簡介
石(shi)門(men)(men)(men)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)位于湖南省石(shi)門(men)(men)(men)縣(xian)(xian)老城火車站(zhan)旁,座北朝南,是石(shi)門(men)(men)(men)保存(cun)最完好的古建(jian)(jian)筑群(qun),也是常德市暨澧(li)水流域(yu)唯一幸存(cun)的縣(xian)(xian)級文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)。[2] ?石(shi)門(men)(men)(men)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)保存(cun)建(jian)(jian)筑大部(bu)分(fen)為(wei)(wei)清乾隆時期所建(jian)(jian),后(hou)經過多(duo)次(ci)修葺(qi)。解放前夕,作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)石(shi)門(men)(men)(men)簡易師范(fan)校址,解放后(hou),文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)幾經改作(zuo)他用,先后(hou)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)縣(xian)(xian)委辦公地點、大會(hui)招(zhao)待(dai)所、縣(xian)(xian)委招(zhao)待(dai)所等(deng)。1982年縣(xian)(xian)政府發文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)將文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)移交文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化部(bu)門(men)(men)(men)管理,作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)博物館館舍之用,并多(duo)次(ci)維(wei)修,特別是1999年為(wei)(wei)迎(ying)接第八屆明史國際學(xue)術討論會(hui)在(zai)石(shi)門(men)(men)(men)召開,耗資200多(duo)萬元對其進行了大規模整修,基本恢復了舊貌(mao)。
歷史
石(shi)門(men)文(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)興建(jian)(jian)于(yu)宋皇祐(you)四(si)年(公元1052年),明洪(hong)武四(si)年(1371年)、正統(tong)九年(1444年)縣(xian)丞劉澄鼎,知縣(xian)王茂(mao)兩次(ci)進行修(xiu)(xiu)繕。明弘治十(shi)七(qi)年(1504年),石(shi)門(men)邑(yi)侯周邦將文(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)從澧水河邊遷至長(chang)溪北,就(jiu)是后來的文(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)處(chu),修(xiu)(xiu)建(jian)(jian)了(le)(le)欞星門(men),大成門(men)、大成殿、崇圣(sheng)(sheng)殿等(deng)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)。嘉靖四(si)十(shi)年(1561年)邑(yi)侯張澍、教諭王化修(xiu)(xiu)建(jian)(jian)名宦祠(ci)、鄉(xiang)賢祠(ci)、啟圣(sheng)(sheng)祠(ci)等(deng)。以后從明到清每(mei)隔一(yi)(yi)段時(shi)間就(jiu)維(wei)(wei)修(xiu)(xiu)一(yi)(yi)次(ci)。特別是光(guang)緒(xu)十(shi)二年(1886年)石(shi)門(men)舉(ju)人(ren)(ren)(ren)覃(tan)遠琎、鄭協吾、黃碧(bi)川捐款維(wei)(wei)修(xiu)(xiu),并增建(jian)(jian)左右門(men)樓和尊(zun)經閣。民(min)間據說(shuo)三(san)(san)舉(ju)人(ren)(ren)(ren)修(xiu)(xiu)文(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)動了(le)(le)“三(san)(san)煞(sha)(sha)方”,多人(ren)(ren)(ren)阻止不聽,說(shuo):“我們這么(me)大三(san)(san)個人(ren)(ren)(ren)還壓(ya)不住地煞(sha)(sha)!”結果文(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)全部修(xiu)(xiu)好(hao),三(san)(san)舉(ju)人(ren)(ren)(ren)這年年底全部過逝。就(jiu)是縣(xian)邑(yi)文(wen)(wen)人(ren)(ren)(ren)、官(guan)員不惜財力、物力甚至不惜生命的保(bao)護維(wei)(wei)修(xiu)(xiu),石(shi)門(men)文(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)才經歷了(le)(le)千年風雨剝蝕一(yi)(yi)直(zhi)保(bao)存下來。
石(shi)門(men)文廟在(zai)民國末年(nian)設石(shi)門(men)簡易師(shi)范,石(shi)門(men)和(he)平解(jie)放時,人民政府(fu)曾在(zai)此辦公。20世紀70年(nian)代(dai)至80年(nian)代(dai)初(chu)又辟為石(shi)門(men)縣第二(er)招待所。985年(nian)被石(shi)門(men)文管所和(he)石(shi)門(men)博物館使用。無數次維(wei)修(xiu),基本重現(xian)惜日(ri)的(de)輝煌(huang)。
建筑
石(shi)(shi)門(men)文(wen)廟古建筑群,黃瓦(wa)紅(hong)墻,呈(cheng)南北中輔線對稱布局(ju),掩隱在參天古樹叢(cong)中。走近(jin)單檐歇山(shan)頂(ding)頭門(men),門(men)前(qian)有(you)一對清(qing)朝(chao)石(shi)(shi)獅把守。過頭門(men),來(lai)到文(wen)廟院里,有(you)半月形泮(pan)池(chi),周環石(shi)(shi)欄,狀元(yuan)橋(qiao)拱形跨(kua)越(yue)泮(pan)池(chi)中間,跨(kua)度10米,橋(qiao)砌(qi)石(shi)(shi)欄,陽(yang)雕文(wen)房四寶(bao),暗八(ba)仙圖案,泮(pan)池(chi)狀元(yuan)橋(qiao)兩側有(you)道貫古今樓(lou)。每年石(shi)(shi)門(men)考上北大(da),清(qing)華的(de)學(xue)子(zi)都會(hui)在民(min)間人(ren)士捐(juan)助(zhu)下來(lai)狀元(yuan)橋(qiao)踏(ta)橋(qiao)。狀元(yuan)學(xue)子(zi)經(jing)過狀元(yuan)橋(qiao)兩端的(de)踏(ta)步、抱鼓,來(lai)到與泮(pan)池(chi)相映(ying)生輝(hui)的(de)欞靈(ling)門(men)穿過兩個自然四合院去拜(bai)祭孔子(zi)。
第一(yi)進四合(he)院由(you)大(da)(da)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)、大(da)(da)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)左邊(bian)文(wen)(wen)(wen)官廳、名宦祠(ci)、東(dong)碑廊(lang),右(you)邊(bian)武(wu)官廳、鄉賢(xian)祠(ci)、西碑廊(lang),加(jia)上欞星門(men)(men)構(gou)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。欞星門(men)(men)牌樓,四柱三門(men)(men)三樓,高8.7米,主樓明間(jian)七彩(cai)斗(dou)拱五攢(zan),次樓七彩(cai)斗(dou)拱三攢(zan),正間(jian)、次間(jian)大(da)(da)小額枋兩面都(dou)有二龍戲(xi)珠(zhu),五龍捧圣(sheng),雙龍朝陽鏤空木(mu)雕(diao)。據(ju)說(shuo)(shuo)欞星是(shi)一(yi)種五谷神或說(shuo)(shuo)文(wen)(wen)(wen)曲神,總之(zhi)進入欞星門(men)(men)即有五谷豐登或升官發(fa)財的運(yun)氣。大(da)(da)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men),名取“孔子集(ji)大(da)(da)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)也者”之(zhi)意,又稱戟門(men)(men),磚木(mu)結構(gou),單檐硬(ying)山(shan)(shan)頂(ding)(ding)。山(shan)(shan)墻兩端泥塑人物山(shan)(shan)水、飛獸(shou)走(zou)獸(shou),正脊兩端有鴟吻(wen),中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)置寶瓶,蓋黃色琉璃瓦。面闊三間(jian),有聯“道德(de)冶人民族魂,文(wen)(wen)(wen)章警世春(chun)秋筆”、“道德(de)芬(fen)芳沁四海,文(wen)(wen)(wen)章經緯(wei)耀千秋”。據(ju)說(shuo)(shuo)澧(li)縣(xian)文(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)平時只(zhi)開(kai)大(da)(da)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)東(dong)西二側(ce)門(men)(men),中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)門(men)(men)要待當地人中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)了狀(zhuang)元祀(si)奉孔子時方(fang)能開(kai)啟,可(ke)惜(xi)明代(dai)以來,澧(li)州無一(yi)人中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)狀(zhuang)元,因此中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)門(men)(men)始(shi)終沒打(da)開(kai)過(guo)。石門(men)(men)文(wen)(wen)(wen)廟(miao)的大(da)(da)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)則常年中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)門(men)(men)大(da)(da)開(kai),莘(xin)莘(xin)學子和廣大(da)(da)游客都(dou)可(ke)堂堂正正穿過(guo)大(da)(da)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)門(men)(men)去拜祭孔子。大(da)(da)城門(men)(men)進深12.4米,內頂(ding)(ding)飾草(cao)龍彩(cai)繪。
穿過(guo)大(da)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門,來(lai)到第二(er)(er)進四合(he)院。大(da)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)殿(dian)、大(da)成(cheng)殿(dian)前(qian)左為(wei)(wei)東廡(wu)、鐘(zhong)(zhong)樓,右(you)為(wei)(wei)西廡(wu)、鼓樓,加上大(da)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門后(hou)墻(qiang)構(gou)成(cheng)第二(er)(er)個四合(he)院。它比第一個更(geng)幽靜、古(gu)樸。大(da)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)殿(dian)是(shi)文廟主體(ti)建(jian)筑,重檐(yan)歇(xie)山頂,黃色(se)琉(liu)璃瓦,飛檐(yan)高翹。面(mian)闊5間,有(you)(you)(you)對聯“觀(guan)今(jin)(jin)宜(yi)鑒古(gu)古(gu)為(wei)(wei)今(jin)(jin)用,考(kao)古(gu)更(geng)惜今(jin)(jin)今(jin)(jin)勝(sheng)古(gu)傳”、“言(yan)義(yi)(yi)言(yan)利有(you)(you)(you)違儒道何以論(lun)語,施(shi)愛施(shi)仁不法(fa)仲尼怎寫春(chun)秋(qiu)”、“追孔(kong)(kong)追孟(meng)唯(wei)追半部論(lun)語,敬祖敬宗只(zhi)敬一座(zuo)廟堂”。大(da)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)殿(dian)前(qian)有(you)(you)(you)石(shi)砌月臺,安放(fang)由香(xiang)港(gang)孔(kong)(kong)教(jiao)學(xue)院湯恩佳博士捐贈的高3.4米的孔(kong)(kong)子銅像(xiang)。月臺四周(zhou)立石(shi)柱石(shi)欄,刻文房(fang)四寶、龍鳳(feng)花鳥。銅像(xiang)前(qian)有(you)(you)(you)大(da)型香(xiang)爐,香(xiang)爐里常(chang)年香(xiang)燭不斷(duan),香(xiang)煙(yan)裊(niao)繞。東廡(wu)辟為(wei)(wei)奇石(shi)根雕展,西廡(wu)為(wei)(wei)各種應時(shi)畫展。東角(jiao)鐘(zhong)(zhong)樓,“登斯閣問世間有(you)(you)(you)事無事,聽斯鐘(zhong)(zhong)敲天(tian)下南潮北潮”。西角(jiao)鼓樓,“遠水淡(dan)孤(gu)心云繡天(tian)地來(lai)無跡(ji),夕陽(yang)紅半樓鼓送(song)歲月去有(you)(you)(you)聲”。大(da)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門后(hou)墻(qiang)亦(yi)掛對聯多(duo)幅,“游列國講仁政誰弭春(chun)秋(qiu)無義(yi)(yi)戰,誨弟(di)子傳儒學(xue)首開論(lun)語教(jiao)化風”、“承圣傳經典(dian)蒙國中興,師(shi)賢講禮法(fa)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉大(da)治”、“鐘(zhong)(zhong)鼓鳴朝暮朝重暮復過(guo)眼煙(yan)云知多(duo)少(shao),仁義(yi)(yi)貫古(gu)今(jin)(jin)古(gu)往今(jin)(jin)來(lai)銘心夫子有(you)(you)(you)幾人”。
特點
石門文(wen)廟(miao)是湖(hu)南(nan)省(sheng)縣級文(wen)廟(miao)中的(de)佼佼者,也是常德市唯一幸(xing)存的(de)縣級文(wen)廟(miao),具(ju)有皇宮建(jian)筑(zhu)款式(shi)和湖(hu)南(nan)重檐(yan)翹角的(de)地(di)方建(jian)筑(zhu)特(te)點,其雕刻(ke)、泥(ni)塑、彩繪都蘊含著(zhu)濃郁的(de)地(di)方民俗特(te)點,有很高的(de)歷史、科學和藝術價值。