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基本介紹

《美(mei)育書簡》是1795年出版的(de)的(de)圖書，作者是弗(fu)里德(de)里希(xi)·席勒，是德(de)國啟蒙文學(xue)的(de)代(dai)表人物之一。

內容介紹

【《美育書(shu)簡》】又(you)譯《審美教育書(shu)簡》，德(de)國古典美學家席勒的(de)代表作。是1793—1794年作者寫給丹麥(mai)王子克(ke)里斯謙公爵(jue)的(de)27封(feng)信，1795年經整理(li)出版(ban)。追求人類本性的(de)完善，提倡理(li)性的(de)自由是席勒美育思想(xiang)的(de)核心。

書中(zhong)(zhong)認為(wei)(wei)資本主(zhu)義現代文明是(shi)(shi)(shi)造(zao)成人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)分(fen)(fen)裂(lie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)根源，它割斷(duan)了人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)內在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)聯系，由(you)于(yu)“享受與(yu)勞動(dong)(dong)，手段(duan)與(yu)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，努力(li)與(yu)報酬都(dou)彼此(ci)脫節，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)永(yong)遠(yuan)被(bei)束縛在(zai)整(zheng)體的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)個孤零零的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)碎(sui)片上”，必(bi)然造(zao)成人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)裂(lie)。席勒認為(wei)(wei)，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)既受來(lai)自“感(gan)(gan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)動(dong)(dong)”，即(ji)(ji)來(lai)自自然必(bi)然性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)方(fang)面(mian)強加給(gei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)物質性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)限制(zhi)(zhi)，也受來(lai)自“理(li)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)動(dong)(dong)（形(xing)式(shi)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)動(dong)(dong)）”，即(ji)(ji)來(lai)自精(jing)神必(bi)然性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)方(fang)面(mian)強加給(gei)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意(yi)志性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)限制(zhi)(zhi)。從而造(zao)成了人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)裂(lie)。要使(shi)分(fen)(fen)裂(lie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)得以復(fu)歸(gui)，“在(zai)經驗中(zhong)(zhong)解(jie)決政治問題(ti)(ti)，就必(bi)須通(tong)過(guo)(guo)審(shen)(shen)(shen)美(mei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)途徑，因(yin)為(wei)(wei)正是(shi)(shi)(shi)通(tong)過(guo)(guo)美(mei)，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)們才可能(neng)達到自由(you)”。暴力(li)革命(ming)和國(guo)家政權解(jie)決不了人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)分(fen)(fen)裂(lie)問題(ti)(ti)。完善的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)應該是(shi)(shi)(shi)感(gan)(gan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)動(dong)(dong)和形(xing)式(shi)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)動(dong)(dong)二(er)者的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)和諧統(tong)一(yi)(yi)，只(zhi)有通(tong)過(guo)(guo)“第(di)三沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)動(dong)(dong)”（即(ji)(ji)游戲沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)動(dong)(dong)）為(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)介，才能(neng)實現之(zhi)。原(yuan)因(yin)之(zhi)一(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)只(zhi)有在(zai)感(gan)(gan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)動(dong)(dong)與(yu)形(xing)式(shi)沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)動(dong)(dong)和諧統(tong)一(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)游戲沖(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)動(dong)(dong)，即(ji)(ji)在(zai)審(shen)(shen)(shen)美(mei)境界中(zhong)(zhong)，才能(neng)實現感(gan)(gan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)與(yu)理(li)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，物質與(yu)精(jing)神，客觀(guan)與(yu)主(zhu)觀(guan)，受動(dong)(dong)與(yu)自由(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)統(tong)一(yi)(yi)，成為(wei)(wei)具有完善人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)格的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)；其二(er)，感(gan)(gan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)只(zhi)有通(tong)過(guo)(guo)審(shen)(shen)(shen)美(mei)狀(zhuang)態才能(neng)進入道德(de)狀(zhuang)態，成為(wei)(wei)理(li)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)，美(mei)是(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第(di)二(er)創造(zao)者；其三，自然的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)片面(mian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和全面(mian)立法(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)限制(zhi)(zhi)，人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)被(bei)剝奪(duo)了人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自由(you)，只(zhi)有在(zai)審(shen)(shen)(shen)美(mei)狀(zhuang)態中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)才能(neng)擺脫任何(he)限制(zhi)(zhi)，使(shi)失(shi)落的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)得以復(fu)歸(gui)。書中(zhong)(zhong)還討論(lun)了不同性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)質的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)美(mei)，即(ji)(ji)存(cun)在(zai)著溶煉性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)美(mei)和振奮性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)美(mei)，前者使(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)松弛，后(hou)者使(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)緊張。

書中最后討論(lun)了游戲(xi)的(de)意義(yi)和最高社會理想。認為審美(mei)游戲(xi)到(dao)(dao)了高級階段，美(mei)本身就成為人追求的(de)對象，這時(shi)就會建立起(qi)審美(mei)外觀的(de)王國，但它“只能在少數出眾的(de)人當中找到(dao)(dao)。”

該(gai)書(shu)中(zhong)關于(yu)人性的自我分(fen)裂(lie)，關于(yu)游(you)戲(xi)沖動和(he)審美(mei)游(you)戲(xi)的觀點(dian)對后來的藝術理論和(he)美(mei)學影(ying)響深遠。

作者介紹

弗里德(de)里希·席勒，德(de)國(guo)18世(shi)紀著名(ming)詩人(ren)、作(zuo)家、哲學家、歷史學家和劇作(zuo)家，德(de)國(guo)啟蒙文學的代表(biao)人(ren)物之一(yi)。