歷史概述
崇武的意思(si)就(jiu)是崇尚(shang)武備。宋(song)朝時,這(zhe)里(li)就(jiu)稱為(wei)崇武鄉守節里(li)。宋(song)太平興(xing)國六年(nian)(公元981年(nian))惠安置縣(xian)后,在這(zhe)里(li)設小兜(dou)巡檢寨。元朝初期改為(wei)小兜(dou)巡檢司。明朝洪武三(san)年(nian)(公元1370年(nian)),活動在朝鮮和(he)中國沿海的日(ri)本海盜集團(tuan)一倭寇突然登(deng)陸祥芝(zhi)的蚶江,對泉州(zhou)地區的安全造成威脅。
洪(hong)武(wu)二十年(公元1387年),明太祖朱元璋為了防(fang)御倭寇人侵,委派(pai)江(jiang)夏侯(hou)周德興巡(xun)視東南沿海(hai)。周德興是個(ge)軍事工程專家(jia),他根據泉州(zhou)沿海(hai)地區海(hai)岸線曲折、地形(xing)險要的特點,“一郡(jun)者(zhe)設(she)所,連(lian)郡(jun)者(zhe)設(she)衛”。泉州(zhou)設(she)永寧衛,管轄(xia)五(wu)(wu)個(ge)所,即福(fu)全、中左、金門(men)、高浦、崇武(wu)五(wu)(wu)所。惠安設(she)立(li)五(wu)(wu)座城,即崇武(wu)城、獺窟城、小(xiao)岞城、黃崎城、峰尾城。崇武(wu)城為五(wu)(wu)城之一,隸屬(shu)福(fu)建司(si)永寧衛的一個(ge)千戶(hu)所,建城至今已(yi)有六(liu)百多年了。
崇(chong)(chong)(chong)武(wu)(wu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)位于福建(jian)省(sheng)惠安縣南(nan)70里瀕海(hai)(hai)的(de)(de)尖岬上(shang)。崇(chong)(chong)(chong)武(wu)(wu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)背靠大陸(lu),其余三面臨(lin)海(hai)(hai),古又稱“小兜寨”。北宋元豐(feng)二年(nian)(nian)(1079年(nian)(nian))在(zai)此(ci)設置了(le)軍事機構——“小兜巡司”。明(ming)初(chu)又在(zai)此(ci)設“守御崇(chong)(chong)(chong)武(wu)(wu)千戶所”,開(kai)始(shi)用(yong)“崇(chong)(chong)(chong)武(wu)(wu)”之名。明(ming)洪武(wu)(wu)二十(shi)年(nian)(nian)(1387年(nian)(nian)),江夏侯(hou)周(zhou)德興(xing)奉命經略(lve)海(hai)(hai)防,始(shi)建(jian)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)池。崇(chong)(chong)(chong)武(wu)(wu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)是中(zhong)國至今保存較完好(hao)的(de)(de)古代濱海(hai)(hai)石城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)之一,崇(chong)(chong)(chong)武(wu)(wu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)是用(yong)花(hua)崗巖石砌筑的(de)(de),城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)周(zhou)長2456.7米(mi),城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)基(ji)寬5米(mi),高(gao)7米(mi),四(si)面均設有(you)(you)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men),城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)上(shang)建(jian)有(you)(you)門(men)樓。東、北、西三面有(you)(you)月城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),東、南(nan)、北三道城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)上(shang)各(ge)設有(you)(you)烽(feng)火臺一座。永樂十(shi)五年(nian)(nian)(1417年(nian)(nian)),又將(jiang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)增高(gao)了(le)1米(mi)多,崇(chong)(chong)(chong)武(wu)(wu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)筑后的(de)(de)百余年(nian)(nian)中(zhong),倭寇未能(neng)入侵。
明嘉靖三十九(jiu)年(公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)1560年)正月(yue),倭寇偷襲崇(chong)武(wu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),全(quan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)軍(jun)民(min)(min)浴血(xue)奮(fen)戰,由于孤立無(wu)援(yuan),糧盡(jin)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)陷。倭寇入城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)洗劫42天,無(wu)惡不(bu)作(zuo),令人(ren)發(fa)指(zhi)。明朝隆(long)慶元(yuan)(yuan)年(公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)1567年),抗倭名將(jiang)戚繼(ji)光(guang)親(qin)臨(lin)崇(chong)武(wu),指(zhi)揮剿(jiao)倭,人(ren)民(min)(min)才得以安(an)居樂業。十年倭亂平定后,崇(chong)武(wu)也(ye)成了東南(nan)(nan)沿海的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)鎮。此外,崇(chong)武(wu)古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)作(zuo)為歷史(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)見證(zheng)人(ren),她還曾目(mu)睹鄭成功(gong)大軍(jun)揮師東渡,收復祖(zu)國(guo)寶(bao)島臺灣,目(mu)睹崇(chong)武(wu)軍(jun)民(min)(min)隨人(ren)民(min)(min)解放(fang)軍(jun)揚帆南(nan)(nan)征(zheng),解放(fang)祖(zu)國(guo)南(nan)(nan)大門廈門島,目(mu)睹1956年周總理親(qin)自指(zhi)揮崇(chong)武(wu)海戰,擊沉擊傷入侵的(de)(de)(de)(de)美蔣“永泰”、“永昌”號軍(jun)艦。 今日的(de)(de)(de)(de)崇(chong)武(wu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)仍保存看宋(song)、明、清歷朝所修建的(de)(de)(de)(de)寺廟(miao)庵(an)(an)堂三十多座(zuo),主民(min)(min)宅也(ye)有(you)(you)數十處。其(qi)中有(you)(you)宋(song)代的(de)(de)(de)(de)“云峰庵(an)(an)”、“水(shui)潮(chao)庵(an)(an)”,有(you)(you)明代的(de)(de)(de)(de)“關帝廟(miao)”、“東岳廟(miao)”,也(ye)有(you)(you)敬(jing)奉海神(shen)媽祖(zu)娘娘的(de)(de)(de)(de)“天妃(fei)宮”,以及紀念當(dang)地(di)有(you)(you)功(gong)人(ren)物的(de)(de)(de)(de)“靈(ling)安(an)王廟(miao)”等,這些古(gu)(gu)建筑的(de)(de)(de)(de)保存,增添了古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)古(gu)(gu)樸(pu)優雅的(de)(de)(de)(de)氣息(xi)。游(you)客來崇(chong)武(wu)游(you)覽,最重(zhong)要的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)可(ke)以一睹惠安(an)女的(de)(de)(de)(de)風采,靈(ling)巧(qiao)能干的(de)(de)(de)(de)她們是(shi)惠東旅游(you)中一道(dao)亮麗的(de)(de)(de)(de)色(se)彩。
建筑特色
崇武古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)全部(bu)用白色(se)花(hua)崗巖壘成,城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)共長2457米,并設(she)有(you)兩(liang)層(ceng)跑(pao)馬(ma)逍。四(si)面(mian)設(she)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men),城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)上(shang)各(ge)(ge)設(she)烽(feng)火臺(tai)一座(zuo),南(nan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)外(wai)加設(she)一照墻(qiang)。在(zai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內蓮花(hua)山制(zhi)高點,還設(she)有(you)瞭望臺(tai)。四(si)面(mian)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)邊(bian)各(ge)(ge)有(you)一潭一井和通往城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)前的(de)涵井,城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內的(de)十字大(da)街(jie)相(xiang)接四(si)個城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)。這些城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)、窩鋪、門(men)樓、月城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、墩臺(tai)、捍寨和演武廳,構成我國古(gu)代一套完整的(de)戰略防(fang)御工程體系。明代守(shou)丞丁少(shao)鶴(he)曾有(you)詩句贊道:“孤(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)三(san)而魚龍(long)窟,大(da)岞雙峰(feng)虎豹關”。
作為海防(fang)的(de)最前沿,崇(chong)武(wu)古城曾經在明代倭患其(qi)(qi)間首(shou)當其(qi)(qi)沖,屢遭進犯;幾(ji)百年來,古城幾(ji)代軍民憑借(jie)天(tian)然的(de)屏障和牢(lao)固的(de)石城,歷經血(xue)與火的(de)洗禮,用生(sheng)命(ming)譜寫(xie)出可歌(ge)可泣的(de)戰斗詩篇。
景點
中(zhong)(zhong)國古(gu)代(dai)的(de)海防(fang)(fang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)堡建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)。在(zai)福建(jian)(jian)(jian)省(sheng)惠安(an)縣崇(chong)(chong)武鎮(zhen)。崇(chong)(chong)武城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)位(wei)于濱海半島(dao)上(shang)(shang),明洪武二(er)十(shi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1387),為(wei)(wei)防(fang)(fang)御(yu)倭寇(kou)(kou)而建(jian)(jian)(jian)。永樂十(shi)五年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1417)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻增高四尺。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)后(hou)(hou)約(yue)百余年(nian)(nian)(nian)寇(kou)(kou)未(wei)能入,海上(shang)(shang)升平。嘉(jia)靖三(san)十(shi)九(jiu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1560)倭寇(kou)(kou)偷(tou)襲,城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)陷42天(tian)。隆(long)慶(qing)元年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1567)戚繼光(guang)曾在(zai)此督練(lian)(lian)水師(shi)。清(qing)順(shun)治八(ba)(ba)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1651),鄭成(cheng)功據此作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)抗清(qing)基(ji)地。該城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)在(zai)防(fang)(fang)御(yu)倭寇(kou)(kou)侵犯方面曾發揮(hui)了重(zhong)大作(zuo)用,具有較高的(de)歷史和科(ke)學價值(zhi)。1988年(nian)(nian)(nian)中(zhong)(zhong)華人民共和國國務院公布為(wei)(wei)中(zhong)(zhong)國重(zhong)點(dian)文物保護單位(wei)。 城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻用花崗巖石砌筑(zhu),高7米。上(shang)(shang)有城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垛,周長(chang)2567米,設(she) 4門(men)(men)(men),置雙扉木門(men)(men)(men),上(shang)(shang)建(jian)(jian)(jian)門(men)(men)(men)樓。東、西、北(bei) 3門(men)(men)(men)加筑(zhu)月城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),東、南、北(bei)三(san)道城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)上(shang)(shang)各設(she)烽(feng)火(huo)臺 1座(zuo)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內設(she)跑馬(ma)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)臺 3層,可(ke)繞(rao)行至城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)上(shang)(shang)。古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)年(nian)(nian)(nian)久(jiu)失修,殘破嚴重(zhong)。1980年(nian)(nian)(nian)起,中(zhong)(zhong)國先后(hou)(hou)撥款(kuan)進行全面修葺,修復城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻2517米、跑馬(ma)道5374米,恢復了古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)原貌(mao)。 崇(chong)(chong)武城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)后(hou)(hou)的(de)百余年(nian)(nian)(nian)中(zhong)(zhong),倭寇(kou)(kou)未(wei)能入侵,海防(fang)(fang)平安(an)。嘉(jia)靖三(san)十(shi)九(jiu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1560年(nian)(nian)(nian))倭寇(kou)(kou)偷(tou)襲,城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)曾一度陷入敵手(shou)42天(tian)。隆(long)慶(qing)元年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1567年(nian)(nian)(nian))四月,抗倭名將戚繼光(guang)曾在(zai)這里督師(shi)操(cao)練(lian)(lian)。清(qing)順(shun)治八(ba)(ba)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1651年(nian)(nian)(nian))四月,鄭成(cheng)功曾于此憑險抗拒(ju)清(qing)兵。
地理位置
崇武(wu)城(cheng)墻(qiang)位于(yu)惠安縣崇武(wu)鎮半島東(dong)海(hai)端海(hai)濱,城(cheng)周(zhou)長2567米(mi)(mi)。其地原名小斗(音訛小兜),處于(yu)泉州(zhou)灣(wan)和湄州(zhou)灣(wan)之間(jian),面(mian)對臺灣(wan)海(hai)峽,雄關巍巍,形(xing)勢非常險要(yao),歷(li)來是中(zhong)國(guo)東(dong)南海(hai)疆的軍事要(yao)塞(sai)。北宋初置小兜巡檢(jian)寨(zhai),元(yuan)初改為(wei)巡檢(jian)司。明洪武(wu)二十年(nian)(1387),為(wei)防御倭寇的侵憂,江夏侯周(zhou)德(de)興奉命于(yu)此建城(cheng),并置崇武(wu)千戶所。永樂十五(wu)年(nian)(1417),城(cheng)增高4尺并筑東(dong)西兩(liang)月城(cheng),明嘉靖、萬歷(li)和清康熙、道(dao)光年(nian)間(jian)又進(jin)行四次較(jiao)大(da)規模的整修。城(cheng)墻(qiang)用花崗(gang)巖石(shi)塊(kuai)砌筑,外墻(qiang)用長方形(xing)石(shi)作丁順砌,內之跑馬道(dao)擋墻(qiang)用亂石(shi)或(huo)卵石(shi)花砌,中(zhong)間(jian)夯以三合土。城(cheng)平面(mian)略呈(cheng)梯形(xing),面(mian)積37萬平方米(mi)(mi),南北長500米(mi)(mi),東(dong)西寬300米(mi)(mi),基寬4.5米(mi)(mi),墻(qiang)高6.3米(mi)(mi),設有(you)窩鋪26座,軍房987座,城(cheng)堞(die)1304個,箭窗1300個。
四方(fang)設門(men)(men)(men)(men),建(jian)有(you)(you)門(men)(men)(men)(men)樓,東、西、北門(men)(men)(men)(men)外加(jia)筑半(ban)弧形(xing)月(yue)城(cheng),即各有(you)(you)城(cheng)門(men)(men)(men)(men)二道,唯南(nan)城(cheng)門(men)(men)(men)(men)外只筑照墻,以為(wei)屏(ping)蔽(bi)。北城(cheng)門(men)(men)(men)(men)的門(men)(men)(men)(men)額刻"威鎮海(hai)邦"四字(zi),相(xiang)傳是(shi)抗(kang)倭(wo)名將戚繼光所題。城(cheng)墻上建(jian)有(you)(you)烽火臺(tai)(tai)(tai)、了望臺(tai)(tai)(tai)和(he)安放銃炮(pao)的炮(pao)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)5座(zuo),城(cheng)墻內(nei)建(jian)有(you)(you)二層或三層的跑馬(ma)道。城(cheng)內(nei)外還(huan)鑿有(you)(you)13口水井及4條(tiao)涵溝;城(cheng)外周(zhou)圍(wei)原開有(you)(you)濠溝護(hu)城(cheng),城(cheng)內(nei)外還(huan)置軍房987座(zuo),并建(jian)有(you)(you)公(gong)署、兵(bing)馬(ma)司、演(yan)武塲、墩(dun)臺(tai)(tai)(tai)、倉(cang)廒、鐵局(兵(bing)工廠(chang))、館(guan)驛和(he)捍寨(zhai)等,構成一(yi)套比(bi)較完備的軍事防(fang)御體系。明隆(long)慶年元年(1567)四月(yue),戚繼光又(you)特地在(zai)城(cheng)內(nei)倉(cang)兜(dou)山置中(zhong)軍臺(tai)(tai)(tai),一(yi)旦倭(wo)寇來犯,便于報警和(he)指揮。清順(shun)治八年(1651)民族英雄鄭成功駐此抗(kang)清。城(cheng)南(nan)不(bu)遠處的海(hai)門(men)(men)(men)(men)深處,有(you)(you)摩崖題刻和(he)詩刻。
石雕藝術
崇武古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)風景區(qu)區(qu)內長達(da)28.8公里的曲折海岸線上,12個沙(sha)灣處處沙(sha)質細(xi)膩、嫵媚綺麗,4大巖群(qun)迭峰壘石、磊落萬狀。中國現存(cun)最完整的丁字(zi)型石砌古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)墻──崇武古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)就(jiu)聳立(li)在景區(qu)的正東方,其建筑工藝之獨特合理被稱為“古(gu)(gu)代(dai)系(xi)統工程(cheng)的案例”。
位(wei)于(yu)(yu)古城(cheng)(cheng)南側(ce)的(de)“中(zhong)華(hua)石(shi)雕(diao)工藝(yi)(yi)(yi)博(bo)覽園”,是中(zhong)國(guo)為數不多的(de)一處薈萃石(shi)雕(diao)精品(pin)的(de)主題公園,園區(qu)占(zhan)地9公頃,共收(shou)藏有不同藝(yi)(yi)(yi)術(shu)風(feng)格的(de)石(shi)雕(diao)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)術(shu)精品(pin)500余件,與古城(cheng)(cheng)、大(da)海(hai)渾然一體,獨具(ju)匠心(xin)(xin)。景(jing)區(qu)內中(zhong)國(guo)最(zui)大(da)的(de)巖雕(diao)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)術(shu)作(zuo)品(pin)──大(da)地藝(yi)(yi)(yi)術(shu),是著名畫家(jia)洪世清老先(xian)生花費數年心(xin)(xin)血,取(qu)材于(yu)(yu)海(hai)礁巖崖的(de)原始形(xing)態,依形(xing)取(qu)勢,循石(shi)造型,創作(zuo)出(chu)形(xing)神兼備(bei)的(de)各(ge)種藝(yi)(yi)(yi)術(shu)形(xing)象170余件,甚稱石(shi)雕(diao)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)術(shu)一大(da)奇(qi)觀(guan)。而豎(shu)立于(yu)(yu)崇(chong)武大(da)乍東山的(de)20米高惠女雕(diao)塑,預視著惠女民俗(su)村建設已拉(la)開帷幕(mu)。
清代又進行了大規模的整(zheng)修(xiu),這(zhe)(zhe)時(shi)全城周長(chang)2567米,南(nan)北長(chang)500米,東西寬(kuan)300米,基寬(kuan)5米,墻(qiang)(qiang)高7米,有(you)窩鋪26座,城堞1304個,箭(jian)窗1300個。四(si)面設門,東西二門筑(zhu)有(you)月(yue)城,城墻(qiang)(qiang)上有(you)烽(feng)火臺(tai)、了望臺(tai)和這(zhe)(zhe)放銃炮(pao)的虛臺(tai)。城墻(qiang)(qiang)有(you)二至三(san)層的跑馬道四(si)城邊各有(you)一潭、一井(jing)和通向城外的涵溝。城內(nei)原建(jian)有(you)捍寨(zhai)、墩(dun)臺(tai)、館驛、軍(jun)營和演武廳等,構成一套比(bi)較完整(zheng)的軍(jun)事防御(yu)體系。此(ci)后,城防已失(shi)去(qu)軍(jun)事上的作用,又因長(chang)期廢棄,城墻(qiang)(qiang)失(shi)修(xiu)倒塌。
古城歷史
建(jian)于明(ming)洪武二十年(nian)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)1387年(nian))。江(jiang)夏侯周德興建(jian)城(cheng)(cheng)。明(ming)嘉靖(jing)三(san)十七(qi)年(nian)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)1558年(nian)),倭寇攻(gong)城(cheng)(cheng)六(liu)晝夜,城(cheng)(cheng)陷(xian),生(sheng)靈涂炭,勸募大(da)修(xiu)。明(ming)隆(long)慶元(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(公(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)1567年(nian)),福建(jian)總兵戚繼光屯兵在此(ci),興修(xiu)城(cheng)(cheng)防,演武練兵,建(jian)立起一套完整(zheng)的(de)軍事(shi)制(zhi)度和城(cheng)(cheng)防設(she)施。清(qing)代(dai),崇武古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)又進(jin)行了大(da)規模的(de)整(zheng)修(xiu)。1983年(nian),由(you)中(zhong)國撥款進(jin)行全面修(xiu)復。1987年(nian),舉行“崇武古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)創(chuang)建(jian)六(liu)百周年(nian)紀念(nian)活動”及學術討(tao)論會。
旅游小貼士
提示
1、冬季出游,沿海(hai)(hai)風力大,需加防護;2、海(hai)(hai)岸礁石險峻、風浪(lang)較(jiao)大,切勿到危險地(di)帶(dai)游玩。3、不(bu)得乘座(zuo)非法(fa)農用船只出海(hai)(hai)。
門票-開放時間
門票25元(yuan)+2元(yuan)保(bao)險
7:30(上午(wu))--17:30(下(xia)午(wu))
交通
從廈門前往崇(chong)(chong)武(wu)古城(cheng),乘巴(ba)士(shi)前往時(shi)(shi),在松柏汽車(che)站上車(che),(經停集美汽車(che)站)最早(zao)一(yi)班(ban)(ban)是早(zao)6:40,接后為7:40,約每小時(shi)(shi)一(yi)班(ban)(ban),行(xing)程時(shi)(shi)間為2小時(shi)(shi)20分(fen)(fen)鐘(zhong)。票(piao)價為40元(yuan)(yuan)+2元(yuan)(yuan)(保險),回程時(shi)(shi)間最晚(wan)17:20,前一(yi)班(ban)(ban)為16:20。票(piao)價40元(yuan)(yuan)。從崇(chong)(chong)武(wu)長(chang)途汽車(che)站(廈門點)至崇(chong)(chong)武(wu)古城(cheng),可乘坐(zuo)摩的前往,二人5元(yuan)(yuan),3-5分(fen)(fen)鐘(zhong)即可。