簡介
石(shi)(shi)門文廟位(wei)于湖(hu)南省石(shi)(shi)門縣(xian)(xian)老城火車站旁,座北朝南,是石(shi)(shi)門保(bao)存最完好的(de)古建筑群,也是常德市暨澧(li)水流域唯一幸存的(de)縣(xian)(xian)級文廟。[2] ?石(shi)(shi)門文廟保(bao)存建筑大(da)部分為(wei)清乾(qian)隆時期所(suo)建,后(hou)經(jing)過多次修(xiu)葺。解(jie)(jie)放(fang)前夕,作為(wei)石(shi)(shi)門簡易師(shi)范(fan)校址(zhi),解(jie)(jie)放(fang)后(hou),文廟幾經(jing)改作他用,先后(hou)作為(wei)縣(xian)(xian)委辦(ban)公地點、大(da)會招待(dai)所(suo)、縣(xian)(xian)委招待(dai)所(suo)等。1982年縣(xian)(xian)政(zheng)府發文將文廟移交文化部門管理,作為(wei)博(bo)物館館舍之用,并(bing)多次維修(xiu),特別(bie)是1999年為(wei)迎接第八屆明史國際學術(shu)討論會在(zai)石(shi)(shi)門召(zhao)開,耗資200多萬元對其進行了大(da)規模整(zheng)修(xiu),基本恢(hui)復了舊(jiu)貌。
歷史
石(shi)門(men)文(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)興(xing)建(jian)(jian)于(yu)宋皇祐四(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)1052年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),明(ming)洪武(wu)四(si)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1371年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))、正統九年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1444年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))縣丞劉澄鼎,知縣王茂兩次進行修繕。明(ming)弘治十(shi)七年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1504年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),石(shi)門(men)邑(yi)侯(hou)周邦將文(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)從(cong)澧水河邊遷至長溪北,就(jiu)是(shi)后(hou)來的文(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)處,修建(jian)(jian)了(le)欞(ling)星門(men),大成門(men)、大成殿(dian)、崇圣殿(dian)等(deng)建(jian)(jian)筑。嘉靖四(si)十(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1561年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))邑(yi)侯(hou)張澍、教諭(yu)王化修建(jian)(jian)名(ming)宦(huan)祠(ci)、鄉(xiang)賢祠(ci)、啟圣祠(ci)等(deng)。以后(hou)從(cong)明(ming)到清(qing)每隔一段(duan)時間就(jiu)維(wei)修一次。特(te)別(bie)是(shi)光緒十(shi)二年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1886年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))石(shi)門(men)舉人(ren)(ren)覃遠琎(jin)、鄭協吾、黃(huang)碧川捐款維(wei)修,并增(zeng)建(jian)(jian)左(zuo)右(you)門(men)樓(lou)和尊經閣。民間據說三舉人(ren)(ren)修文(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)動了(le)“三煞(sha)方(fang)”,多人(ren)(ren)阻止不聽(ting),說:“我們(men)這(zhe)么大三個人(ren)(ren)還壓(ya)不住地煞(sha)!”結果文(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)全部(bu)修好(hao),三舉人(ren)(ren)這(zhe)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)底全部(bu)過逝。就(jiu)是(shi)縣邑(yi)文(wen)(wen)人(ren)(ren)、官員不惜財(cai)力、物力甚至不惜生命的保(bao)護維(wei)修,石(shi)門(men)文(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)才經歷了(le)千(qian)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)風(feng)雨剝蝕一直(zhi)保(bao)存下來。
石門(men)文(wen)廟在(zai)民(min)國末(mo)年設石門(men)簡易師(shi)范,石門(men)和平解放時,人民(min)政府曾在(zai)此辦公。20世(shi)紀70年代(dai)(dai)至80年代(dai)(dai)初又(you)辟為石門(men)縣第二招待所(suo)。985年被石門(men)文(wen)管所(suo)和石門(men)博(bo)物館(guan)使用。無數(shu)次維修,基本重現惜日(ri)的輝煌。
建筑
石門文廟古(gu)建筑(zhu)群(qun),黃(huang)瓦紅墻,呈(cheng)南北(bei)中(zhong)(zhong)輔線對(dui)稱(cheng)布局(ju),掩隱在(zai)參天古(gu)樹叢中(zhong)(zhong)。走(zou)近單(dan)檐歇山(shan)頂頭門,門前有一對(dui)清朝石獅把守。過頭門,來到文廟院里,有半月形泮池,周(zhou)環石欄,狀元橋拱形跨越泮池中(zhong)(zhong)間(jian),跨度10米(mi),橋砌石欄,陽雕文房四(si)寶,暗八仙(xian)圖案,泮池狀元橋兩側有道貫古(gu)今樓。每年石門考上北(bei)大,清華的(de)學(xue)(xue)子(zi)都(dou)會在(zai)民間(jian)人士捐助(zhu)下來狀元橋踏橋。狀元學(xue)(xue)子(zi)經過狀元橋兩端的(de)踏步、抱鼓,來到與泮池相映生輝的(de)欞靈(ling)門穿過兩個(ge)自然四(si)合院去拜祭孔子(zi)。
第一(yi)(yi)進(jin)四(si)合院由(you)大(da)(da)成(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)(men)、大(da)(da)成(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)(men)左邊文(wen)官廳、名(ming)宦祠、東(dong)碑廊,右邊武官廳、鄉賢祠、西碑廊,加(jia)上欞(ling)星(xing)門(men)(men)(men)構(gou)成(cheng)(cheng)。欞(ling)星(xing)門(men)(men)(men)牌樓,四(si)柱三(san)門(men)(men)(men)三(san)樓,高8.7米,主樓明間七(qi)彩(cai)(cai)斗拱五(wu)(wu)攢,次樓七(qi)彩(cai)(cai)斗拱三(san)攢,正間、次間大(da)(da)小額枋兩面都有(you)二龍戲珠(zhu),五(wu)(wu)龍捧圣,雙龍朝陽(yang)鏤(lou)空木雕。據說欞(ling)星(xing)是一(yi)(yi)種五(wu)(wu)谷神或說文(wen)曲神,總(zong)之(zhi)進(jin)入欞(ling)星(xing)門(men)(men)(men)即(ji)有(you)五(wu)(wu)谷豐登(deng)或升(sheng)官發財的(de)運氣。大(da)(da)成(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)(men),名(ming)取“孔(kong)子(zi)集(ji)大(da)(da)成(cheng)(cheng)也者”之(zhi)意,又稱(cheng)戟門(men)(men)(men),磚木結構(gou),單(dan)檐硬山(shan)頂(ding)。山(shan)墻兩端泥塑人(ren)物山(shan)水(shui)、飛(fei)獸走獸,正脊兩端有(you)鴟吻(wen),中置寶瓶,蓋黃色琉璃瓦。面闊三(san)間,有(you)聯“道德(de)冶(ye)人(ren)民族魂,文(wen)章(zhang)警世春(chun)秋筆”、“道德(de)芬芳沁四(si)海,文(wen)章(zhang)經緯耀千秋”。據說澧(li)縣文(wen)廟(miao)平(ping)時只開大(da)(da)成(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)(men)東(dong)西二側門(men)(men)(men),中門(men)(men)(men)要待當地人(ren)中了狀元祀奉孔(kong)子(zi)時方能(neng)開啟,可(ke)惜明代以來,澧(li)州無一(yi)(yi)人(ren)中狀元,因此中門(men)(men)(men)始終(zhong)沒打開過。石門(men)(men)(men)文(wen)廟(miao)的(de)大(da)(da)成(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)(men)則常年中門(men)(men)(men)大(da)(da)開,莘(xin)莘(xin)學(xue)子(zi)和廣大(da)(da)游(you)客都可(ke)堂(tang)堂(tang)正正穿過大(da)(da)成(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)(men)中門(men)(men)(men)去(qu)拜祭孔(kong)子(zi)。大(da)(da)城門(men)(men)(men)進(jin)深12.4米,內頂(ding)飾(shi)草龍彩(cai)(cai)繪。
穿過大(da)(da)(da)城(cheng)門,來到第(di)二(er)進四合院。大(da)(da)(da)城(cheng)殿、大(da)(da)(da)成殿前左為東廡(wu)(wu)、鐘(zhong)(zhong)樓(lou),右為西(xi)廡(wu)(wu)、鼓樓(lou),加上(shang)大(da)(da)(da)城(cheng)門后墻構成第(di)二(er)個四合院。它(ta)比第(di)一個更幽靜、古(gu)(gu)樸。大(da)(da)(da)城(cheng)殿是文廟(miao)(miao)主體建(jian)筑(zhu),重(zhong)檐(yan)(yan)歇山頂,黃(huang)色(se)琉璃瓦,飛檐(yan)(yan)高(gao)翹(qiao)。面闊5間(jian),有對(dui)聯“觀(guan)今(jin)(jin)宜鑒(jian)古(gu)(gu)古(gu)(gu)為今(jin)(jin)用,考古(gu)(gu)更惜今(jin)(jin)今(jin)(jin)勝古(gu)(gu)傳”、“言(yan)義(yi)言(yan)利有違儒道何(he)以論語,施愛(ai)施仁(ren)不(bu)(bu)法(fa)仲尼怎(zen)寫春(chun)秋(qiu)”、“追(zhui)孔追(zhui)孟唯追(zhui)半部論語,敬祖(zu)敬宗只敬一座廟(miao)(miao)堂”。大(da)(da)(da)城(cheng)殿前有石砌(qi)月(yue)臺,安(an)放由香(xiang)(xiang)港孔教(jiao)學(xue)院湯恩佳博士捐(juan)贈的高(gao)3.4米的孔子(zi)銅像。月(yue)臺四周(zhou)立石柱石欄,刻文房四寶、龍(long)鳳花鳥。銅像前有大(da)(da)(da)型香(xiang)(xiang)爐(lu),香(xiang)(xiang)爐(lu)里常年香(xiang)(xiang)燭不(bu)(bu)斷,香(xiang)(xiang)煙裊(niao)繞(rao)。東廡(wu)(wu)辟為奇石根雕(diao)展,西(xi)廡(wu)(wu)為各種應(ying)時畫(hua)展。東角(jiao)鐘(zhong)(zhong)樓(lou),“登(deng)斯閣問世間(jian)有事無事,聽斯鐘(zhong)(zhong)敲(qiao)天下南潮北(bei)潮”。西(xi)角(jiao)鼓樓(lou),“遠水淡孤心(xin)云(yun)繡(xiu)天地來無跡,夕(xi)陽紅半樓(lou)鼓送歲月(yue)去有聲”。大(da)(da)(da)城(cheng)門后墻亦掛對(dui)聯多(duo)幅,“游列(lie)國講(jiang)仁(ren)政誰弭春(chun)秋(qiu)無義(yi)戰,誨(hui)弟子(zi)傳儒學(xue)首(shou)開論語教(jiao)化風”、“承圣傳經(jing)典蒙國中興,師賢講(jiang)禮法(fa)城(cheng)鄉大(da)(da)(da)治”、“鐘(zhong)(zhong)鼓鳴朝暮朝重(zhong)暮復過眼煙云(yun)知多(duo)少,仁(ren)義(yi)貫(guan)古(gu)(gu)今(jin)(jin)古(gu)(gu)往今(jin)(jin)來銘心(xin)夫(fu)子(zi)有幾人”。
特點
石門文廟(miao)是(shi)湖(hu)南(nan)省(sheng)縣級(ji)文廟(miao)中的佼佼者,也是(shi)常德市唯一幸存的縣級(ji)文廟(miao),具有皇宮(gong)建筑款式(shi)和湖(hu)南(nan)重檐(yan)翹角的地(di)(di)方建筑特(te)點,其雕刻、泥塑、彩繪都蘊(yun)含著(zhu)濃(nong)郁的地(di)(di)方民俗特(te)點,有很(hen)高的歷史、科學(xue)和藝術價值。