地理位置
陳山舊石器(qi)(qi)出土地(di)點,又稱向(xiang)陽(yang)舊石器(qi)(qi)地(di)點,位于(yu)宣州(zhou)市向(xiang)陽(yang)鄉夏村趙邊生產隊。東(dong)經118°52’,北緯30°52’,西(xi)北距宣州(zhou)市區(qu)(qu)15公(gong)里,水陽(yang)江(jiang)在(zai)東(dong)北1000米處(chu)自東(dong)南(nan)(nan)向(xiang)西(xi)北流經。舊石器(qi)(qi)出土于(yu)一條西(xi)南(nan)(nan)——東(dong)北走向(xiang)的隴崗(gang)東(dong)北端,當地(di)俗稱“陳山”。陳山屬黃山山脈的余脈,海拔40-50米,地(di)質分(fen)區(qu)(qu)屬下揚子地(di)層(ceng)分(fen)區(qu)(qu)常州(zhou)——宣城地(di)區(qu)(qu)小(xiao)區(qu)(qu)。舊石器(qi)(qi)地(di)點面積達14萬平方(fang)米。
發掘
1987年省考(kao)古研究所調查發現(xian),1988年上半年試掘。
試(shi)掘是依剖面邊緣開挖探溝(gou)的(de),根據地(di)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)可分為(wei)10層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)。第(di)(di)(di)(di)1層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng),黃(huang)褐(he)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)粉(fen)砂(sha)質(zhi)(zhi)粘(zhan)(zhan)土(tu),厚(hou)(hou)0.6-1.15米(mi),為(wei)全新世以后(hou)擾土(tu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)。第(di)(di)(di)(di)2層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng),棕(zong)黃(huang)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)粉(fen)砂(sha)質(zhi)(zhi)粘(zhan)(zhan)土(tu),最厚(hou)(hou)處0.55米(mi)。第(di)(di)(di)(di)3層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng),褐(he)紅色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)粉(fen)砂(sha)質(zhi)(zhi)粘(zhan)(zhan)土(tu),厚(hou)(hou)0.1-2.5米(mi)。第(di)(di)(di)(di)4層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng),桔(jie)黃(huang)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)粉(fen)砂(sha)質(zhi)(zhi)粘(zhan)(zhan)土(tu),厚(hou)(hou)0-0.8米(mi)。第(di)(di)(di)(di)5層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng),褐(he)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)粉(fen)砂(sha)質(zhi)(zhi)粘(zhan)(zhan)土(tu),厚(hou)(hou)0.2-1.5米(mi)。第(di)(di)(di)(di)6層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng),棕(zong)紅色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)粉(fen)砂(sha)質(zhi)(zhi)粘(zhan)(zhan)土(tu),厚(hou)(hou)3.2-4.8米(mi)。第(di)(di)(di)(di)7層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng),黃(huang)紅色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)粉(fen)砂(sha)質(zhi)(zhi)粘(zhan)(zhan)土(tu),間(jian)有(you)(you)桔(jie)黃(huang)、灰(hui)黃(huang)等雜色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se),厚(hou)(hou)0.9-1.4米(mi)。第(di)(di)(di)(di)8層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng),淺黃(huang)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)粉(fen)砂(sha)質(zhi)(zhi)粘(zhan)(zhan)土(tu),也有(you)(you)棕(zong)紅、淡黃(huang)等結核病色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se),厚(hou)(hou)0.85-1.1米(mi)。第(di)(di)(di)(di)9層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng),紫色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)粉(fen)砂(sha)質(zhi)(zhi)粘(zhan)(zhan)土(tu),厚(hou)(hou)0.35-1.1米(mi)。第(di)(di)(di)(di)10層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng),網紋化(hua)(hua)礫石(shi)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)。在(zai)第(di)(di)(di)(di)10層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)礫石(shi)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)之上的(de)9至(zhi)2層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)都發(fa)(fa)現有(you)(you)石(shi)器(qi),尤(you)其第(di)(di)(di)(di)2、3、6層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)最多。地(di)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)中沒有(you)(you)發(fa)(fa)現哺乳動物(wu)化(hua)(hua)石(shi)。根據堆(dui)積物(wu)的(de)巖(yan)性,將2至(zhi)5層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)分為(wei)上層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng),6至(zhi)9層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)為(wei)下層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)。
調查(cha)和試(shi)(shi)掘獲得(de)石(shi)制品(pin)(pin)標(biao)本200多件(jian),其中試(shi)(shi)掘時獲得(de)的(de)(de)(de)石(shi)制標(biao)本141件(jian),有明顯的(de)(de)(de)人類(lei)(lei)(lei)加工痕跡標(biao)本79件(jian),包括毛胚和石(shi)片(pian)(pian)。肉眼可見的(de)(de)(de)簡單(dan)加工和使(shi)用痕跡的(de)(de)(de)標(biao)本3件(jian)。石(shi)制品(pin)(pin)的(de)(de)(de)巖(yan)性大多數為石(shi)英(ying)砂(sha)巖(yan),其次是砂(sha)巖(yan)和石(shi)英(ying)巖(yan),只有少(shao)量的(de)(de)(de)硅(gui)質巖(yan)。經(jing)過初(chu)步觀察,各(ge)層(ceng)石(shi)制品(pin)(pin)的(de)(de)(de)形制和制造工藝變化(hua)不大,依(yi)據地(di)層(ceng)分早、晚兩期(qi)。早期(qi)石(shi)制品(pin)(pin)類(lei)(lei)(lei)型有石(shi)片(pian)(pian)、石(shi)核、砍伐器(qi)(qi)、尖狀器(qi)(qi)、尖狀——砍器(qi)(qi)、砍斫(zhuo)器(qi)(qi)、石(shi)錘、刮削(xue)器(qi)(qi)等。晚期(qi)石(shi)制品(pin)(pin)類(lei)(lei)(lei)型有石(shi)片(pian)(pian)、石(shi)核、砍伐器(qi)(qi)、砍斫(zhuo)器(qi)(qi)、刮削(xue)器(qi)(qi)、尖狀器(qi)(qi),沒發現尖狀——砍器(qi)(qi)和石(shi)錘。向(xiang)陽(yang)舊(jiu)石(shi)器(qi)(qi)地(di)點(dian)下層(ceng),即(ji)(ji)第6層(ceng)和第9層(ceng)堆(dui)積屬于中更新(xin)世(shi)“網紋(wen)紅土”,所(suo)出(chu)文化(hua)遺物(wu)(wu)為舊(jiu)石(shi)器(qi)(qi)時代早期(qi)。上層(ceng)即(ji)(ji)第2層(ceng)至5層(ceng)堆(dui)積屬于晚更新(xin)世(shi)的(de)(de)(de)“下蜀黃土”,所(suo)出(chu)文化(hua)遺物(wu)(wu)為舊(jiu)石(shi)器(qi)(qi)時代中晚期(qi)。
歷史意義
陳山遺(yi)址是(shi)地處水(shui)陽江中游(you)十余處同(tong)類(lei)舊石器地點的中心,遺(yi)址面積大(da),延續時代(dai)長。它完整連續的地層剖(pou)面,已成(cheng)為多(duo)學科(ke)綜合研究(jiu)華南更新世環境(jing)變遷與早期人類(lei)生活(huo)背(bei)景所關注的焦(jiao)點。
水陽(yang)江的(de)(de)舊(jiu)(jiu)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器地(di)點(dian)群,共有(you)(you)10多個舊(jiu)(jiu)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器地(di)點(dian),它們(men)代表了長江下游的(de)(de)一(yi)種新(xin)的(de)(de)舊(jiu)(jiu)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器時代文化,而向陽(yang)舊(jiu)(jiu)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器地(di)點(dian)面積(ji)大,文化層堆積(ji)厚(hou),遺(yi)物(wu)豐富(fu),可成為(wei)(wei)(wei)長江下游一(yi)處標準舊(jiu)(jiu)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器地(di)點(dian)。經研究認(ren)為(wei)(wei)(wei),向陽(yang)舊(jiu)(jiu)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器地(di)點(dian)的(de)(de)先民,可能過(guo)(guo)著半定居的(de)(de)生(sheng)活(huo),并已學會了用火,過(guo)(guo)著采集(ji)為(wei)(wei)(wei)主、捕(bu)獵為(wei)(wei)(wei)輔的(de)(de)生(sheng)活(huo)。這些出土的(de)(de)舊(jiu)(jiu)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器是他們(men)的(de)(de)原始生(sheng)產工具,有(you)(you)的(de)(de)有(you)(you)明顯的(de)(de)使用痕(hen)跡。向陽(yang)陳(chen)山舊(jiu)(jiu)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器地(di)點(dian)的(de)(de)發(fa)現和(he)試掘,有(you)(you)助于增加對這種新(xin)的(de)(de)舊(jiu)(jiu)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器文化的(de)(de)認(ren)識,所(suo)獲(huo)的(de)(de)文化遺(yi)物(wu)為(wei)(wei)(wei)進一(yi)步研究古人類的(de)(de)發(fa)展和(he)生(sheng)產、生(sheng)活(huo)提(ti)供(gong)了可貴的(de)(de)實物(wu)資料(liao)。