《針(zhen)灸(jiu)(jiu)甲(jia)乙(yi)經》,又稱《黃帝(di)(di)甲(jia)乙(yi)經》《黃帝(di)(di)三部針(zhen)經》《黃帝(di)(di)針(zhen)灸(jiu)(jiu)甲(jia)乙(yi)經》。西(xi)晉·皇甫謐撰,12卷,128篇,成書于公元282年。前六卷論述基(ji)礎(chu)理論,后六卷記錄各(ge)種疾病(bing)的臨床治療(liao),包(bao)括病(bing)因、病(bing)機、癥(zheng)狀、診(zhen)斷、取穴(xue)、治法和預后等。采用分部和按(an)經分類(lei)法,厘定(ding)了(le)腧穴(xue),詳(xiang)述了(le)各(ge)部穴(xue)位的適應證和禁忌(ji)、針(zhen)刺深度與灸(jiu)(jiu)的壯數(shu),是(shi)我國現存最早的一部理論聯系實際的針(zhen)灸(jiu)(jiu)學專(zhuan)著。
《針(zhen)灸甲乙經(jing)(jing)》卷(juan)(juan)(juan)一(yi)至卷(juan)(juan)(juan)六為(wei)(wei)中醫基本理(li)論(lun)和(he)針(zhen)灸基礎(chu)知識,卷(juan)(juan)(juan)七至卷(juan)(juan)(juan)十二(er)為(wei)(wei)臨床(chuang)治療(liao)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen),包(bao)括(kuo)各(ge)種疾病(bing)(bing)的(de)(de)病(bing)(bing)因(yin)病(bing)(bing)機、癥(zheng)狀和(he)腧(shu)穴(xue)(xue)(xue)主(zhu)(zhu)治。卷(juan)(juan)(juan)一(yi)主(zhu)(zhu)要論(lun)述(shu)(shu)(shu)人(ren)的(de)(de)生理(li)功(gong)能以(yi)(yi)(yi)及(ji)(ji)臟腑與(yu)肢體五(wu)官的(de)(de)關系等(deng)。卷(juan)(juan)(juan)二(er)論(lun)述(shu)(shu)(shu)十二(er)經(jing)(jing)脈、奇經(jing)(jing)八脈、十二(er)經(jing)(jing)標本、經(jing)(jing)脈的(de)(de)循行(xing)路線和(he)發病(bing)(bing)情況以(yi)(yi)(yi)及(ji)(ji)骨度(du)、腸度(du)等(deng)。卷(juan)(juan)(juan)三為(wei)(wei)腧(shu)穴(xue)(xue)(xue)主(zhu)(zhu)治部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen),共厘定了腧(shu)穴(xue)(xue)(xue)348個(其中單(dan)穴(xue)(xue)(xue)49個,雙穴(xue)(xue)(xue)299個),并采(cai)用(yong)分(fen)(fen)部(bu)(bu)依線的(de)(de)方法,劃分(fen)(fen)了頭(tou)面、頸、胸(xiong)、腹、四(si)(si)肢等(deng)35條(tiao)線路。詳(xiang)(xiang)細敘(xu)述(shu)(shu)(shu)了各(ge)穴(xue)(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)部(bu)(bu)位(wei)、針(zhen)刺(ci)深度(du)與(yu)灸的(de)(de)壯數。卷(juan)(juan)(juan)四(si)(si)敘(xu)述(shu)(shu)(shu)了診法,包(bao)括(kuo)望聞問切四(si)(si)診的(de)(de)具(ju)體內容(rong),重(zhong)點論(lun)述(shu)(shu)(shu)了四(si)(si)時平脈與(yu)臟腑病(bing)(bing)脈、死脈以(yi)(yi)(yi)及(ji)(ji)三部(bu)(bu)九候的(de)(de)診斷方法。卷(juan)(juan)(juan)五(wu)為(wei)(wei)針(zhen)道(dao),詳(xiang)(xiang)述(shu)(shu)(shu)了九針(zhen)的(de)(de)形狀、長度(du)和(he)作用(yong)、針(zhen)刺(ci)的(de)(de)手法和(he)補瀉(xie)的(de)(de)方法、針(zhen)刺(ci)的(de)(de)禁穴(xue)(xue)(xue)與(yu)禁忌(ji)等(deng)。卷(juan)(juan)(juan)六以(yi)(yi)(yi)陰陽五(wu)行(xing)學說為(wei)(wei)核心,論(lun)述(shu)(shu)(shu)了生理(li)與(yu)病(bing)(bing)理(li)方面的(de)(de)一(yi)些具(ju)體問題。從卷(juan)(juan)(juan)七至卷(juan)(juan)(juan)十二(er)為(wei)(wei)臨床(chuang)治療(liao)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen),包(bao)括(kuo)內、外(wai)、婦、兒等(deng)科(ke),尤以(yi)(yi)(yi)內科(ke)為(wei)(wei)重(zhong)點,涉及(ji)(ji)多種病(bing)(bing)證,在治療(liao)方面,書中介紹了晉以(yi)(yi)(yi)前針(zhen)灸治療(liao)各(ge)種疾病(bing)(bing)豐(feng)富而寶貴(gui)的(de)(de)經(jing)(jing)驗,全書共列腧(shu)穴(xue)(xue)(xue)主(zhu)(zhu)治800多條(tiao),為(wei)(wei)后世(shi)針(zhen)灸治療(liao)學的(de)(de)發展打下(xia)了良好的(de)(de)基礎(chu)。同(tong)時《針(zhen)灸甲乙經(jing)(jing)》的(de)(de)腧(shu)穴(xue)(xue)(xue)和(he)腧(shu)穴(xue)(xue)(xue)主(zhu)(zhu)治部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)保存了已(yi)失傳的(de)(de)《明堂孔穴(xue)(xue)(xue)針(zhen)灸治要》的(de)(de)內容(rong)。
皇甫謐(mi)總結了魏晉(jin)以前(qian)的針(zhen)灸學成(cheng)就,吸(xi)收了《素問》《針(zhen)經(jing)》《明堂孔(kong)穴針(zhen)灸治要(yao)》的精(jing)華,刪其浮辭,除其重(zhong)復,做了十(shi)分繁重(zhong)的選(xuan)材整理工作,并加入了自己的實(shi)踐(jian)經(jing)驗而著成(cheng)本書(shu)。
皇甫謐(215~282),魏晉間學(xue)(xue)者、作(zuo)家、醫(yi)學(xue)(xue)家。幼名靜,字士安(an),號玄晏先(xian)生(sheng),安(an)定朝那(nei)人。從席坦學(xue)(xue)儒(ru)。武帝屢(lv)下詔征,皆稱病(bing)不就,終身不仕。左思作(zuo)《三都賦》成(cheng),請其作(zuo)序,遂見(jian)重于世。中年患風痹,乃鉆研醫(yi)學(xue)(xue)。著有《帝王世紀》、《高(gao)士傳》、《烈女傳》、《玄晏春秋》、《針灸甲(jia)乙經》等。
臣聞通(tong)(tong)天地(di)(di)人曰(yue)儒(ru)(ru),通(tong)(tong)天地(di)(di)不通(tong)(tong)人曰(yue)技,斯醫(yi)者(zhe)雖曰(yue)方(fang)技,其(qi)實儒(ru)(ru)者(zhe)之(zhi)(zhi)事乎。班固序《藝文志》,稱儒(ru)(ru)者(zhe)助人君(jun),順(shun)陰陽,明(ming)教(jiao)化,此亦通(tong)(tong)天地(di)(di)人之(zhi)(zhi)理也。又云(yun)∶方(fang)技者(zhe),論病以及(ji)國(guo),原診以知政(zheng)。非能通(tong)(tong)三(san)(san)才(cai)之(zhi)(zhi)奧(ao),安能及(ji)國(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)政(zheng)哉。晉(jin)·皇(huang)甫(fu)謐博(bo)綜典籍百(bai)家(jia)之(zhi)(zhi)言,沉(chen)靜寡欲,有高尚(shang)之(zhi)(zhi)志。得風痹,因而(er)學醫(yi),習覽經(jing)方(fang),前(qian)臻至妙。取黃(huang)帝《素(su)問(wen)》、《針經(jing)》、《明(ming)堂(tang)》三(san)(san)部之(zhi)(zhi)書(shu)(shu),撰(zhuan)為《針灸經(jing)》十(shi)(shi)二卷(juan),歷古(gu)儒(ru)(ru)者(zhe)之(zhi)(zhi)不能及(ji)也。或(huo)曰(yue):《素(su)問(wen)》、《針經(jing)》、《明(ming)堂(tang)》三(san)(san)部之(zhi)(zhi)書(shu)(shu),非黃(huang)帝書(shu)(shu),似出(chu)于(yu)戰(zhan)(zhan)國(guo)。曰(yue):人生天地(di)(di)之(zhi)(zhi)間(jian),八尺之(zhi)(zhi)軀(qu),臟之(zhi)(zhi)堅脆,腑之(zhi)(zhi)大(da)小,谷(gu)之(zhi)(zhi)多少(shao),脈之(zhi)(zhi)長短,血之(zhi)(zhi)清濁,十(shi)(shi)二經(jing)之(zhi)(zhi)血氣大(da)數,皮(pi)膚包絡其(qi)外(wai),可剖而(er)視之(zhi)(zhi)乎?非大(da)圣(sheng)上(shang)智,孰能知之(zhi)(zhi),戰(zhan)(zhan)國(guo)之(zhi)(zhi)人何與焉。大(da)哉!《黃(huang)帝內(nei)經(jing)》十(shi)(shi)八卷(juan),《針經(jing)》三(san)(san)卷(juan),最出(chu)遠(yuan)古(gu)。皇(huang)甫(fu)士(shi)安能撰(zhuan)而(er)集之(zhi)(zhi),惜簡(jian)編脫(tuo)落已多,是使(shi)文字(zi)錯亂,義理顛倒,世失其(qi)傳,學之(zhi)(zhi)者(zhe)鮮矣。唐·甄權(quan)但修《明(ming)堂(tang)圖》,孫思邈從而(er)和之(zhi)(zhi),其(qi)余篇第(di)亦不能盡言之(zhi)(zhi)。國(guo)家(jia)詔儒(ru)(ru)臣校(xiao)正醫(yi)書(shu)(shu),今取《素(su)問(wen)》、《九墟》、《靈樞》、《太(tai)素(su)經(jing)》、《千金方(fang)》及(ji)《翼》、《外(wai)臺秘(mi)要》諸家(jia)善書(shu)(shu)校(xiao)對玉成,繕(shan)寫將備親覽。恭惟主上(shang)圣(sheng)哲衣冠文明(ming),光輝(hui)上(shang)下,孝慈仁(ren)德,蒙被眾庶,大(da)頒岐黃(huang),遠(yuan)及(ji)方(fang)外(wai),使(shi)皇(huang)化兆于(yu)無窮,和氣浹而(er)充(chong)塞,茲亦助人靈,順(shun)陰陽,明(ming)教(jiao)化化之(zhi)(zhi)一端(duan)云(yun)。
國子(zi)博士(shi)臣(chen)高保衡尚(shang)書屯田郎中臣(chen)孫(sun)奇光祿卿直秘閣臣(chen)林億(yi)等上
夫(fu)醫(yi)道(dao)所(suo)興(xing),其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)來久矣。上(shang)古神(shen)農始嘗草木(mu)而(er)知(zhi)百藥(yao)。黃帝(di)咨訪(fang)岐(qi)伯(bo)、伯(bo)高、少俞之(zhi)(zhi)徒,內考五(wu)臟六腑,外綜(zong)經(jing)(jing)絡血(xue)氣色候(hou),參之(zhi)(zhi)天(tian)地(di),驗之(zhi)(zhi)人物,本(ben)性命,窮神(shen)極(ji)變,而(er)針道(dao)生焉(yan)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)論(lun)至妙,雷公(gong)受業傳之(zhi)(zhi)于(yu)后。伊(yi)(yi)尹以(yi)(yi)亞圣(sheng)(sheng)之(zhi)(zhi)才(cai),撰用(yong)《神(shen)農本(ben)草》以(yi)(yi)為湯(tang)液。中(zhong)古名醫(yi)有(you)(you)俞跗、醫(yi)緩、扁(bian)鵲,秦有(you)(you)醫(yi)和(he),漢有(you)(you)倉(cang)公(gong)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)論(lun)皆經(jing)(jing)理(li)識本(ben),非(fei)徒診病(bing)(bing)而(er)已。漢有(you)(you)華佗、張(zhang)仲(zhong)(zhong)景(jing)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)它奇(qi)方(fang)異(yi)治,施(shi)世者(zhe)多,亦(yi)不(bu)(bu)(bu)能盡記(ji)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)本(ben)末。若知(zhi)直祭(ji)酒劉季琰(yan)病(bing)(bing)發于(yu)畏(wei)惡,治之(zhi)(zhi)而(er)瘥,云(yun):后九(jiu)年(nian)(nian)季琰(yan)病(bing)(bing)應發,發當有(you)(you)感(gan),仍本(ben)于(yu)畏(wei)惡,病(bing)(bing)動必死(si),終如(ru)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)言(yan)。仲(zhong)(zhong)景(jing)見侍(shi)中(zhong)王仲(zhong)(zhong)宣(xuan)時年(nian)(nian)二(er)十余,謂曰(yue):“君有(you)(you)病(bing)(bing),四(si)十當眉(mei)落(luo),眉(mei)落(luo)半年(nian)(nian)而(er)死(si),令(ling)服(fu)五(wu)石(shi)湯(tang)可免。”仲(zhong)(zhong)宣(xuan)嫌其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)言(yan)忤,受湯(tang)而(er)勿服(fu)。居三(san)日(ri),見仲(zhong)(zhong)宣(xuan)謂曰(yue):“服(fu)湯(tang)否(fou)?”仲(zhong)(zhong)宣(xuan)曰(yue):“已服(fu)。”仲(zhong)(zhong)景(jing)曰(yue):“色候(hou)固(gu)非(fei)服(fu)湯(tang)之(zhi)(zhi)診,君何輕命也(ye)(ye)(ye)。”仲(zhong)(zhong)宣(xuan)猶(you)不(bu)(bu)(bu)言(yan)。后二(er)十年(nian)(nian)果眉(mei)落(luo),后一百八(ba)十七日(ri)而(er)死(si),終如(ru)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)言(yan)。此(ci)二(er)事(shi)雖扁(bian)鵲、倉(cang)公(gong)無(wu)以(yi)(yi)加也(ye)(ye)(ye)。華佗性惡矜技(ji),終以(yi)(yi)戮死(si)。仲(zhong)(zhong)景(jing)論(lun)廣(guang)伊(yi)(yi)尹湯(tang)液為數十卷(juan),用(yong)之(zhi)(zhi)多驗。近代(dai)太醫(yi)令(ling)王叔(shu)和(he)撰次仲(zhong)(zhong)景(jing),選論(lun)甚(shen)精(jing)(jing),指事(shi)可施(shi)用(yong)。按∶《七略·藝文(wen)志(zhi)》,《黃帝(di)內經(jing)(jing)》十八(ba)卷(juan)。今有(you)(you)《針經(jing)(jing)》九(jiu)卷(juan),《素(su)問(wen)》九(jiu)卷(juan),二(er)九(jiu)十八(ba)卷(juan),即《內經(jing)(jing)》也(ye)(ye)(ye)。亦(yi)有(you)(you)所(suo)亡失(shi),其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)論(lun)遐遠,然稱(cheng)述多而(er)切事(shi)少,有(you)(you)不(bu)(bu)(bu)編次。比按倉(cang)公(gong)傳,其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)學皆出于(yu)《素(su)問(wen)》,論(lun)病(bing)(bing)精(jing)(jing)微。《九(jiu)卷(juan)》是原本(ben)經(jing)(jing)脈,其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)義(yi)深奧,不(bu)(bu)(bu)易覺也(ye)(ye)(ye)。又有(you)(you)《明堂孔(kong)穴針灸治要》,皆黃帝(di)岐(qi)伯(bo)選事(shi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。三(san)部同歸,文(wen)多重復,錯(cuo)互(hu)非(fei)一。甘露中(zhong),吾病(bing)(bing)風加苦聾,百日(ri)方(fang)治,要皆淺近,乃(nai)撰集三(san)部,使事(shi)類(lei)相從,刪其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)浮辭(ci),除其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)重復,論(lun)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)精(jing)(jing)要,至為十二(er)卷(juan)。《易》曰(yue):觀其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)所(suo)聚,而(er)天(tian)地(di)之(zhi)(zhi)情事(shi)見矣。況物理(li)乎?事(shi)類(lei)相從,聚之(zhi)(zhi)義(yi)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。夫(fu)受先(xian)人之(zhi)(zhi)體(ti),有(you)(you)八(ba)尺之(zhi)(zhi)軀,而(er)不(bu)(bu)(bu)知(zhi)醫(yi)事(shi),此(ci)所(suo)謂游魂耳。若不(bu)(bu)(bu)精(jing)(jing)通于(yu)醫(yi)道(dao),雖有(you)(you)忠孝(xiao)之(zhi)(zhi)心,仁(ren)慈之(zhi)(zhi)性,君父危困,赤子(zi)涂(tu)地(di),無(wu)以(yi)(yi)濟之(zhi)(zhi),此(ci)固(gu)圣(sheng)(sheng)賢所(suo)以(yi)(yi)精(jing)(jing)思極(ji)論(lun)盡其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)理(li)也(ye)(ye)(ye)。由此(ci)言(yan)之(zhi)(zhi),焉(yan)可忽乎?其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)本(ben)論(lun)其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)文(wen)有(you)(you)理(li),雖不(bu)(bu)(bu)切于(yu)近事(shi),不(bu)(bu)(bu)甚(shen)刪也(ye)(ye)(ye)。若必精(jing)(jing)要,后其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)閑暇,當撰核以(yi)(yi)為教經(jing)(jing)云(yun)爾。
有北宋(song)(song)熙(xi)寧(ning)二(er)年初刊本(ben)、南宋(song)(song)及元刊本(ben)、明正統二(er)年(1437)重刊本(ben)、嘉靖刊本(ben)及《醫統正脈》刊本(ben)等。
北宋熙寧二(er)年(nian)(1069),林億等曾對(dui)《針(zhen)灸甲乙經(jing)》作校對(dui)繕(shan)寫(xie),即所稱“新校正”。1980年(nian)山東(dong)中醫學(xue)院(yuan)主(zhu)持(chi)編(bian)寫(xie)了《針(zhen)灸甲乙經(jing)》校釋,人民衛(wei)生出版(ban)社出版(ban)。
《針(zhen)灸(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)甲乙(yi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)》對(dui)針(zhen)灸(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)的發展起(qi)了承前啟后(hou)的巨大作(zuo)用,由晉到宋(song)的針(zhen)灸(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)著作(zuo),如《銅人腧穴針(zhen)灸(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)圖經(jing)(jing)(jing)》,其穴位和適應證基本(ben)上沒有超出本(ben)書(shu)的范圍。如《針(zhen)灸(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)資生經(jing)(jing)(jing)》等(deng)(deng)專著,無不遵循本(ben)書(shu)編(bian)輯而(er)成。明清兩(liang)代的針(zhen)灸(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)著作(zuo),如《針(zhen)灸(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)聚英》《針(zhen)灸(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)大成》等(deng)(deng)都是在本(ben)書(shu)基礎上發展起(qi)來。《針(zhen)灸(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)甲乙(yi)經(jing)(jing)(jing)》還流傳至日本(ben)、朝鮮,對(dui)兩(liang)國的針(zhen)灸(jiu)(jiu)(jiu)學術與教育產生深(shen)遠(yuan)影響(xiang)。