《針(zhen)灸甲(jia)乙(yi)經》,又(you)稱《黃(huang)帝甲(jia)乙(yi)經》《黃(huang)帝三部針(zhen)經》《黃(huang)帝針(zhen)灸甲(jia)乙(yi)經》。西晉·皇甫謐撰,12卷,128篇(pian),成書(shu)于公元282年。前六卷論述基礎理(li)論,后六卷記錄各(ge)種疾病的臨床(chuang)治(zhi)療,包括病因、病機、癥狀、診斷(duan)、取穴、治(zhi)法和預后等。采(cai)用分(fen)部和按(an)經分(fen)類法,厘(li)定(ding)了腧(shu)穴,詳述了各(ge)部穴位的適(shi)應證和禁忌、針(zhen)刺(ci)深度(du)與灸的壯數,是我國現存(cun)最早的一部理(li)論聯系(xi)實際的針(zhen)灸學專(zhuan)著。
《針(zhen)(zhen)灸(jiu)甲乙經(jing)》卷(juan)(juan)(juan)一(yi)(yi)至卷(juan)(juan)(juan)六為(wei)(wei)中醫基本理論(lun)和針(zhen)(zhen)灸(jiu)基礎知識,卷(juan)(juan)(juan)七至卷(juan)(juan)(juan)十(shi)二(er)為(wei)(wei)臨(lin)床治(zhi)(zhi)療部(bu)分(fen),包(bao)(bao)括(kuo)各種(zhong)疾病(bing)的(de)(de)(de)病(bing)因病(bing)機、癥狀和腧(shu)(shu)穴主治(zhi)(zhi)。卷(juan)(juan)(juan)一(yi)(yi)主要論(lun)述(shu)(shu)人的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)理功能以及臟腑與(yu)(yu)肢體(ti)五官的(de)(de)(de)關系等(deng)。卷(juan)(juan)(juan)二(er)論(lun)述(shu)(shu)十(shi)二(er)經(jing)脈(mo)、奇經(jing)八脈(mo)、十(shi)二(er)經(jing)標本、經(jing)脈(mo)的(de)(de)(de)循行路(lu)線(xian)和發(fa)病(bing)情況以及骨度(du)、腸度(du)等(deng)。卷(juan)(juan)(juan)三為(wei)(wei)腧(shu)(shu)穴主治(zhi)(zhi)部(bu)分(fen),共厘(li)定(ding)了(le)(le)(le)腧(shu)(shu)穴348個(其中單穴49個,雙(shuang)穴299個),并(bing)采用分(fen)部(bu)依線(xian)的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法,劃分(fen)了(le)(le)(le)頭面、頸、胸、腹、四肢等(deng)35條線(xian)路(lu)。詳細敘述(shu)(shu)了(le)(le)(le)各穴的(de)(de)(de)部(bu)位(wei)、針(zhen)(zhen)刺深度(du)與(yu)(yu)灸(jiu)的(de)(de)(de)壯數。卷(juan)(juan)(juan)四敘述(shu)(shu)了(le)(le)(le)診法,包(bao)(bao)括(kuo)望聞問切四診的(de)(de)(de)具(ju)體(ti)內容,重點(dian)論(lun)述(shu)(shu)了(le)(le)(le)四時(shi)(shi)平脈(mo)與(yu)(yu)臟腑病(bing)脈(mo)、死脈(mo)以及三部(bu)九(jiu)候的(de)(de)(de)診斷方(fang)法。卷(juan)(juan)(juan)五為(wei)(wei)針(zhen)(zhen)道,詳述(shu)(shu)了(le)(le)(le)九(jiu)針(zhen)(zhen)的(de)(de)(de)形狀、長度(du)和作用、針(zhen)(zhen)刺的(de)(de)(de)手(shou)法和補瀉(xie)的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法、針(zhen)(zhen)刺的(de)(de)(de)禁(jin)(jin)穴與(yu)(yu)禁(jin)(jin)忌等(deng)。卷(juan)(juan)(juan)六以陰陽五行學(xue)說為(wei)(wei)核心,論(lun)述(shu)(shu)了(le)(le)(le)生(sheng)理與(yu)(yu)病(bing)理方(fang)面的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)些具(ju)體(ti)問題。從卷(juan)(juan)(juan)七至卷(juan)(juan)(juan)十(shi)二(er)為(wei)(wei)臨(lin)床治(zhi)(zhi)療部(bu)分(fen),包(bao)(bao)括(kuo)內、外、婦、兒(er)等(deng)科(ke),尤以內科(ke)為(wei)(wei)重點(dian),涉及多(duo)(duo)種(zhong)病(bing)證,在治(zhi)(zhi)療方(fang)面,書(shu)中介紹了(le)(le)(le)晉以前(qian)針(zhen)(zhen)灸(jiu)治(zhi)(zhi)療各種(zhong)疾病(bing)豐富而(er)寶貴的(de)(de)(de)經(jing)驗,全書(shu)共列腧(shu)(shu)穴主治(zhi)(zhi)800多(duo)(duo)條,為(wei)(wei)后世(shi)針(zhen)(zhen)灸(jiu)治(zhi)(zhi)療學(xue)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展打(da)下了(le)(le)(le)良好的(de)(de)(de)基礎。同時(shi)(shi)《針(zhen)(zhen)灸(jiu)甲乙經(jing)》的(de)(de)(de)腧(shu)(shu)穴和腧(shu)(shu)穴主治(zhi)(zhi)部(bu)分(fen)保存了(le)(le)(le)已失(shi)傳的(de)(de)(de)《明堂孔穴針(zhen)(zhen)灸(jiu)治(zhi)(zhi)要》的(de)(de)(de)內容。
皇甫謐(mi)總結了(le)魏(wei)晉(jin)以前的(de)針灸學(xue)成就(jiu),吸收了(le)《素問》《針經》《明(ming)堂孔穴針灸治要》的(de)精(jing)華(hua),刪其浮辭,除其重復(fu),做了(le)十分繁(fan)重的(de)選材整理工作,并(bing)加(jia)入(ru)了(le)自己的(de)實(shi)踐經驗(yan)而著成本書。
皇(huang)甫謐(mi)(215~282),魏晉間學(xue)(xue)(xue)者、作(zuo)家、醫學(xue)(xue)(xue)家。幼名靜,字士(shi)安,號玄晏先生,安定朝那(nei)人。從(cong)席坦(tan)學(xue)(xue)(xue)儒。武帝屢下詔(zhao)征,皆(jie)稱(cheng)病不(bu)就(jiu),終身不(bu)仕。左思作(zuo)《三都賦》成(cheng),請其(qi)作(zuo)序,遂見(jian)重于世(shi)。中(zhong)年患風痹,乃鉆研醫學(xue)(xue)(xue)。著(zhu)有《帝王世(shi)紀(ji)》、《高士(shi)傳》、《烈女傳》、《玄晏春秋(qiu)》、《針灸甲乙經(jing)》等。
臣聞通天(tian)地人(ren)(ren)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)儒(ru)(ru),通天(tian)地不(bu)通人(ren)(ren)曰(yue)(yue)(yue)技,斯醫者雖曰(yue)(yue)(yue)方(fang)技,其實(shi)儒(ru)(ru)者之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)事乎(hu)。班(ban)固(gu)序(xu)《藝文志(zhi)》,稱儒(ru)(ru)者助人(ren)(ren)君(jun),順(shun)陰陽,明(ming)教(jiao)化,此亦通天(tian)地人(ren)(ren)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)理(li)也。又云(yun)(yun)∶方(fang)技者,論病以及(ji)國(guo),原診(zhen)以知政(zheng)。非(fei)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)通三(san)才之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)奧,安(an)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)及(ji)國(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)政(zheng)哉。晉·皇(huang)甫謐博綜典籍百家之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)言(yan),沉(chen)靜寡欲,有高尚之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)志(zhi)。得(de)風(feng)痹(bi),因而學醫,習覽經(jing)方(fang),前臻至(zhi)妙。取黃(huang)帝《素(su)(su)問》、《針(zhen)(zhen)經(jing)》、《明(ming)堂》三(san)部(bu)(bu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)書,撰為《針(zhen)(zhen)灸經(jing)》十(shi)二卷,歷古儒(ru)(ru)者之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)不(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)及(ji)也。或曰(yue)(yue)(yue):《素(su)(su)問》、《針(zhen)(zhen)經(jing)》、《明(ming)堂》三(san)部(bu)(bu)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)書,非(fei)黃(huang)帝書,似出于(yu)戰(zhan)國(guo)。曰(yue)(yue)(yue):人(ren)(ren)生天(tian)地之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)間,八尺之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)軀,臟之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)堅脆,腑之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大(da)小,谷之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)多(duo)少,脈之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)長短,血之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)清濁,十(shi)二經(jing)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)血氣大(da)數(shu),皮膚包絡其外,可剖(pou)而視之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)乎(hu)?非(fei)大(da)圣上智,孰(shu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)知之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),戰(zhan)國(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)人(ren)(ren)何與焉。大(da)哉!《黃(huang)帝內經(jing)》十(shi)八卷,《針(zhen)(zhen)經(jing)》三(san)卷,最出遠(yuan)古。皇(huang)甫士安(an)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)撰而集之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),惜(xi)簡編脫落(luo)已多(duo),是使文字錯亂,義理(li)顛倒,世失(shi)其傳,學之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)者鮮矣。唐·甄權但修《明(ming)堂圖》,孫思邈從而和(he)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi),其余篇第亦不(bu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)盡言(yan)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。國(guo)家詔儒(ru)(ru)臣校正(zheng)醫書,今取《素(su)(su)問》、《九墟》、《靈樞》、《太素(su)(su)經(jing)》、《千金方(fang)》及(ji)《翼》、《外臺秘要》諸家善書校對玉成,繕寫將備親覽。恭惟主上圣哲衣(yi)冠文明(ming),光輝上下(xia),孝慈仁德,蒙被眾庶,大(da)頒(ban)岐黃(huang),遠(yuan)及(ji)方(fang)外,使皇(huang)化兆于(yu)無窮,和(he)氣浹而充塞,茲亦助人(ren)(ren)靈,順(shun)陰陽,明(ming)教(jiao)化化之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一端云(yun)(yun)。
國子博(bo)士臣(chen)高保衡尚書屯田郎(lang)中臣(chen)孫奇光祿卿直秘閣臣(chen)林億等上
夫(fu)醫(yi)(yi)道所興,其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)來久矣。上古(gu)神農始(shi)嘗草木而(er)(er)(er)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)百藥(yao)。黃帝咨訪岐(qi)伯(bo)、伯(bo)高、少(shao)俞(yu)之(zhi)徒,內考五臟六腑,外(wai)綜經(jing)(jing)(jing)絡血(xue)氣色候,參之(zhi)天(tian)(tian)地,驗(yan)(yan)之(zhi)人物,本(ben)性(xing)命,窮神極(ji)變,而(er)(er)(er)針道生焉。其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)論(lun)(lun)至妙(miao),雷(lei)公(gong)受(shou)業傳之(zhi)于(yu)(yu)(yu)后(hou)(hou)。伊尹以(yi)亞圣(sheng)之(zhi)才,撰用《神農本(ben)草》以(yi)為湯(tang)(tang)液。中(zhong)古(gu)名醫(yi)(yi)有(you)(you)俞(yu)跗(fu)、醫(yi)(yi)緩(huan)、扁鵲,秦有(you)(you)醫(yi)(yi)和,漢有(you)(you)倉(cang)(cang)公(gong)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)論(lun)(lun)皆經(jing)(jing)(jing)理(li)(li)識(shi)本(ben),非(fei)徒診(zhen)病(bing)而(er)(er)(er)已。漢有(you)(you)華佗、張仲景(jing)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)它奇(qi)方異治,施世者(zhe)多(duo)(duo),亦不(bu)(bu)能盡記其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)本(ben)末。若知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)直祭(ji)酒劉季(ji)(ji)琰病(bing)發于(yu)(yu)(yu)畏惡(e),治之(zhi)而(er)(er)(er)瘥,云:后(hou)(hou)九(jiu)(jiu)年(nian)季(ji)(ji)琰病(bing)應發,發當(dang)有(you)(you)感,仍本(ben)于(yu)(yu)(yu)畏惡(e),病(bing)動必(bi)死,終(zhong)如(ru)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)言(yan)(yan)。仲景(jing)見侍(shi)中(zhong)王(wang)仲宣(xuan)時年(nian)二十(shi)余,謂曰:“君(jun)有(you)(you)病(bing),四十(shi)當(dang)眉落(luo),眉落(luo)半年(nian)而(er)(er)(er)死,令服五石湯(tang)(tang)可免(mian)。”仲宣(xuan)嫌其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)言(yan)(yan)忤,受(shou)湯(tang)(tang)而(er)(er)(er)勿服。居三(san)(san)日,見仲宣(xuan)謂曰:“服湯(tang)(tang)否(fou)?”仲宣(xuan)曰:“已服。”仲景(jing)曰:“色候固非(fei)服湯(tang)(tang)之(zhi)診(zhen),君(jun)何輕命也(ye)。”仲宣(xuan)猶不(bu)(bu)言(yan)(yan)。后(hou)(hou)二十(shi)年(nian)果眉落(luo),后(hou)(hou)一(yi)百八(ba)(ba)十(shi)七(qi)日而(er)(er)(er)死,終(zhong)如(ru)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)言(yan)(yan)。此二事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)雖(sui)扁鵲、倉(cang)(cang)公(gong)無(wu)以(yi)加也(ye)。華佗性(xing)惡(e)矜技,終(zhong)以(yi)戮死。仲景(jing)論(lun)(lun)廣伊尹湯(tang)(tang)液為數十(shi)卷,用之(zhi)多(duo)(duo)驗(yan)(yan)。近代太醫(yi)(yi)令王(wang)叔和撰次仲景(jing),選論(lun)(lun)甚(shen)(shen)精(jing)(jing)(jing),指事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)可施用。按(an)∶《七(qi)略·藝文志》,《黃帝內經(jing)(jing)(jing)》十(shi)八(ba)(ba)卷。今有(you)(you)《針經(jing)(jing)(jing)》九(jiu)(jiu)卷,《素問(wen)》九(jiu)(jiu)卷,二九(jiu)(jiu)十(shi)八(ba)(ba)卷,即(ji)《內經(jing)(jing)(jing)》也(ye)。亦有(you)(you)所亡失,其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)論(lun)(lun)遐遠,然稱(cheng)述多(duo)(duo)而(er)(er)(er)切事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)少(shao),有(you)(you)不(bu)(bu)編次。比按(an)倉(cang)(cang)公(gong)傳,其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)學(xue)皆出于(yu)(yu)(yu)《素問(wen)》,論(lun)(lun)病(bing)精(jing)(jing)(jing)微(wei)。《九(jiu)(jiu)卷》是原本(ben)經(jing)(jing)(jing)脈,其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)義深奧,不(bu)(bu)易覺也(ye)。又有(you)(you)《明堂(tang)孔穴針灸治要(yao)》,皆黃帝岐(qi)伯(bo)選事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)也(ye)。三(san)(san)部(bu)(bu)同歸,文多(duo)(duo)重(zhong)復(fu),錯(cuo)互(hu)非(fei)一(yi)。甘露中(zhong),吾病(bing)風加苦聾,百日方治,要(yao)皆淺近,乃撰集三(san)(san)部(bu)(bu),使事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)類相(xiang)從,刪其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)浮辭,除(chu)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)重(zhong)復(fu),論(lun)(lun)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)精(jing)(jing)(jing)要(yao),至為十(shi)二卷。《易》曰:觀(guan)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)所聚(ju),而(er)(er)(er)天(tian)(tian)地之(zhi)情事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)見矣。況物理(li)(li)乎?事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)類相(xiang)從,聚(ju)之(zhi)義也(ye)。夫(fu)受(shou)先人之(zhi)體,有(you)(you)八(ba)(ba)尺之(zhi)軀(qu),而(er)(er)(er)不(bu)(bu)知(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)醫(yi)(yi)事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),此所謂游魂耳。若不(bu)(bu)精(jing)(jing)(jing)通于(yu)(yu)(yu)醫(yi)(yi)道,雖(sui)有(you)(you)忠孝之(zhi)心,仁慈之(zhi)性(xing),君(jun)父(fu)危困,赤(chi)子涂(tu)地,無(wu)以(yi)濟之(zhi),此固圣(sheng)賢所以(yi)精(jing)(jing)(jing)思極(ji)論(lun)(lun)盡其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)理(li)(li)也(ye)。由此言(yan)(yan)之(zhi),焉可忽(hu)乎?其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)本(ben)論(lun)(lun)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)文有(you)(you)理(li)(li),雖(sui)不(bu)(bu)切于(yu)(yu)(yu)近事(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),不(bu)(bu)甚(shen)(shen)刪也(ye)。若必(bi)精(jing)(jing)(jing)要(yao),后(hou)(hou)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)閑暇,當(dang)撰核(he)以(yi)為教(jiao)經(jing)(jing)(jing)云爾。
有北宋熙寧(ning)二年初刊本(ben)(ben)、南宋及元刊本(ben)(ben)、明(ming)正(zheng)統二年(1437)重(zhong)刊本(ben)(ben)、嘉(jia)靖刊本(ben)(ben)及《醫統正(zheng)脈》刊本(ben)(ben)等。
北(bei)宋熙(xi)寧二年(1069),林億等曾(ceng)對《針灸甲乙經(jing)(jing)》作(zuo)校對繕寫(xie),即(ji)所稱“新校正(zheng)”。1980年山東中醫學院(yuan)主持(chi)編寫(xie)了《針灸甲乙經(jing)(jing)》校釋,人民(min)衛生出版(ban)社出版(ban)。
《針(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)灸(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)甲乙(yi)經》對(dui)針(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)灸(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)的發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)起了承前(qian)啟(qi)后的巨(ju)大作(zuo)(zuo)用,由晉到宋的針(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)灸(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)著作(zuo)(zuo),如《銅人(ren)腧穴針(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)灸(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)圖經》,其(qi)穴位和(he)適應證基(ji)本(ben)(ben)上沒有超出本(ben)(ben)書的范圍。如《針(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)灸(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)資生經》等(deng)專著,無不遵循(xun)本(ben)(ben)書編輯而成(cheng)。明清兩(liang)代的針(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)灸(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)著作(zuo)(zuo),如《針(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)灸(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)聚英》《針(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)灸(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)大成(cheng)》等(deng)都是(shi)在(zai)本(ben)(ben)書基(ji)礎(chu)上發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)起來。《針(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)灸(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)甲乙(yi)經》還(huan)流傳至(zhi)日(ri)本(ben)(ben)、朝鮮,對(dui)兩(liang)國的針(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)灸(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)學術與教育產(chan)生深遠影響。