公孫姓(xing)(xing)(xing):漢族復姓(xing)(xing)(xing)之一。據傳,源于(yu)5000多年(nian)前(qian)的(de)華夏時(shi)代(dai),是中(zhong)國最古老的(de)姓(xing)(xing)(xing)氏之一。在(zai)《百家姓(xing)(xing)(xing)》中(zhong)排(pai)名第428位。在(zai)2007年(nian)全國姓(xing)(xing)(xing)氏人口(kou)排(pai)名第300位以外。
春秋時期,各(ge)國(guo)(guo)諸侯不論爵位(wei)大小,多喜(xi)歡稱公(gong)。按照(zhao)周朝制度,國(guo)(guo)君一般由嫡長子(zi)(zi)繼位(wei),即(ji)位(wei)前稱為(wei)太子(zi)(zi),其他的(de)兒子(zi)(zi)便(bian)稱為(wei)公(gong)子(zi)(zi),公(gong)子(zi)(zi)的(de)兒子(zi)(zi)則稱公(gong)孫(sun)。他們的(de)后(hou)代(dai)便(bian)有不少(shao)人便(bian)以(yi)公(gong)孫(sun)為(wei)姓。
《通志》載:"公(gong)孫(sun)氏(shi),春秋時諸侯之孫(sun),亦(yi)以為氏(shi)者,曰公(gong)孫(sun)氏(shi),皆貴族之稱。或跟黃帝姓公(gong)孫(sun),因以為氏(shi)。”
公孫(Gōng sūn)姓,源出有二:
源于身(shen)份,出(chu)自兩周(zhou)時期(qi)各諸侯國王族的(de)(de)(de)后裔(yi),屬于以貴胄身(shen)份稱謂為(wei)(wei)氏。春秋時期(qi),各國諸侯不論爵(jue)位(wei)大小,多有(you)被(bei)稱為(wei)(wei)“公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)”者。按周(zhou)王朝的(de)(de)(de)典禮制度,國君一般由(you)嫡長子繼位(wei),即位(wei)前(qian)稱為(wei)(wei)太子,其(qi)他的(de)(de)(de)兒子便稱為(wei)(wei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子,公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子的(de)(de)(de)兒子則稱公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)。在這(zhe)些公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)的(de)(de)(de)后裔(yi)子孫(sun)(sun)(sun)中,有(you)許多人(ren)便以身(shen)份稱謂“公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)”為(wei)(wei)姓(xing)氏者,稱公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)氏,因此,公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)并非一族一姓(xing)的(de)(de)(de)后人(ren)。
出(chu)(chu)自姬(ji)姓(xing),黃帝(di)姬(ji)軒轅(yuan)的(de)后裔有(you)(you)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)氏(shi)。最初出(chu)(chu)現(xian)的(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)氏(shi)是(shi)在(zai)上(shang)古時(shi)(shi)期(qi)。據《路史》載:“神農同(tong)母弟(di)勖,嗣少典(dian)國(guo)君(jun),世為(wei)(wei)諸(zhu)侯,后以(yi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)為(wei)(wei)姓(xing)。軒轅(yuan)帝(di)初名公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun),后改姬(ji)。”所有(you)(you)他的(de)后代里(li),有(you)(you)部分姓(xing)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun),稱(cheng)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)氏(shi)。在(zai)春秋時(shi)(shi),各國(guo)各地的(de)諸(zhu)侯,大多喜歡被稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)“公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)”。以(yi)當(dang)時(shi)(shi)的(de)制(zhi)度,國(guo)君(jun)將由(you)國(guo)君(jun)的(de)嫡系(xi)長子(zi)繼(ji)承。正式(shi)登基前,應先立為(wei)(wei)太子(zi),此時(shi)(shi)其他的(de)兒子(zi)將稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi),同(tong)時(shi)(shi)諸(zhu)侯的(de)兒子(zi)也是(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi),而公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)的(de)兒子(zi)就(jiu)是(shi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)。這(zhe)些公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)們(men)的(de)后代為(wei)(wei)突出(chu)(chu)祖(zu)出(chu)(chu)祖(zu)先曾有(you)(you)過(guo)的(de)皇室血統(tong),就(jiu)改姓(xing)為(wei)(wei)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)。這(zhe)樣,公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)作為(wei)(wei)一種姓(xing)氏(shi)的(de)榮譽(yu)而流傳甚廣。此時(shi)(shi)它的(de)姓(xing)氏(shi)來源就(jiu)五花八門,不(bu)一而足了。故公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)氏(shi)的(de)始(shi)祖(zu)是(shi)黃帝(di)軒轅(yuan)。
這(zhe)在史籍《廣韻》中(zhong)有記載(zai):“古封公(gong)之后(hou),皆(jie)自稱(cheng)公(gong)孫(sun)(sun),故其姓多,非(fei)一族也。”又據史籍《通志》記載(zai):“公(gong)孫(sun)(sun)氏(shi),春秋時諸(zhu)侯之孫(sun)(sun),亦以為(wei)氏(shi)者(zhe),曰公(gong)孫(sun)(sun)氏(shi),皆(jie)貴族之稱(cheng)。或(huo)眼黃(huang)帝姓公(gong)孫(sun)(sun),因以為(wei)氏(shi)。”
存疑(yi):黃帝姬(ji)姓,不可(ke)能姓公孫
黃帝(di)(di)姓公孫的(de)說(shuo)法主要來(lai)源于《史(shi)記·五(wu)帝(di)(di)本紀(ji)》,而(er)早(zao)于《史(shi)記》的(de)《國語(yu)·晉(jin)語(yu)》卻記載:“黃帝(di)(di)以姬水(今陜甘的(de)渭、湟(huang)之(zhi)間(jian))成,炎帝(di)(di)以姜(jiang)水(經岐(qi)山、扶(fu)風、武功入渭之(zhi)岐(qi)水)成,故(gu)黃帝(di)(di)為(wei)姬,炎帝(di)(di)為(wei)姜(jiang)。“
《史記》記載(zai):“黃帝二十五(wu)子,其得姓者十四人。”
《國語·晉(jin)語》謂十四(si)人實有(you)十二姓(xing)(xing),即姬(ji)、酉、祁、己、滕(teng)、葴、任(ren)、荀、僖、姞、儇、衣。其中(zhong)青陽與(yu)夷鼓同為(wei)己姓(xing)(xing),玄囂與(yu)蒼林同為(wei)姬(ji)姓(xing)(xing)。十四(si)個兒子中(zhong)并無(wu)姓(xing)(xing)公孫者(zhe)。兒子中(zhong)沒有(you)姓(xing)(xing)公孫的(de),那么孫子中(zhong)會有(you)么?
清崔述《補上(shang)古(gu)(gu)考(kao)信錄》指出:“公孫是公之(zhi)孫,上(shang)古(gu)(gu)時無此(公孫)稱(cheng)。”
黃(huang)帝是(shi)少(shao)典的(de)兒子,姓(xing)(xing)公(gong)孫(sun)(sun),名軒(xuan)轅。傳(chuan)說是(shi)神農(nong)的(de)同父異母(mu)弟:“嗣少(shao)典國君,世(shi)為(wei)諸侯”,在他的(de)后代中(zhong),就有(you)人以(yi)公(gong)孫(sun)(sun)為(wei)姓(xing)(xing)。黃(huang)帝軒(xuan)轅氏曾姓(xing)(xing)過“公(gong)孫(sun)(sun)”,后來改成姬姓(xing)(xing),所有(you)他的(de)后代里,有(you)部分姓(xing)(xing)公(gong)孫(sun)(sun),另(ling)有(you)部分姓(xing)(xing)姬,再(zai)有(you)少(shao)數以(yi)軒(xuan)轅為(wei)姓(xing)(xing)。
漢魏時期遼東公孫氏世家:
第一代:公孫延
第二代:公孫度
第三(san)代(dai):公(gong)(gong)孫康、公(gong)(gong)孫恭(gong)
第四代(dai):公(gong)(gong)孫(sun)晃(huang)、公(gong)(gong)孫(sun)淵
第五代:公孫修
公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)氏是(shi)一(yi)個(ge)古(gu)老的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)漢族姓(xing)氏,但人口(kou)總數(shu)在中(zhong)國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大陸(lu)和臺灣(wan)省均(jun)未列入百家(jia)姓(xing)前三(san)百位,在宋(song)版《百家(jia)姓(xing)》中(zhong)排(pai)序為第(di)四百二十九(jiu)位門閥(fa)。公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)一(yi)姓(xing)源遠(yuan)流(liu)長,據《路史》上記(ji)(ji)載,軒轅氏初姓(xing)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun),后(hou)改姓(xing)姬(ji)。由(you)此看來,“公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)”一(yi)詞,自古(gu)以來本身(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意義(yi)(yi)便十分(fen)尊(zun)榮也(ye)就不(bu)足為奇了(le)。從(cong)《廣(guang)韻》上記(ji)(ji)載:“封公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)之后(hou),自皆(jie)稱(cheng)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)。”可(ke)知,春(chun)秋時期(qi)列國(guo)諸侯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)子(zi)(zi)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun),被尊(zun)稱(cheng)為公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)。從(cong)《通志·氏族略》記(ji)(ji)載“公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)氏,皆(jie)貴(gui)者之稱(cheng)。”可(ke)見,后(hou)來“公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意義(yi)(yi)延(yan)伸(shen)了(le),一(yi)般人也(ye)尊(zun)稱(cheng)貴(gui)胄(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)子(zi)(zi)弟為公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)。如(ru)如(ru)今的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)對人的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)子(zi)(zi)”稱(cheng)謂。據說春(chun)秋時代出身(shen)于諸侯之家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun),干脆以“公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)”為姓(xing),也(ye)稱(cheng)為公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)氏了(le)。由(you)此可(ke)見,公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)為姓(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)國(guo)人中(zhong),并不(bu)完全是(shi)一(yi)脈相(xiang)承(cheng)自黃帝,其中(zhong)有一(yi)部(bu)分(fen)是(shi)春(chun)秋貴(gui)族的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)后(hou)裔。
公(gong)孫(sun)姓(xing)(xing)在大陸(lu)和(he)臺灣百(bai)家姓(xing)(xing)中名(ming)列一(yi)百(bai)位(wei)之后(hou)(hou)。在古代(dai),孫(sun)字(zi)(zi)可泛指(zhi)后(hou)(hou)代(dai)人,而(er)公(gong)孫(sun)兩字(zi)(zi),也(ye)可用來泛指(zhi)王公(gong)貴(gui)族(zu)的后(hou)(hou)代(dai)。有些王公(gong)貴(gui)族(zu)的后(hou)(hou)代(dai)以公(gong)孫(sun)的稱(cheng)呼為榮,便相(xiang)延世代(dai)成(cheng)為姓(xing)(xing)。古書《通志》說(shuo),相(xiang)傳(chuan)遠古時黃(huang)帝姓(xing)(xing)公(gong)孫(sun),于是便有這一(yi)姓(xing)(xing)的廣泛流傳(chuan)。
公(gong)孫氏(shi)(shi)望族居高陽郡(jun)(今山東臨淄)、扶風郡(jun)(今陜西咸(xian)陽)。今山東、云南兩省還有(you)公(gong)孫氏(shi)(shi)族人(ren)分布(bu)。
扶風(feng)郡:周(zhou)朝(chao)時(shi)期(qi)置郡,其(qi)時(shi)轄地在(zai)今(jin)陜(shan)西省興(xing)平(ping)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)、咸(xian)(xian)陽(yang)(yang)市(shi)一(yi)帶(dai)(dai)地區(qu)。漢(han)朝(chao)武帝太(tai)初元年(nian)(丁丑(chou),公元前104年(nian))置右扶風(feng),與京(jing)兆、左馮翊合為三(san)輔,治(zhi)所在(zai)今(jin)陜(shan)西省興(xing)平(ping)市(shi),其(qi)時(shi)轄地在(zai)今(jin)陜(shan)西省長安縣(xian)(xian)(xian)以(yi)西、鳳(feng)翔縣(xian)(xian)(xian)一(yi)帶(dai)(dai)。三(san)國(guo)時(shi)期(qi)曹(cao)魏國(guo)改名為扶風(feng)郡,治(zhi)所在(zai)隗(wei)里(今(jin)陜(shan)西興(xing)平(ping)),其(qi)時(shi)轄地在(zai)今(jin)陜(shan)西省麟(lin)游縣(xian)(xian)(xian)、干(gan)縣(xian)(xian)(xian)以(yi)西,秦嶺以(yi)北、山東省平(ping)原縣(xian)(xian)(xian)以(yi)南一(yi)帶(dai)(dai)地區(qu)。五代時(shi)期(qi)后漢(han)將其(qi)轄地定在(zai)今(jin)陜(shan)西省咸(xian)(xian)陽(yang)(yang)市(shi)一(yi)帶(dai)(dai)地區(qu)。西晉(jin)朝(chao)時(shi)期(qi)移治(zhi)到(dao)池陽(yang)(yang)(今(jin)陜(shan)西涇(jing)陽(yang)(yang)),南北朝(chao)時(shi)期(qi)的北魏移治(zhi)所到(dao)好疇(今(jin)陜(shan)西乾縣(xian)(xian)(xian))。隋、唐兩(liang)朝(chao)以(yi)今(jin)陜(shan)西岐州一(yi)帶(dai)(dai)為扶風(feng)郡。
高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)郡:歷史上的(de)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)郡有三(san):①戰國時期為(wei)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)邑,亦稱高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)鄉,在(zai)今(jin)河南(nan)杞縣西北(bei)(bei)部,秦(qin)朝末期酈食其自(zi)稱“高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)酒徒”,其“高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)”即指該地區。②東(dong)漢桓帝(di)時期(公(gong)元147~167年(nian))又置高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)郡,治(zhi)所在(zai)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(今(jin)河北(bei)(bei)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)),其時轄(xia)地在(zai)今(jin)河北(bei)(bei)省(sheng)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)縣一帶。晉朝泰始初期(乙酉(you),公(gong)元265年(nian))置高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)國,治(zhi)所在(zai)博(bo)陸(今(jin)河北(bei)(bei)蠡縣),時轄(xia)四縣,轄(xia)境包括(kuo)今(jin)保定(ding)、清苑(yuan)、高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)、博(bo)野、蠡縣等(deng)縣地。③北(bei)(bei)魏時期另(ling)置青(qing)州高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)郡,轄(xia)地在(zai)今(jin)山東(dong)省(sheng)淄博(bo)市臨淄區西北(bei)(bei)部一帶,隋朝開(kai)皇(huang)初年(nian)(辛(xin)丑,公(gong)元581年(nian))被廢黜。公(gong)孫(sun)氏望族的(de)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)陽(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)郡,是指③之所處。
扶風堂:以望立堂。
高陽堂:以望立堂。
白馬堂:東漢(han)末期(qi)公孫(sun)瓚被封為(wei)討虜(lu)將軍,屢次打(da)敗(bai)胡虜(lu),除遼東屬國長史。常乘白馬,烏(wu)桓怕他,互相告語:“我們要避開白馬長史。”
忠(zhong)義(yi)堂:春秋(qiu)時公孫(sun)杵(chu)臼和(he)程嬰都是趙(zhao)朔的(de)門客。趙(zhao)朔為屠岸(an)賈所殺(sha)(sha),朔妻遺腹生一(yi)子。杵(chu)臼和(he)程嬰設計保存趙(zhao)氏(shi)孤(gu)兒(er):杵(chu)臼把(ba)自己的(de)兒(er)子藏在(zai)山中,派程嬰向屠岸(an)賈回報(bao)說(shuo)是趙(zhao)氏(shi)孤(gu)兒(er)。屠岸(an)賈就把(ba)公孫(sun)杵(chu)臼的(de)兒(er)子當成(cheng)趙(zhao)氏(shi)孤(gu)兒(er)和(he)公孫(sun)杵(chu)臼一(yi)起殺(sha)(sha)了。程嬰保護著趙(zhao)氏(shi)孤(gu)兒(er)長大成(cheng)人,終(zhong)于報(bao)了趙(zhao)朔被(bei)殺(sha)(sha)之(zhi)仇。人稱公孫(sun)杵(chu)臼舍掉(diao)自己的(de)兒(er)子和(he)自己的(de)命存主(zhu)人之(zhi)孤(gu),既忠(zhong)且義(yi)。
人稱書庫,力卻弓旌
上聯(lian)典(dian)指隋(sui)朝(chao)時期的阜城(cheng)人(ren)公孫(sun)景茂,字元蔚,博(bo)覽經(jing)史,在(zai)(zai)西魏時任太(tai)常(chang)博(bo)士,對經(jing)史的錯誤多有改動,當時人(ren)稱為(wei)(wei)“書庫”。隋(sui)開皇初年官汝南(nan)太(tai)守,后歷任息州(zhou)(zhou)刺(ci)史、道(dao)州(zhou)(zhou)刺(ci)史、淄州(zhou)(zhou)刺(ci)史,所到之(zhi)處,常(chang)用自(zi)己(ji)的薪(xin)俸幫助病人(ren)、窮人(ren)。下聯(lian)典(dian)指晉朝(chao)時期的上谷(gu)人(ren)公孫(sun)鳳,字上鸞(luan),隱居(ju)在(zai)(zai)昌黎的九城(cheng)山谷(gu),冬穿單衣,夏吃餿食,彈琴(qin)吟(yin)詠,悠然自(zi)得。朝(chao)廷屢次征召,不為(wei)(wei)所動。“弓(gong)旌(jing)”,為(wei)(wei)古(gu)代征聘士大夫之(zhi)禮。
趙家義士,孟氏門人
上聯典(dian)指春秋時(shi)期的晉國(guo)公孫杵臼。下聯典(dian)指春秋戰國(guo)時(shi)期的齊國(guo)公孫丑。
脫粟稱平津儉,舞劍示懷素書
上(shang)聯典指(zhi)漢朝時期(qi)的(de)(de)薛(xue)人公孫(sun)(sun)弘,字季,小時候家里貧(pin)窮,四十多歲始學《春秋·雜說》,漢武(wu)帝(di)兩次征(zheng)召為博士,后任丞相,封(feng)平津侯,生活儉樸,經常吃糙米,人們都佩服他的(de)(de)勤(qin)儉。下聯典指(zhi)唐朝時期(qi)的(de)(de)教坊(fang)舞(wu)伎公孫(sun)(sun)大(da)娘,善舞(wu)劍(jian)器(qi),名冠一時。杜(du)甫曾有《觀公孫(sun)(sun)大(da)娘弟子舞(wu)劍(jian)器(qi)行(xing)》詩(shi)。書(shu)法家懷素曾見她(ta)舞(wu)西(xi)河劍(jian)器(qi),遂凈其(qi)舞(wu)姿化用于書(shu)法,從(cong)此(ci)其(qi)草書(shu)大(da)有長進,以狂草著名。
脫(tuo)粟稱平津之(zhi)儉,舞劍(jian)示懷素之(zhi)書
上聯(lian)(lian)典指(zhi)漢朝時期的薛人公孫(sun)弘(hong)。下(xia)聯(lian)(lian)典指(zhi)唐(tang)朝時期的教坊舞(wu)伎公孫(sun)大娘。
孟(meng)門(men)受精微之學,行人擅修飾(shi)之能
上(shang)聯典指戰國時期的(de)齊國人(ren)(ren)公孫丑,孟子弟子,非常傾慕春秋時齊國大夫(fu)(fu)管(guan)仲、晏嬰,曾(ceng)向孟子請教(jiao)他們建(jian)功立業的(de)精細隱(yin)微的(de)問(wen)題。下聯典指春秋時期的(de)鄭國大夫(fu)(fu)公孫揮,字子羽(yu),鄭簡公時任行(xing)人(ren)(ren)(掌管(guan)朝(chao)覲(jin)聘問(wen)的(de)官)。《論語·憲問(wen)》中曾(ceng)說:“鄭國外(wai)交辭令(ling)的(de)創制,裨湛(zhan)起草,世叔討論,行(xing)人(ren)(ren)子羽(yu)修(xiu)飾,東(dong)里子產潤色。”
孟氏及門,受精微之學;行人子(zi)羽,擅修飾之能
上聯(lian)典指戰(zhan)國時(shi)期的公孫丑,孟(meng)子弟子,曾向(xiang)孟(meng)子問何謂(wei)“不(bu)動心”和(he)“浩然之氣”。又請問管仲和(he)晏嬰的功業(ye)。下聯(lian)典指春(chun)秋時(shi)期的公孫揮(hui),字(zi)子羽。熟諳諸侯(hou)(hou)政令,且嫻于辭令。仕行人(ren)(ren)。《論語》:“行人(ren)(ren)子羽修飾之。”《左傳》論述:“鄭國將有諸侯(hou)(hou)(外交(jiao))之事(shi),子產乃問四國之事(shi)于子羽。”
黃(huang)帝(di)(di):姓公(gong)孫(一說為姬姓),名(ming)軒(xuan)轅,號軒(xuan)轅氏、有(you)熊氏和(he)歸藏氏,被(bei)尊奉為“中(zhong)華(hua)始祖(zu)”。據《史記(ji)·五(wu)帝(di)(di)本記(ji)》記(ji)載(zai):“黃(huang)帝(di)(di)者,少典(dian)之子(zi),姓公(gong)孫,名(ming)軒(xuan)轅。……黃(huang)帝(di)(di)居(ju)軒(xuan)轅之丘(qiu)”。華(hua)夏族的(de)(de)締造(zao)者,五(wu)帝(di)(di)之首,有(you)些說法被(bei)列為三(san)皇(huang)之一,是公(gong)認的(de)(de)中(zhong)華(hua)民族的(de)(de)祖(zu)先。
公(gong)孫僑:復姓公(gong)孫,名(ming)僑,字子(zi)產(chan),又(you)字子(zi)美,鄭(zheng)稱(cheng)公(gong)孫。春秋時期鄭(zheng)國的(de)政治(zhi)家和思(si)想家。子(zi)產(chan)具有人(ren)(ren)(ren)本主(zhu)義的(de)思(si)想,強調人(ren)(ren)(ren)事,但也(ye)不(bu)否認鬼神。提出“天(tian)道(dao)(dao)(dao)遠,人(ren)(ren)(ren)道(dao)(dao)(dao)邇(er),非所(suo)及也(ye)”。在子(zi)產(chan)看來,人(ren)(ren)(ren)道(dao)(dao)(dao)先于天(tian)道(dao)(dao)(dao),天(tian)道(dao)(dao)(dao)可以存而不(bu)論(lun),人(ren)(ren)(ren)道(dao)(dao)(dao)則不(bu)能不(bu)察。被清(qing)朝的(de)王源推許(xu)為“春秋第一(yi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)”。
公(gong)孫(sun)(sun)鞅(yang),衛國(guo)國(guo)君的后裔,姬姓(xing)、公(gong)孫(sun)(sun)氏(shi),故稱(cheng)衛鞅(yang),又稱(cheng)公(gong)孫(sun)(sun)鞅(yang),后封于商(shang)(shang),后人稱(cheng)之商(shang)(shang)鞅(yang)。在秦(qin)國(guo)執政(zheng)十九年,秦(qin)國(guo)大治,史(shi)稱(cheng)商(shang)(shang)鞅(yang)變法。戰國(guo)時期(qi)政(zheng)治家,著(zhu)名法家代表人物(wu)。
公孫龍(long)(前320年(nian)-前250年(nian)):傳說字子秉,中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)戰國(guo)時期趙(zhao)國(guo)人,曾經(jing)做過平原君的(de)門客,名家的(de)代(dai)表人物(wu),其主要著(zhu)作為《公孫龍(long)子》,西漢時共有14篇(pian)(pian),唐代(dai)時分為三卷,北宋時遺失了8篇(pian)(pian),到(dao)如今只殘留6篇(pian)(pian),共一卷。其中(zhong)(zhong)最重要的(de)兩篇(pian)(pian)是(shi)(shi)(shi)《白馬論》和《堅白論》,提(ti)出(chu)了“白馬非馬”和“離堅白”等(deng)論點,是(shi)(shi)(shi)“離堅白”學派(pai)的(de)主要代(dai)表。是(shi)(shi)(shi)著(zhu)名的(de)詭辯學代(dai)表著(zhu)作,提(ti)出(chu)了邏輯學中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)“個別”和“一般”之(zhi)間的(de)相互關系,但把它們之(zhi)間的(de)區別夸(kua)大(da),割斷二者的(de)聯(lian)系,是(shi)(shi)(shi)一種形(xing)而上學的(de)思想體系。
公(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)述(shu):西漢(han)末(mo)年(nian),天下紛擾,群雄競起,公(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)述(shu)遂自稱(cheng)輔漢(han)將軍兼領(ling)益州(zhou)牧。建武元年(nian)(25年(nian)),公(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)述(shu)稱(cheng)帝于蜀,國號成家(一作(zuo)大成或成),年(nian)號龍興(xing)。建武十一年(nian)(35年(nian)),漢(han)廷乃派兵征討,被公(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)述(shu)所(suo)拒。次年(nian),復命大司馬吳漢(han)舉兵來(lai)伐(fa),攻破成都,縱兵大掠,盡誅公(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)氏,“成家”為東漢(han)所(suo)亡。計公(gong)(gong)(gong)孫(sun)述(shu)割據益州(zhou)稱(cheng)帝,共在位(wei)十二年(nian)。
公(gong)孫(sun)度(150-204年):字升(sheng)濟,遼東(dong)(dong)(dong)襄平(遼陽(yang))人。有二(er)子,公(gong)孫(sun)康(kang),康(kang)弟(di)公(gong)孫(sun)恭,康(kang)子公(gong)孫(sun)晃、公(gong)孫(sun)淵。少(shao)隨父遷居玄(xuan)菟(tu)郡。初(chu)為(wei)玄(xuan)菟(tu)小吏,繼升(sheng)尚書郎、冀州刺史(shi),后被免官(guan)。東(dong)(dong)(dong)漢(han)中平六年(189年),經同鄉徐榮(rong)推(tui)薦,被董(dong)卓任(ren)命為(wei)遼東(dong)(dong)(dong)太守。公(gong)孫(sun)度到任(ren)后,厲行嚴刑(xing)峻法,打擊(ji)豪強(qiang)勢力(li),使(shi)令行政通,羽(yu)翼漸豐。漢(han)獻帝初(chu)平元年(190年),中原地區董(dong)卓亂起,各地軍閥無暇東(dong)(dong)(dong)顧。公(gong)孫(sun)度趁(chen)機自立為(wei)遼東(dong)(dong)(dong)侯(hou)、平州牧。繼則東(dong)(dong)(dong)伐高句麗(li),西擊(ji)烏桓,向南(nan)取遼東(dong)(dong)(dong)半島,開疆擴土;又(you)招賢(xian)納(na)士(shi),設(she)館開學,廣(guang)招流民,威(wei)行海外,儼然以(yi)遼東(dong)(dong)(dong)王(wang)自居。由(you)于公(gong)孫(sun)度的銳意進(jin)取和苦(ku)心經營,使(shi)遼東(dong)(dong)(dong)地區在漢(han)末三國的戰亂年代,獲(huo)得了(le)暫時的安寧(ning),推(tui)動了(le)當地生產技術(shu)和封建(jian)文化的發展。
公(gong)孫淵:字(zi)文(wen)懿。魏大司馬(ma),封(feng)樂浪公(gong)。公(gong)孫度(du)之(zhi)孫。后(hou)自稱燕王。為司馬(ma)懿所破。
公孫瓚(?-199):字(zi)伯珪,漢族,遼西令支(今河北遷安)人。東漢末年獻帝年間(jian)占據(ju)幽州一帶的軍(jun)閥(fa),漢末群雄之一。后為(wei)袁紹所(suo)破。其子公孫續,被公孫瓚派往黑山求張燕來救已遲。后為(wei)屠(tu)(tu)各(休(xiu)屠(tu)(tu)各的省(sheng)稱,也稱休(xiu)屠(tu)(tu))所(suo)殺。