yi)(yi)體，統稱為苗(miao)(miao)(miao)字(zi)(zi)(zi)：在現(xian)代(dai)(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)日(ri)文(wen)中(zhong)，苗(miao)(miao)(miao)字(zi)(zi)(zi)就是(shi)我(wo)們通常所說的(de)(de)(de)姓(xing)的(de)(de)(de)意思(si)。

在既有氏(shi)、姓(xing)(xing)又有苗字的(de)貴族統治階級當(dang)中，天(tian)(tian)皇是(shi)一個例外。歷(li)史上的(de)日本天(tian)(tian)皇都沒(mei)有姓(xing)(xing)，只有名。在古代，天(tian)(tian)皇被認為(wei)是(shi)天(tian)(tian)神的(de)后(hou)代，具有至(zhi)高無上的(de)權力，因而也(ye)就(jiu)沒(mei)必要有姓(xing)(xing)。不僅是(shi)天(tian)(tian)皇，就(jiu)連皇后(hou)和天(tian)(tian)皇的(de)子(zi)女(nv)也(ye)都沒(mei)有姓(xing)(xing)（天(tian)(tian)皇的(de)女(nv)兒(er)長大(da)出嫁以(yi)(yi)后(hou)，可以(yi)(yi)姓(xing)(xing)丈(zhang)夫的(de)姓(xing)(xing)）。