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主要介紹

靈安(an)州(zhou)遺(yi)址面(mian)(mian)積為(wei)408000平方米(mi)(mi)，在西(xi)城(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)為(wei)正中偏南(nan)處(chu)，有一(yi)高(gao)臺建筑址，南(nan)北長60米(mi)(mi)，東西(xi)寬(kuan)30米(mi)(mi)，高(gao)山城(cheng)內地表2米(mi)(mi)。夯土板筑城(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)，基(ji)寬(kuan)20米(mi)(mi)，高(gao)處(chu)約10米(mi)(mi)。東北、南(nan)墻(qiang)(qiang)各開一(yi)城(cheng)門，外(wai)(wai)加筑甕墻(qiang)(qiang)外(wai)(wai)側(ce)有馬面(mian)(mian)。城(cheng)內有十字形(xing)街道，建筑臺基(ji)。地表散布(bu)溝紋磚，布(bu)紋瓦、蓮花紋瓦當、獸(shou)面(mian)(mian)紋瓦當、白瓷片及遼、北寧(ning)的銅錢等(deng)物品。

靈安(an)(an)州(zhou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址正處(chu)科爾沁(qin)沙地(di)(di)與遼(liao)西(xi)(xi)山(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)過渡地(di)(di)帶(dai),海(hai)(hai)拔(ba)300米(mi)(mi)左右。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址周(zhou)圍(wei)群山(shan)(shan)起伏,西(xi)(xi)2.5公(gong)(gong)里為官山(shan)(shan),海(hai)(hai)拔(ba)626米(mi)(mi),山(shan)(shan)峰峻(jun)峭,巖石(shi)突兀,是青龍山(shan)(shan)群的(de)組成部(bu)分；城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)南(nan)2公(gong)(gong)里為銀洞山(shan)(shan)，海(hai)(hai)拔(ba)482米(mi)(mi)。再(zai)向(xiang)南(nan)、向(xiang)西(xi)(xi)即是青龍山(shan)(shan)群，諸峰竟秀。山(shan)(shan)之北為科爾沁(qin)沙地(di)(di)南(nan)緣的(de)黃土(tu)(tu)(tu)臺地(di)(di)，千壑(he)縱橫。這(zhe)(zhe)里是遼(liao)河(he)大支流柳河(he)的(de)發(fa)源地(di)(di)區。柳河(he)上源名新(xin)開(kai)河(he)(又名扣根河(he))，扣根河(he)上游的(de)兩條支流就在城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)東(dong)交匯。一(yi)條發(fa)源于古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)西(xi)(xi)北10公(gong)(gong)里的(de)黃土(tu)(tu)(tu)溝壑(he)之中,曲(qu)曲(qu)東(dong)南(nan)流來；另(ling)一(yi)條,自山(shan)(shan)后發(fa)源,裊繞如帶(dai),經山(shan)(shan)西(xi)(xi),轉山(shan)(shan)南(nan),向(xiang)東(dong)流過,至一(yi)占(zhan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)東(dong)邊與北來支流匯合(he),古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)就座(zuo)落在這(zhe)(zhe)片溝谷盆地(di)(di)之中。這(zhe)(zhe)一(yi)帶(dai)地(di)(di)勢(shi)比較開(kai)闊平坦,土(tu)(tu)(tu)質肥(fei)沃,水草(cao)豐美,是一(yi)處(chu)宜(yi)農宜(yi)牧的(de)地(di)(di)區。靈安(an)(an)州(zhou)東(dong)南(nan)6公(gong)(gong)里酒(jiu)局(ju)子村亦(yi)(yi)有(you)一(yi)座(zuo)遼(liao)代古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址,此城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)夯土(tu)(tu)(tu)板筑(zhu),呈長(chang)方(fang)形(xing),南(nan)北一(yi)長(chang)500米(mi)(mi),東(dong)西(xi)(xi)寬30米(mi)(mi)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內中部(bu)有(you)三處(chu)建筑(zhu)臺基。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內散布大量青磚與灰色布紋瓦(wa)。靈安(an)(an)州(zhou)西(xi)(xi)南(nan)5公(gong)(gong)里奈(nai)曼旗白音昌鄉半拉(la)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)子村亦(yi)(yi)有(you)一(yi)座(zuo)遼(liao)代古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),規模略小(xiao)于酒(jiu)局(ju)子古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址。靈安(an)(an)州(zhou)西(xi)(xi)南(nan)8公(gong)(gong)里奈(nai)曼旗青龍山(shan)(shan)鎮(zhen)斯(si)布格圖村,為遼(liao)陳國(guo)公(gong)(gong)主與驗馬合(he)葬(zang)墓(mu)，該墓(mu)建筑(zhu)宏偉，是迄(qi)今保存完(wan)整、出土(tu)(tu)(tu)文物(wu)豐富的(de)契丹大墓(mu)葬(zang)。

庫倫(lun)旗(qi)靈安州城(cheng)址(zhi)規(gui)模較(jiao)(jiao)大, 城(cheng)墻亦較(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)(gao)大。由于城(cheng)內(nei)土地(di)(di)(di)耕種(zhong), 南(nan)墻已被(bei)(bei)村落民宅占用, 東(dong)墻破壞較(jiao)(jiao)重(zhong)， 北(bei)(bei)墻也被(bei)(bei)風(feng)蝕和(he)流(liu)水破壞,殘存的(de)幾(ji)座馬(ma)面和(he)甕城(cheng)保(bao)(bao)存尚好(hao), 高(gao)(gao)者可(ke)達(da)20米。唯西(xi)(xi)(xi)墻保(bao)(bao)存甚好(hao), 但城(cheng)墻的(de)高(gao)(gao)度也因西(xi)(xi)(xi)城(cheng)外風(feng)沙(sha)淤積而失去(qu)了(le)原來(lai)(lai)的(de)高(gao)(gao)度。因幾(ji)十年(nian)來(lai)(lai), 城(cheng)內(nei)辟為(wei)(wei)耕地(di)(di)(di), 對(dui)地(di)(di)(di)貌破壞十分嚴(yan)重(zhong), 建(jian)筑(zhu)基址(zhi)多(duo)已無(wu)法(fa)辨清, 較(jiao)(jiao)明顯的(de)是南(nan)門與(yu)北(bei)(bei)門相對(dui)有(you)一(yi)條直街(jie), 與(yu)東(dong)門內(nei)的(de)一(yi)條大街(jie)垂(chui)直, 形成城(cheng)內(nei)“ 十” 字形街(jie)道。東(dong)門大街(jie)南(nan)北(bei)(bei)兩側有(you)排列較(jiao)(jiao)為(wei)(wei)整(zheng)齊的(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)基址(zhi)。城(cheng)內(nei)靠西(xi)(xi)(xi)墻正中(zhong)有(you)一(yi)高(gao)(gao)臺建(jian)筑(zhu)址(zhi), 南(nan)北(bei)(bei)長60米,東(dong)西(xi)(xi)(xi)寬30米, 高(gao)(gao)出地(di)(di)(di)面2米。這一(yi)帶地(di)(di)(di)勢亦高(gao)(gao), 臺基上散(san)布(bu)著許(xu)多(duo)綠釉瓦(wa)、溝滴、青磚、灰色布(bu)紋(wen)瓦(wa)等(deng)建(jian)筑(zhu)構件。從地(di)(di)(di)表遺物(wu)分布(bu)的(de)規(gui)律(lv)看, 其建(jian)筑(zhu)物(wu)似(si)為(wei)(wei)東(dong)向，并推(tui)斷(duan)此處為(wei)(wei)當(dang)年(nian)的(de)寺廟。在古(gu)城(cheng)的(de)西(xi)(xi)(xi)南(nan)隅和(he)西(xi)(xi)(xi)北(bei)(bei)隅各(ge)有(you)一(yi)片低洼地(di)(di)(di), 無(wu)任何(he)遺物(wu)和(he)遺跡，推(tui)斷(duan)可(ke)能是當(dang)時的(de)湖泊。古(gu)城(cheng)內(nei), 中(zhong)部以南(nan)建(jian)筑(zhu)較(jiao)(jiao)多(duo), 磚瓦(wa)、石(shi)塊(kuai)及各(ge)種(zhong)陶片、瓷(ci)片遍地(di)(di)(di)皆是。

“當地(di)(di)(di)(di)人們傳說在新(xin)中國解(jie)放以前(qian), 在古城中鋤地(di)(di)(di)(di), 每次都可拾(shi)(shi)到大量的銅(tong)錢。城內遺物相(xiang)當豐富, 青磚、灰(hui)瓦(wa)及其它建筑構件俯拾(shi)(shi)皆是, 器物殘片亦(yi)隨處可見, 只因地(di)(di)(di)(di)表久為耕地(di)(di)(di)(di), 使(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)表遺物破(po)壞(huai)十分嚴重。古城的西南隅和(he)西北隅各(ge)有一片低洼地(di)(di)(di)(di)，無任(ren)何遺物和(he)遺跡，推(tui)斷可能是當時的人工(gong)湖泊。”

古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)不(bu)但(dan)陸續出土了(le)蓮花瓦(wa)(wa)當(dang)、獸面瓦(wa)(wa)當(dang)、龍紋瓦(wa)(wa)當(dang)、方磚、條磚、筒瓦(wa)(wa)、板瓦(wa)(wa)、琉璃滴水(shui)等建筑(zhu)構(gou)件及龍爪、獸頭、鳳(feng)尾等陶飾(shi)件。還出土了(le)影(ying)青瓷碗(wan)、白瓷盤、定(ding)瓷盤、銅(tong)(tong)畫(hua)押印、銅(tong)(tong)雙魚佩飾(shi)、石臼(jiu)、石佛等珍貴文(wen)物(wu)。特(te)別(bie)是(shi)出土紫銅(tong)(tong)陽刻(ke)九疊篆文(wen)“靈安州(zhou)刺史印”一方，為該城(cheng)(cheng)定(ding)名為“靈安州(zhou)”提供了(le)詳實的(de)佐證。與古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)遙相(xiang)呼應，相(xiang)映成輝的(de)是(shi)城(cheng)(cheng)西官(guan)山主峰上的(de)寺廟(miao)址和三(san)個(ge)(ge)人工開鑿的(de)三(san)個(ge)(ge)石洞(dong)(dong)，即大喇(la)(la)嘛(ma)洞(dong)(dong)、二(er)喇(la)(la)嘛(ma)洞(dong)(dong)和三(san)喇(la)(la)嘛(ma)洞(dong)(dong)。大喇(la)(la)嘛(ma)洞(dong)(dong)有“此洞(dong)(dong)曰(yue)云光洞(dong)(dong)”六字墨書題記，三(san)喇(la)(la)嘛(ma)洞(dong)(dong)內(nei)側石壁(bi)則題有詩句。根據山下(xia)遺(yi)址、山上遺(yi)跡所(suo)散布(bu)的(de)遺(yi)物(wu)與城(cheng)(cheng)中遺(yi)物(wu)相(xiang)同(tong), 說明山上山下(xia)遺(yi)跡與古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)是(shi)同(tong)時代的(de)建筑(zhu), 應是(shi)遼(liao)代建于州(zhou)城(cheng)(cheng)之外的(de)佛寺或道觀。而個(ge)(ge)洞(dong)(dong)壁(bi)題記應為遼(liao)亡寺廟(miao)廢棄之后的(de)閑散文(wen)人所(suo)為。從官(guan)山寺廟(miao)址和石窟(ku)址可(ke)以看出，該地(di)區(qu)在遼(liao)代時期經濟和文(wen)化都相(xiang)當(dang)繁榮(rong)。從城(cheng)(cheng)中遺(yi)物(wu)和城(cheng)(cheng)外遺(yi)跡推斷，此城(cheng)(cheng)建于遼(liao)代，金元沿用(yong)。

重要意義

靈安州(zhou)西南8公(gong)里(li)奈(nai)曼旗青龍(long)山鎮(zhen)斯布格(ge)圖村(cun),為(wei)遼(liao)陳國公(gong)主(zhu)與(yu)驗馬合葬墓，該(gai)墓建筑宏(hong)偉，是迄今(jin)保存完整、出土文物(wu)豐富的契丹大墓葬。

靈安州(zhou)的(de)發現(xian)和確認，填補了(le)《遼(liao)史》等史書對(dui)靈安州(zhou)失載，同時(shi)，對(dui)研究遼(liao)代(dai)社會地理(li)區劃提供了(le)地理(li)方位(wei)。靈安州(zhou)城址(zhi)周圍的(de)官山等有許多佛(fo)教石窟(ku)寺(si)和寺(si)廟(miao)，可以推斷(duan)出州(zhou)城的(de)主人(ren)可能是佛(fo)教信徒。通過解讀石窟(ku)寺(si)中(zhong)的(de)文(wen)字、文(wen)物信息(xi)，可以了(le)解遼(liao)代(dai)晚期佛(fo)教在當時(shi)各(ge)地的(de)傳播及發展變化。