濟寧地區屬(shu)于暖溫(wen)帶季(ji)風(feng)性大(da)陸氣(qi)(qi)候,四(si)季(ji)分明,夏(xia)季(ji)雨熱同季(ji),平(ping)均(jun)氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)為(wei)26.1℃,最高26.9℃;冬季(ji)寒冷(leng)干燥(zao),最冷(leng)1月份平(ping)均(jun)氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)為(wei)0.4 -1.9℃;春秋兩季(ji)較為(wei)干旱(han)。全(quan)年平(ping)均(jun)氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)為(wei)13.3-14.1℃,氣(qi)(qi)候宜(yi)人,出游以春、夏(xia)、秋三季(ji)為(wei)宜(yi)。
是(shi)(shi)兩種(zhong)(zhong)直接從運(yun)河民俗(su)(su)生活中演化而來的(de)藝術。前者是(shi)(shi)由造船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)習俗(su)(su)中而來,后者由漕運(yun)習俗(su)(su)中而來;前者成為一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)敲打(da)(da)音樂(le),后者成為一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)民間舞蹈(dao)。打(da)(da)排(pai)斧(fu),俗(su)(su)稱捻(nian)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)。是(shi)(shi)運(yun)河岸邊(bian)排(pai)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)匠(jiang)由勞動實踐中創造出的(de)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)敲打(da)(da)音樂(le)。工(gong)(gong)(gong)匠(jiang)經若干(gan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)序將船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)排(pai)好,木工(gong)(gong)(gong)活基本完成,便要進(jin)行捻(nian)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)填縫(feng)了。捻(nian)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan),就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)為船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)下水后防(fang)漏水,要將船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)板(ban)與船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)板(ban)之間的(de)縫(feng)隙用斧(fu)鑿(zao)把船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)膩子砸進(jin)去。捻(nian)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作量不小,為鼓舞士(shi)氣,消除捻(nian)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)時單調聲響給人的(de)厭倦,捻(nian)船(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)(chuan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)匠(jiang)們統(tong)一(yi)(yi)行動敲打(da)(da)成一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)音樂(le)———打(da)(da)排(pai)斧(fu)。
打(da)排(pai)斧(fu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)樂器,實際上就是(shi)捻船(chuan)(chuan)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)工具(ju),即斧(fu)、鑿(zao)。演(yan)(yan)(yan)員(yuan)也即捻船(chuan)(chuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工匠,人(ren)數不限,根據船(chuan)(chuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)小(xiao),或十(shi)數人(ren)或數十(shi)人(ren)。演(yan)(yan)(yan)員(yuan)圍船(chuan)(chuan)體(ti)而坐(zuo),一手持斧(fu),一手握(wo)鑿(zao);領(ling)號人(ren)則于(yu)船(chuan)(chuan)底中部(bu)釘一鐵釘,用錘(chui)敲(qiao)打(da),以為號令。領(ling)號聲(sheng)(sheng)起,眾人(ren)諧合。打(da)排(pai)斧(fu)曲牌多樣,因人(ren)而異。常(chang)(chang)見的(de)(de)(de)(de)有《鳳凰三展翅》、《老虎(hu)大(da)齔牙》、《獅子大(da)偎窩》等。“乒(ping)(ping)乒(ping)(ping)乒(ping)(ping),乓乓乓,乒(ping)(ping)乓乒(ping)(ping)乓,乒(ping)(ping)乒(ping)(ping)乓乓……”,由慢到(dao)快,由快到(dao)慢,把船(chuan)(chuan)膩子捻進(jin)去(qu),剔(ti)出(chu)(chu)(chu)來,剔(ti)進(jin)去(qu),又捻出(chu)(chu)(chu)來。斧(fu)鑿(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)鏗鏘聲(sheng)(sheng),船(chuan)(chuan)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)共鳴(ming)聲(sheng)(sheng),自(zi)然(ran)渾成節奏鮮明、清脆(cui)動(dong)聽(ting)的(de)(de)(de)(de)樂曲。一家(jia)捻船(chuan)(chuan),周圍數百(bai)米(mi)都可(ke)以聽(ting)到(dao)打(da)排(pai)斧(fu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)曲調聲(sheng)(sheng)。打(da)排(pai)斧(fu)還常(chang)(chang)常(chang)(chang)引來數十(shi)乃(nai)至數百(bai)人(ren)助興尋樂的(de)(de)(de)(de)漁民,有的(de)(de)(de)(de)情不自(zi)禁也操起斧(fu)鑿(zao)加入行列(lie),自(zi)尋快活。拉糧船(chuan)(chuan),是(shi)流行在微山(shan)、魚臺運河(he)岸畔的(de)(de)(de)(de)一種民間舞(wu)蹈(dao)。表演(yan)(yan)(yan)時(shi),飾纖夫的(de)(de)(de)(de)演(yan)(yan)(yan)員(yuan)摹仿于(yu)運河(he)中拉漕船(chuan)(chuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)習(xi)慣動(dong)作(zuo),隨著(zhu)打(da)擊樂起舞(wu)。此舞(wu),由起航、航行、闖閘、闖灘、搏擊、靠岸、歡慶等七個段落組成。所表現的(de)(de)(de)(de)拉糧船(chuan)(chuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)生活情景,驚(jing)險(xian)生動(dong),動(dong)作(zuo)粗(cu)獷,很具(ju)觀賞性。拉糧船(chuan)(chuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)表演(yan)(yan)(yan)者,舊時(shi)常(chang)(chang)與端鼓腔藝人(ren)聯袂(mei)出(chu)(chu)(chu)演(yan)(yan)(yan)于(yu)各漁村中。
在濟寧市任城區(qu)長溝(gou)鎮(zhen)回林村,活躍著一支民間藝(yi)術(shu)劇目“二(er)人斗”,一人扮演,栩(xu)栩(xu)如生,引人入勝,她(ta)成了民間藝(yi)術(shu)花園里一支獨(du)特奇葩。
“二人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)斗”原名兩鬼摔骨碌,傳(chuan)說在(zai)明末(mo)崇貞年(nian)(nian)間,天(tian)下(xia)大(da)旱(han)(han),連續幾(ji)個(ge)(ge)月(yue)不(bu)見(jian)一滴雨(yu)(yu),地里(li)的(de)(de)禾苗都曬(shai)死(si)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le),莊稼(jia)顆粒無(wu)收(shou),人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)們(men)(men)(men)處于水深火熱(re)之中(zhong)。再加上(shang)當(dang)時(shi)(shi)政(zheng)府無(wu)能,吏治(zhi)(zhi)腐敗,政(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)黑暗,逼迫的(de)(de)群眾(zhong)背井離鄉,到處乞(qi)討,糜兒賣女,民(min)不(bu)聊(liao)生。面(mian)對熾熱(re)的(de)(de)高空(kong),人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)們(men)(men)(men)渴(ke)望早日(ri)(ri)下(xia)雨(yu)(yu),長溝(gou)鎮回(hui)林(lin)村(cun)的(de)(de)群眾(zhong)也和全國(guo)各(ge)地的(de)(de)群眾(zhong)一樣,心(xin)(xin)急如焚(fen)。村(cun)里(li)有(you)幾(ji)個(ge)(ge)年(nian)(nian)長的(de)(de)老(lao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)聚在(zai)一起商(shang)量如何祈求(qiu)蒼(cang)天(tian)降雨(yu)(yu),經(jing)過討論,大(da)家一致把(ba)心(xin)(xin)中(zhong)崇拜(bai)的(de)(de)靈圣“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)”作(zuo)為(wei)祈雨(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)吉(ji)祥物,決(jue)心(xin)(xin)舉辦一次(ci)“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)燈會”,拜(bai)求(qiu)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)王(wang)降雨(yu)(yu)。于是(shi),全村(cun)老(lao)少一齊(qi)動(dong)手(shou),集思廣(guang)益,經(jing)過一個(ge)(ge)多月(yue)的(de)(de)忙(mang)(mang)活,扎制了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)一條(tiao)長約20米(mi)多長的(de)(de)巨龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long),活龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)活現,栩栩如生,龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)身(shen)上(shang)都按距離布(bu)置了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)臘(la)燭,臘(la)燭點燃(ran)舞(wu)動(dong)起來,在(zai)夜色(se)的(de)(de)蒼(cang)穹中(zhong)婉如一條(tiao)真龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)在(zai)飛(fei)騰。同(tong)時(shi)(shi),為(wei)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)烘托人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)們(men)(men)(men)虔誠的(de)(de)祈求(qiu)氣(qi)氛,人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)們(men)(men)(men)還(huan)別出心(xin)(xin)裁,制作(zuo)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)兩個(ge)(ge)打(da)斗的(de)(de)小(xiao)鬼,兩個(ge)(ge)小(xiao)鬼打(da)斗情(qing)景意在(zai)表(biao)示“下(xia)雨(yu)(yu)”與否的(de)(de)爭斗。經(jing)過虔誠的(de)(de)祈禱后,人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)們(men)(men)(men)選擇良辰吉(ji)日(ri)(ri)舞(wu)龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)求(qiu)雨(yu)(yu),也許(xu)是(shi)村(cun)民(min)的(de)(de)真誠感動(dong)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)上(shang)天(tian),“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)燈會”剛進行(xing)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)一個(ge)(ge)多時(shi)(shi)辰,只見(jian)東(dong)南角(jiao)慢慢升起了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)一層層烏云,不(bu)大(da)一會兒,便是(shi)烏云密布(bu),電閃雷鳴,豆(dou)大(da)的(de)(de)水滴落了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)下(xia)來,繼而是(shi)傾盆(pen)大(da)雨(yu)(yu),人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)們(men)(men)(men)歡呼起來,雀(que)躍(yue)著,紛紛雙膝下(xia)跪,向天(tian)空(kong)叩頭,感謝“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)王(wang)爺”,一場甘霖潤澤了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)們(men)(men)(men)干涸許(xu)久的(de)(de)心(xin)(xin)田。從此,人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)們(men)(men)(men)每年(nian)(nian)都在(zai)天(tian)旱(han)(han)季節(jie)舉辦一次(ci)“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)燈會”,為(wei)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)避開農忙(mang)(mang)季節(jie),人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)們(men)(men)(men)就把(ba)“龍(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)(long)燈會”設在(zai)了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)每年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)年(nian)(nian)末(mo)歲首的(de)(de)正(zheng)月(yue)里(li)舉行(xing),久而久之,約定成俗(su),便形成了(le)(le)(le)(le)(le)當(dang)地的(de)(de)民(min)俗(su)。
每年春節過后,回林(lin)村的(de)(de)群(qun)(qun)眾自發(fa)舉(ju)辦一次(ci)“龍(long)燈會”,祈求(qiu)“龍(long)王爺”保佑人(ren)(ren)(ren)們(men)平安,風調雨順(shun),五谷豐登。當年舉(ju)辦“龍(long)燈會”時,只有(you)舞龍(long)和(he)二人(ren)(ren)(ren)斗(dou),后來,逐浙增加了(le)舞獅、花車、花船、大頭娃娃、踩高翹等(deng)劇(ju)目(mu)。在眾多(duo)(duo)(duo)劇(ju)目(mu)中(zhong),二人(ren)(ren)(ren)斗(dou)獨領風騷,倍受(shou)群(qun)(qun)眾喜(xi)愛,表(biao)(biao)演(yan)(yan)者(zhe)是(shi)一個年輕(qing)人(ren)(ren)(ren),把道具套在身上,這(zhe)(zhe)是(shi)個力氣(qi)活,很消耗體(ti)(ti)力,一般都是(shi)身強體(ti)(ti)壯的(de)(de)小伙子表(biao)(biao)演(yan)(yan),道具是(shi)兩(liang)個容(rong)貌奇特、面目(mu)怪異的(de)(de)“小鬼(gui)”,摟(lou)抱在一起打斗(dou)、摔跤的(de)(de)造型,他(ta)們(men)或(huo)怒(nu)目(mu)圓(yuan)睜(zheng),或(huo)怒(nu)發(fa)沖冠,或(huo)咬(yao)牙恨齒(chi),皆表(biao)(biao)現(xian)為“斗(dou)氣(qi)”之表(biao)(biao)情。能(neng)否把二人(ren)(ren)(ren)斗(dou)演(yan)(yan)活,關鍵在于表(biao)(biao)演(yan)(yan)者(zhe)高超的(de)(de)演(yan)(yan)技,“橫看成(cheng)嶺(ling)側成(cheng)峰”,表(biao)(biao)演(yan)(yan)者(zhe)的(de)(de)騰(teng)、挪、跌、宕、側翻、后轉、仰俯、橫臥等(deng)動作,從(cong)不同角度展(zhan)現(xian)出兩(liang)個小鬼(gui)打斗(dou)的(de)(de)姿勢形態,逼真(zhen)感(gan)人(ren)(ren)(ren),栩(xu)栩(xu)如生。隨著時間(jian)的(de)(de)推移,有(you)的(de)(de)劇(ju)目(mu)萎縮了(le),而二人(ren)(ren)(ren)斗(dou)則倍受(shou)群(qun)(qun)眾喜(xi)愛。現(xian)在的(de)(de)民(min)間(jian)藝(yi)術(shu)(shu)“二人(ren)(ren)(ren)斗(dou)”傳人(ren)(ren)(ren)李昭然(ran)從(cong)10多(duo)(duo)(duo)歲就跟老(lao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)學習此門技術(shu)(shu),如今,象他(ta)這(zhe)(zhe)樣樂意研究(jiu)“二人(ren)(ren)(ren)斗(dou)”的(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)已經不多(duo)(duo)(duo)了(le),他(ta)的(de)(de)師兄師弟們(men)或(huo)投身商海,或(huo)改(gai)做(zuo)其他(ta)的(de)(de)了(le),惟有(you)他(ta)依然(ran)情有(you)獨衷。為了(le)使(shi)這(zhe)(zhe)項(xiang)民(min)間(jian)藝(yi)術(shu)(shu)一代一代傳下(xia)(xia)去,他(ta)積極培養后人(ren)(ren)(ren),從(cong)村里(li)挑選、培養了(le)20多(duo)(duo)(duo)個熱愛這(zhe)(zhe)項(xiang)民(min)間(jian)藝(yi)術(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)年輕(qing)人(ren)(ren)(ren),利用農(nong)閑季(ji)節傳授指(zhi)(zhi)導他(ta)們(men)表(biao)(biao)演(yan)(yan)。在表(biao)(biao)演(yan)(yan)過程中(zhong),李師傅不斷(duan)推陳出新(xin),使(shi)藝(yi)術(shu)(shu)精(jing)益求(qiu)精(jing)。在第一屆(jie)孔子藝(yi)術(shu)(shu)文(wen)化節開(kai)幕式上,任城區選派的(de)(de)長溝(gou)“二人(ren)(ren)(ren)斗(dou)”藝(yi)術(shu)(shu)隊在李師傅的(de)(de)指(zhi)(zhi)導下(xia)(xia),一舉(ju)成(cheng)名,充分展(zhan)示了(le)長溝(gou)民(min)間(jian)藝(yi)術(shu)(shu)形象,從(cong)此,長溝(gou)“二人(ren)(ren)(ren)斗(dou)”成(cheng)了(le)民(min)間(jian)藝(yi)術(shu)(shu)花園里(li)一朵奇葩。
斗(dou)(dou)雞是(shi)梁山(shan)流行的(de)一種群(qun)眾性(xing)娛樂(le)活動(dong)。早在宋代末年,梁山(shan)就(jiu)有斗(dou)(dou)雞活動(dong)的(de)記載。兩雞相遇,或怒目對峙,或伸(shen)喙強攻(gong),或騰空(kong)撲打,或閃(shan)轉(zhuan)騰挪,你一招我一式(shi),互不相讓,拼死(si)爭斗(dou)(dou),場面熱(re)烈,情趣橫(heng)生。
俗(su)叫“弄(nong)獅(shi)”。是民(min)間(jian)一(yi)種為老少(shao)所喜愛的(de)舞(wu)蹈形(xing)式之一(yi)。它(ta)與舞(wu)龍齊名,故有“弄(nong)龍弄(nong)獅(shi)”的(de)俗(su)諺。
“弄獅(shi)”和“弄龍”一樣,只流(liu)行于集鎮。扮獅(shi)的(de)由年(nian)青人擔任,執獅(shi)球的(de)是(shi)指揮(hui)人,同時(shi)配合鑼鼓(gu)的(de)節奏進行“弄獅(shi)”。
獅(shi)頭是用(yong)竹扎(zha)為骨(gu),圍上白布(bu),施(shi)加彩繪而成;獅(shi)身則用(yong)一張六、七尺長(chang)的藍布(bu)或黑布(bu)為披(pi);外面垂著以各色(se)麻結(jie)的纓絡為獅(shi)毛(mao);還有那靈動的耳朵,綠色(se)的眼(yan)睛(jing),血(xue)紅(hong)的大口,維妙(miao)維肖。
屬于(yu)道具舞(wu),古代(dai)流行于(yu)濟(ji)寧一(yi)帶。仙鶴舞(wu)其道具為象(xiang)形(xing)的(de)仙鶴,人(ren)在鶴中駕馭表(biao)演名曰“白鶴仙子”。表(biao)演時為丹(dan)頂母鶴一(yi)人(ren)領舞(wu),八只幼鶴隨(sui)舞(wu),舞(wu)姿飄逸、 瀟灑,隊形(xing)變化多端,情趣高雅。60年代(dai)初前(qian)衛歌舞(wu)團整理后作為出國節目,受(shou)到國外藝術家的(de)好評。
山(shan)頭(tou)花(hua)(hua)(hua)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)戲(xi),民間演唱(chang)(chang)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)術(shu)。歷(li)史比較(jiao)悠(you)久,可追溯到明朝嘉靖年間。在鄒城市(shi)流行演唱(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)花(hua)(hua)(hua)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)戲(xi)以大束鎮山(shan)頭(tou)村(cun)較(jiao)為出名,距今已有160多年的(de)(de)(de)歷(li)史,被譽(yu)為山(shan)頭(tou)花(hua)(hua)(hua)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)戲(xi)。花(hua)(hua)(hua)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)戲(xi)根據唱(chang)(chang)腔的(de)(de)(de)不同,有南(nan)路花(hua)(hua)(hua)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)和北路花(hua)(hua)(hua)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)之分(fen),山(shan)頭(tou)花(hua)(hua)(hua)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)屬北路花(hua)(hua)(hua)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)。花(hua)(hua)(hua)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)戲(xi)先后(hou)經歷(li)了三個發展階段。起初,由于(yu)(yu)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)人(ren)家(jia)境貧困(kun),演唱(chang)(chang)花(hua)(hua)(hua)鼓(gu)(gu)(gu)戲(xi)被當(dang)作維持生計(ji)上(shang)門乞(qi)討的(de)(de)(de)工具;后(hou)逐漸發展到規(gui)模(mo)較(jiao)大的(de)(de)(de)集市(shi)賣(mai)藝(yi)(yi)(yi);再后(hou),經幾(ji)代藝(yi)(yi)(yi)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)豐富發展,形(xing)式趨于(yu)(yu)穩定,唱(chang)(chang)腔更(geng)加(jia)(jia)豐富,樂(le)器搭(da)配也更(geng)加(jia)(jia)協調(diao),逐漸走上(shang)了舞臺。
山頭(tou)花鼓(gu)(gu)戲(xi)(xi)(xi)的音樂(唱(chang)腔)十(shi)分獨特,有(you)(you)(you)"九腔十(shi)八調"之稱(cheng)。曲(qu)(qu)牌(pai)雖少,但變化多端。較主要(yao)的曲(qu)(qu)牌(pai)有(you)(you)(you)花鼓(gu)(gu)調、擰繩、小蓮子等(deng),一(yi)個(ge)(ge)戲(xi)(xi)(xi)中(zhong)一(yi)般(ban)只用兩個(ge)(ge)主要(yao)唱(chang)腔,分里角和外角。中(zhong)華人民(min)共和國成立(li)后,鄒(zou)城市有(you)(you)(you)關部門(men)配(pei)合山東(dong)省戲(xi)(xi)(xi)曲(qu)(qu)研究室對山頭(tou)花鼓(gu)(gu)戲(xi)(xi)(xi)進(jin)(jin)行了(le)(le)發掘、整理,進(jin)(jin)一(yi)步豐富充實了(le)(le)花鼓(gu)(gu)戲(xi)(xi)(xi)的內容。現存劇目有(you)(you)(you)《北圓》、《過(guo)江》、《大趕腳》、《王定保借當》等(deng)70余個(ge)(ge)。
梁山斗(dou)羊(yang)由(you)來已久,遠近聞名(ming)。梁山斗(dou)羊(yang)的品種,均為(wei)小(xiao)尾寒(han)羊(yang)之公羊(yang),有(you)(you)白、黑、花等色。斗(dou)羊(yang)有(you)(you)兩種玩法(fa):自(zi)由(you)抵和拉開抵。由(you)于斗(dou)羊(yang)訓練有(you)(you)素,你(ni)來我往(wang),勢均力敵,有(you)(you)的斗(dou)幾十個(ge)回合仍(reng)難分勝(sheng)負,圍觀者吶喊(han)助威,場面非常(chang)熱鬧。
旅游商(shang)品屋——民俗博(bo)物(wu)館——雪山草(cao)地——動物(wu)園——兒童樂園——奇(qi)石盆(pen)景展——園中湖(hu)