第(di)五姓(xing)是漢族復姓(xing)之一(yi)(yi),為田齊王(wang)族之后(hou)。秦(qin)末天下紛爭(zheng),起先被秦(qin)國所滅的(de)六國,其(qi)王(wang)族后(hou)裔們,爭(zheng)先糾集(ji)人(ren)馬反秦(qin)復國;而在漢高祖劉(liu)邦建立漢朝后(hou),顧(gu)慮到這些復國失敗的(de)舊(jiu)王(wang)族勢力,便(bian)將他們紛紛遷(qian)出原籍,另(ling)外擇地安置。其(qi)中(zhong)將田齊王(wang)族從第(di)一(yi)(yi)到第(di)八(ba)分(fen)為八(ba)支遷(qian)走,故而后(hou)人(ren)以第(di)次為姓(xing)氏(shi),第(di)五氏(shi)就(jiu)為這里的(de)一(yi)(yi)支。如(ru)今,第(di)五姓(xing)多(duo)分(fen)布(bu)于陜西(xi)涇(jing)陽、旬邑一(yi)(yi)帶(dai),一(yi)(yi)些第(di)五姓(xing)現多(duo)演化為第(di)姓(xing)、五姓(xing)或伍姓(xing)。
第(di)五氏(shi)出名的歷(li)史人物(wu)有漢代(dai)(dai)大司空第(di)五倫,唐(tang)代(dai)(dai)宰相第(di)五琦等。
復姓(xing)(xing)第五(wu)可以追溯(su)到舜帝,其后有姚(yao)、媯(gui)、陳(chen)、胡(hu)、田,皆為(wei)(wei)同根同源,史(shi)稱“媯(gui)汭(rui)五(wu)姓(xing)(xing)”。后舜的(de)(de)后裔(yi)不斷發展,一直到商(shang)朝后期,舜的(de)(de)后代(dai)閼(e)父(fu)歸順于周文王(wang),任陶正(zheng)之(zhi)官。后周武王(wang)消滅商(shang)紂,建立周朝,并將長女大姬(ji)嫁與閼(e)父(fu)之(zhi)子(zi)媯(gui)滿(man)(man)(舜后33代(dai)孫)。后來(lai),武王(wang)追封(feng)上古圣王(wang)的(de)(de)后裔(yi),媯(gui)滿(man)(man)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)因此(ci)被封(feng)為(wei)(wei)陳(chen)侯,位于陳(chen)地,國都位于今天河南(nan)淮陽縣。媯(gui)滿(man)(man)史(shi)稱陳(chen)胡(hu)公,胡(hu)公滿(man)(man),其后代(dai)以國為(wei)(wei)姓(xing)(xing),從而產生了(le)陳(chen)氏(shi)(shi)(shi),后代(dai)以胡(hu)公謚號為(wei)(wei)氏(shi)(shi)(shi),產生了(le)胡(hu)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)。
陳(chen)姓(xing)在(zai)春秋(qiu)中期分(fen)出田(tian)姓(xing)。在(zai)陳(chen)厲公時,陳(chen)國發生了爭奪(duo)君位的(de)內亂,陳(chen)厲公之子陳(chen)完逃出齊國避(bi)難(nan),為避(bi)禍而(er)改為田(tian)姓(xing),陳(chen)完是田(tian)姓(xing)的(de)始祖。陳(chen)完在(zai)齊國受(shou)到禮遇,任工(gong)正(zheng)。
陳(chen)完的(de)后(hou)代(dai)田(tian)(tian)氏家族在齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)逐(zhu)漸發展,后(hou)掌握齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)國(guo)政(zheng)。公(gong)(gong)元前481年(nian),田(tian)(tian)乞之(zhi)子田(tian)(tian)恒(田(tian)(tian)常(chang)子)殺齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)簡公(gong)(gong)與(yu)諸(zhu)多公(gong)(gong)族,另立齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)平公(gong)(gong),進一(yi)步把(ba)持政(zheng)權,又(you)以(yi)“修公(gong)(gong)行賞”爭取(qu)民心。公(gong)(gong)元前391年(nian),田(tian)(tian)成子四世孫(sun)田(tian)(tian)和廢齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)康(kang)公(gong)(gong)。公(gong)(gong)元前386年(nian),田(tian)(tian)和放(fang)逐(zhu)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)康(kang)公(gong)(gong)于海上,自(zi)立為(wei)國(guo)君,同年(nian)為(wei)周(zhou)安王冊(ce)命為(wei)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)侯,并受到(dao)諸(zhu)侯列國(guo)的(de)承認(ren),這就是歷史(shi)上著名的(de)“田(tian)(tian)代(dai)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)姜”。前379年(nian),齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)康(kang)公(gong)(gong)死,姜姓齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)國(guo)絕(jue)祀。田(tian)(tian)氏仍以(yi)“齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)”作(zuo)為(wei)國(guo)號,史(shi)稱“田(tian)(tian)齊(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)”。
西漢時期,為了增(zeng)強(qiang)關中的經濟實(shi)力(li),削弱各地豪強(qiang)的殘余勢力(li)。將齊田氏分為八部,分別遷往(wang)西安一(yi)帶,并要他們改(gai)姓(xing)“第一(yi)”“第二”……一(yi)直到“第八”。
所(suo)以第(di)(di)(di)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)出自田姓,源自漢(han)代遷(qian)徙(xi)齊(qi)國(guo)公族(zu)(zu)(zu)所(suo)改。據《姓氏(shi)(shi)(shi)考略》載(zai):“齊(qi)田氏(shi)(shi)(shi)后(hou),漢(han)時齊(qi)諸田徙(xi)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)京兆房(fang)(fang)陵(ling),以次第(di)(di)(di)為(wei)(wei)(wei)姓,有第(di)(di)(di)一(yi)(yi)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)第(di)(di)(di)八(ba)。”又《后(hou)漢(han)書·第(di)(di)(di)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)倫(lun)傳》載(zai):“后(hou)或改姓。”漢(han)高(gao)祖劉邦建立漢(han)朝后(hou),為(wei)(wei)(wei)了增強關中(zhong)(zhong)的經濟實力,削弱地(di)方門閥(fa)勢力,將豪族(zu)(zu)(zu)名門共(gong)十萬多人都遷(qian)徙(xi)到(dao)關中(zhong)(zhong)房(fang)(fang)陵(ling)(今陜(shan)西咸陽一(yi)(yi)帶)一(yi)(yi)帶定居。在遷(qian)徙(xi)原齊(qi)國(guo)田姓貴(gui)族(zu)(zu)(zu)時,因族(zu)(zu)(zu)大人眾(zhong),以門第(di)(di)(di)順序被分為(wei)(wei)(wei)第(di)(di)(di)一(yi)(yi)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)第(di)(di)(di)八(ba)氏(shi)(shi)(shi),例如田廣的弟(di)弟(di)田英為(wei)(wei)(wei)第(di)(di)(di)八(ba)氏(shi)(shi)(shi),其(qi)孫(sun)田登為(wei)(wei)(wei)第(di)(di)(di)二氏(shi)(shi)(shi),元孫(sun)田癸為(wei)(wei)(wei)第(di)(di)(di)三(san)氏(shi)(shi)(shi),第(di)(di)(di)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)氏(shi)(shi)(shi)就(jiu)是其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)的一(yi)(yi)支,也就(jiu)產生了第(di)(di)(di)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)姓氏(shi)(shi)(shi)。唯有“第(di)(di)(di)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)”氏(shi)(shi)(shi)這一(yi)(yi)支后(hou)來出了不(bu)少名人,得以較(jiao)普(pu)遍流(liu)傳,所(suo)以作為(wei)(wei)(wei)顯姓收到(dao)《續(xu)百家姓》中(zhong)(zhong)。第(di)(di)(di)一(yi)(yi)至(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)第(di)(di)(di)八(ba)等姓,后(hou)來都改為(wei)(wei)(wei)單姓“第(di)(di)(di)”及“五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)”(伍)兩個(ge)姓氏(shi)(shi)(shi),現在保(bao)留復姓的很少。
隴西(xi)郡:秦(qin)置(zhi)隴西(xi)郡,治(zhi)狄道(今甘(gan)肅省臨洮(tao)南)。曹魏(wei)移治(zhi)襄武(今東鄉以東及隴西(xi)南一帶地(di)區)。隋唐為渭州隴西(xi)郡。
東(dong)(dong)(dong)郡:東(dong)(dong)(dong)郡始建于秦(qin)始皇五年(庚申,公元前242年),取原魏國之(zhi)地置東(dong)(dong)(dong)郡,包括河(he)(he)(he)北(bei)大名府、山(shan)東(dong)(dong)(dong)東(dong)(dong)(dong)昌(chang)府、及長清縣(xian)(xian)以西(xi)(xi)一(yi)帶(dai)地區(qu)。西(xi)(xi)漢(han)時期因之(zhi),治(zhi)(zhi)所(suo)在(zai)(zai)(zai)濮陽(yang)縣(xian)(xian)(今(jin)河(he)(he)(he)南(nan)(nan)濮陽(yang)),其(qi)時轄地在(zai)(zai)(zai)今(jin)河(he)(he)(he)南(nan)(nan)省南(nan)(nan)部(bu)仆陽(yang)縣(xian)(xian)及山(shan)東(dong)(dong)(dong)省東(dong)(dong)(dong)西(xi)(xi)部(bu)一(yi)帶(dai)地區(qu)。東(dong)(dong)(dong)漢(han)初其(qi)平中嘗治(zhi)(zhi)武陽(yang),臧洪為太守,又(you)治(zhi)(zhi)東(dong)(dong)(dong)武陽(yang)。西(xi)(xi)晉朝(chao)(chao)時期廢(fei)黜,東(dong)(dong)(dong)晉朝(chao)(chao)復(fu)置,在(zai)(zai)(zai)今(jin)河(he)(he)(he)南(nan)(nan)滑縣(xian)(xian)東(dong)(dong)(dong)部(bu)。北(bei)魏王朝(chao)(chao)徙治(zhi)(zhi)至滑臺(今(jin)河(he)(he)(he)南(nan)(nan)滑縣(xian)(xian)),隋朝(chao)(chao)初期廢(fei)黜,后曾以兗州為東(dong)(dong)(dong)郡,此兗州是(shi)由滑州(今(jin)河(he)(he)(he)南(nan)(nan)滑縣(xian)(xian))改名而成,并非今(jin)山(shan)東(dong)(dong)(dong)省之(zhi)兗州。南(nan)(nan)朝(chao)(chao)宋國再置東(dong)(dong)(dong)郡,在(zai)(zai)(zai)河(he)(he)(he)南(nan)(nan)陳州府境。
隴西堂:以望立堂。
東郡堂(tang):以望(wang)立堂(tang),亦(yi)稱江扈(hu)堂(tang)。
廉貞忠厚;正(zheng)直清高。
——佚名撰第五姓
上聯典指東漢長陵人第五倫(lun),字伯魚,耿直(zhi)無(wu)私,以清節著稱。建武年間舉孝廉,官會(hui)稽太(tai)守(shou),章(zhang)帝時任司(si)空。下聯典指第五倫(lun)的曾(ceng)孫(sun)第五種。
清(qing)高(gao)正直;忠厚(hou)廉貞(zhen)。
——佚名撰第五姓宗祠通(tong)用(yong)聯(lian)
上聯典(dian)指東漢(han)·第五種(zhong)(zhong)為官清正,名冠州郡(jun),時人(ren)謂:“清高正直,以種(zhong)(zhong)為首。”下聯典(dian)指第五種(zhong)(zhong)的曾(ceng)祖(zu)父第五倫為司空(kong),奉公盡節,所得俸祿(lu)僅給衣食,余皆(jie)散資(zi)貧(pin)民。
維(wei)揚邗東第五氏(shi)宗譜,著者待考,民(min)國年間木(mu)刻(ke)活字印本(ben)兩冊。現被收(shou)(shou)藏在江蘇省常(chang)州市家譜收(shou)(shou)藏者朱炳國處。
陜(shan)西旬(xun)邑第五(wu)氏家(jia)譜,著者待考,民國年間手寫本。現被(bei)收藏在陜(shan)西省咸陽市(shi)旬(xun)邑縣(xian)魏(wei)洛村(cun)第五(wu)氏宗祠。
第(di)(di)五(wu)倫:字伯魚,京兆長陵(ling)人也,東(dong)漢(han)大司空(即東(dong)漢(han)宰相)。其先(xian)齊諸田(tian),諸田(tian)徙(xi)園陵(ling)者多,故(gu)以次第(di)(di)為氏。第(di)(di)五(wu)倫曾為東(dong)漢(han)初(chu)年光(guang)武帝(di)(di)、明帝(di)(di)、章帝(di)(di)三朝(chao)元老,為官清廉無私,盡忠守節,其后輩有五(wu)人在朝(chao)為官,與東(dong)漢(han)相始終。
第(di)五(wu)頡:字(zi)子(zi)(zi)陵,第(di)五(wu)倫少子(zi)(zi);京兆(zhao)長陵人(今陜西咸陽(yang))。著名東漢大臣。先為(wei)郡功曹,州從(cong)事,公府(fu)辟舉高第(di),后為(wei)侍御史,南(nan)頓令,桂陽(yang)、南(nan)陽(yang)、廬江三郡太(tai)守,諫議大夫。漢順帝(di)(di)之為(wei)太(tai)子(zi)(zi)廢(fei)也,第(di)五(wu)頡為(wei)太(tai)中大夫,與(yu)太(tai)仆來歷等共守闕固爭。漢順帝(di)(di)即位(wei),第(di)五(wu)頡擢為(wei)將作大匠,卒官(guan)。
第(di)五種:字興先,歷官(guan)高密(mi)侯(hou)相、兗州(zhou)刺(ci)史。因彈劾中常侍單超及(ji)其(qi)侄子單匡(kuang),屢受陷害。當時人(ren)說:“清高正直,以第(di)五種為(wei)第(di)一。”
第(di)五訪:字仲謀,東漢(han)中(zhong)期京兆(zhao)長陵(今(jin)陜西省咸(xian)陽市(shi)東北)人(ren)。
第五上:東漢刺(ci)史,為(wei)官(guan)冠名州郡,永壽中以奉使(shi)稱職,拜高密侯(hou)相,懲治貪惡,剛直不宥。
第五元先:東漢學者,通京(jing)氏易、公羊春秋、三(san)統歷、九章(zhang)算術,為鄭(zheng)康成之師(shi)。
第五琦:唐代同中(zhong)書門(men)下平(ping)(ping)章(zhang)(zhang)事(shi)(即唐朝宰(zai)相)。曾為扶風郡公,京兆尹,改(gai)戶部(bu)侍郎,判(pan)度支(zhi)等(deng),能(neng)言強(qiang)國(guo)富民術,不益(yi)賦而用以(yi)饒(rao)。乾元時升任同中(zhong)書門(men)下平(ping)(ping)章(zhang)(zhang)事(shi),終年(nian)七十歲,贈太子少保、子峰。
第五可范(fan):唐昭(zhao)宗的(de)親信宦官,后來(lai)權臣朱溫迫使(shi)唐昭(zhao)宗將第五可范(fan)賜死。
第五均:宋朝人(ren),官至宰相,生卒(zu)不詳。
中國復(fu)姓(xing)(xing)第五(wu)主要聚居在陜西省咸(xian)陽市(shi)的(de)魏(wei)洛(luo)村(cun)和埝口五(wu)村(cun),這兩個(ge)村(cun)子除了個(ge)別(bie)的(de)雜姓(xing)(xing)外(wai)(wai),基本都復(fu)姓(xing)(xing)第五(wu)。另外(wai)(wai)在全國各地的(de)其(qi)它地方(fang)也散居著很(hen)多復(fu)姓(xing)(xing)第五(wu)。臺(tai)灣有7家復(fu)姓(xing)(xing)第五(wu),其(qi)祖(zu)先在今天的(de)魏(wei)洛(luo)村(cun),主要居住(zhu)在臺(tai)北市(shi)內(nei)湖區。
中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)復(fu)姓(xing)(xing)“第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)”聚(ju)居最(zui)多的(de)就(jiu)是在陜西省(sheng)旬邑縣太村(cun)(cun)(cun)鎮赤道社(she)區魏洛村(cun)(cun)(cun),全(quan)村(cun)(cun)(cun)有(you)4000多人都(dou)(dou)姓(xing)(xing)“第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)”。據村(cun)(cun)(cun)民介紹,第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)姓(xing)(xing)為(wei)田齊王族(zu)之后。祖上傳說在漢(han)(han)朝(chao)就(jiu)住在這里。村(cun)(cun)(cun)上建有(you)“第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)氏(shi)三(san)朝(chao)宰相祠(ci)堂(tang)”,即(ji)東(dong)漢(han)(han)漢(han)(han)明(ming)帝(di)時期大司空:第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)倫(lun),唐朝(chao)唐肅宗時期宰相:第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)琦,宋朝(chao)(時期不(bu)詳(xiang))宰相:第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)均。有(you)“第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)氏(shi)宗族(zu)家(jia)譜”。2007年1月13日,陜西省(sheng)涇(jing)陽縣埝口五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)村(cun)(cun)(cun)。中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)國(guo)家(jia)地理(li)雜志的(de)攝影師馬宏杰指揮幾十位村(cun)(cun)(cun)民拍集體照,因(yin)為(wei)這些(xie)村(cun)(cun)(cun)民都(dou)(dou)姓(xing)(xing)“第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)”。“第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)”這個(ge)姓(xing)(xing)其(qi)實并不(bu)鮮見,古時候(hou)從“第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)一(yi)”到“第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)八”都(dou)(dou)是姓(xing)(xing)氏(shi),《百(bai)家(jia)姓(xing)(xing)》中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)最(zui)后8個(ge)字就(jiu)是“第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)言福、百(bai)家(jia)姓(xing)(xing)終(zhong)”。第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)一(yi)到第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)八都(dou)(dou)曾存在過,不(bu)過現在第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)姓(xing)(xing)最(zui)多的(de)了,第(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)五(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)姓(xing)(xing)主要分布在陜西涇(jing)陽和旬邑。
今江(jiang)蘇省(sheng)(sheng)的(de)揚州(zhou)市(shi)(shi)(shi),天津市(shi)(shi)(shi),陜西省(sheng)(sheng)的(de)咸陽(yang)(yang)市(shi)(shi)(shi)涇陽(yang)(yang)縣(xian)(xian)、旬邑(yi)縣(xian)(xian)、彬縣(xian)(xian)、西安(an)市(shi)(shi)(shi)高(gao)陵縣(xian)(xian),寧夏回族(zu)自治區的(de)吳忠市(shi)(shi)(shi)、靈武市(shi)(shi)(shi),甘(gan)肅省(sheng)(sheng)的(de)慶陽(yang)(yang)市(shi)(shi)(shi)寧縣(xian)(xian)、浙江(jiang)省(sheng)(sheng)的(de)舟山市(shi)(shi)(shi)定海縣(xian)(xian),安(an)徽省(sheng)(sheng)的(de)滁州(zhou)市(shi)(shi)(shi),臺(tai)(tai)灣省(sheng)(sheng)的(de)臺(tai)(tai)北市(shi)(shi)(shi)內湖(hu)區等(deng)地,均有第五氏族(zu)人分布,總人口在六千以上(shang)。
其中(zhong):姓(xing)第(di)五(wu)(有(you)(you)的(de)寫成第(di)伍)的(de)在甘肅有(you)(you)178人(ren)(ren),姓(xing)第(di)的(de)有(you)(you)1587人(ren)(ren),合計1765人(ren)(ren),主要分布在甘肅省寧縣、慶城(cheng)縣和合水(shui)縣,蘭州(zhou)市、嘉峪關市、白銀市也有(you)(you)分布。甘肅寧縣的(de)第(di)(第(di)五(wu))家(jia)族(zu),主要居住在早(zao)勝鎮(zhen)(zhen)、良平鎮(zhen)(zhen)等地,據考證(zheng),其祖先(xian)是從陜西旬邑縣赤道鄉魏洛(luo)村遷徙而(er)來。
《姓氏考略(lve)》:齊田氏后(hou),漢(han)時齊諸田徙至京兆房陵,以次第為姓,有第一至第八。
《后(hou)漢書·第五倫傳》:后(hou)或(huo)改姓(xing)。