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主要介紹

靈安州遺址面(mian)積為408000平方米(mi)，在(zai)西城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)為正(zheng)中偏南處，有(you)一(yi)高臺建筑址，南北(bei)長60米(mi)，東(dong)西寬30米(mi)，高山城(cheng)(cheng)內地表(biao)2米(mi)。夯土板(ban)筑城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)，基寬20米(mi)，高處約10米(mi)。東(dong)北(bei)、南墻(qiang)各(ge)開(kai)一(yi)城(cheng)(cheng)門(men)，外(wai)加筑甕墻(qiang)外(wai)側有(you)馬面(mian)。城(cheng)(cheng)內有(you)十字(zi)形街道，建筑臺基。地表(biao)散布溝紋(wen)磚，布紋(wen)瓦、蓮花紋(wen)瓦當、獸面(mian)紋(wen)瓦當、白瓷(ci)片及遼、北(bei)寧的銅錢等物品。

靈安(an)州(zhou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址正(zheng)處科(ke)爾沁(qin)沙(sha)地(di)(di)(di)與(yu)(yu)(yu)遼西(xi)(xi)山(shan)(shan)地(di)(di)(di)過渡地(di)(di)(di)帶,海拔(ba)300米(mi)(mi)左右。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址周圍(wei)群山(shan)(shan)起伏,西(xi)(xi)2.5公(gong)里(li)為(wei)官(guan)山(shan)(shan),海拔(ba)626米(mi)(mi),山(shan)(shan)峰峻峭,巖石突(tu)兀,是(shi)青龍(long)山(shan)(shan)群的(de)(de)組成部分；城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)南(nan)(nan)2公(gong)里(li)為(wei)銀洞山(shan)(shan)，海拔(ba)482米(mi)(mi)。再向南(nan)(nan)、向西(xi)(xi)即是(shi)青龍(long)山(shan)(shan)群，諸峰竟(jing)秀。山(shan)(shan)之北(bei)(bei)為(wei)科(ke)爾沁(qin)沙(sha)地(di)(di)(di)南(nan)(nan)緣的(de)(de)黃土(tu)(tu)臺(tai)地(di)(di)(di)，千壑(he)縱橫。這里(li)是(shi)遼河(he)大支流柳河(he)的(de)(de)發(fa)源(yuan)地(di)(di)(di)區。柳河(he)上源(yuan)名新(xin)開(kai)河(he)(又名扣(kou)根河(he))，扣(kou)根河(he)上游的(de)(de)兩條支流就在城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)東交匯(hui)(hui)。一(yi)(yi)條發(fa)源(yuan)于(yu)(yu)古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)西(xi)(xi)北(bei)(bei)10公(gong)里(li)的(de)(de)黃土(tu)(tu)溝壑(he)之中(zhong),曲曲東南(nan)(nan)流來(lai)；另一(yi)(yi)條,自山(shan)(shan)后發(fa)源(yuan),裊(niao)繞如帶,經(jing)山(shan)(shan)西(xi)(xi),轉山(shan)(shan)南(nan)(nan),向東流過,至一(yi)(yi)占城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)東邊與(yu)(yu)(yu)北(bei)(bei)來(lai)支流匯(hui)(hui)合(he),古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)就座(zuo)落在這片溝谷(gu)盆(pen)地(di)(di)(di)之中(zhong)。這一(yi)(yi)帶地(di)(di)(di)勢比(bi)較開(kai)闊平坦,土(tu)(tu)質肥沃(wo),水草豐美(mei),是(shi)一(yi)(yi)處宜(yi)農(nong)宜(yi)牧的(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)區。靈安(an)州(zhou)東南(nan)(nan)6公(gong)里(li)酒局子村(cun)亦(yi)有(you)一(yi)(yi)座(zuo)遼代古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址,此(ci)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)夯土(tu)(tu)板筑,呈長(chang)(chang)方形,南(nan)(nan)北(bei)(bei)一(yi)(yi)長(chang)(chang)500米(mi)(mi),東西(xi)(xi)寬30米(mi)(mi)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內中(zhong)部有(you)三(san)處建(jian)筑臺(tai)基。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內散布(bu)(bu)大量(liang)青磚與(yu)(yu)(yu)灰色布(bu)(bu)紋瓦。靈安(an)州(zhou)西(xi)(xi)南(nan)(nan)5公(gong)里(li)奈曼(man)旗白音昌鄉半(ban)拉城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)子村(cun)亦(yi)有(you)一(yi)(yi)座(zuo)遼代古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),規模略(lve)小于(yu)(yu)酒局子古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址。靈安(an)州(zhou)西(xi)(xi)南(nan)(nan)8公(gong)里(li)奈曼(man)旗青龍(long)山(shan)(shan)鎮斯布(bu)(bu)格圖村(cun),為(wei)遼陳國公(gong)主(zhu)與(yu)(yu)(yu)驗馬合(he)葬墓(mu)，該(gai)墓(mu)建(jian)筑宏偉，是(shi)迄今保存完整、出土(tu)(tu)文物豐富的(de)(de)契丹大墓(mu)葬。

庫倫旗靈安州城(cheng)址(zhi)規(gui)模(mo)較(jiao)(jiao)大(da), 城(cheng)墻亦較(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)(gao)大(da)。由于(yu)城(cheng)內(nei)土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)耕(geng)(geng)種(zhong), 南(nan)(nan)墻已被村(cun)落(luo)民(min)宅占用, 東(dong)墻破(po)壞較(jiao)(jiao)重， 北(bei)墻也被風蝕和流水破(po)壞,殘存的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)幾座馬面和甕城(cheng)保存尚好, 高(gao)(gao)者可(ke)達20米(mi)(mi)(mi)。唯(wei)西(xi)(xi)墻保存甚好, 但(dan)城(cheng)墻的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)度也因(yin)西(xi)(xi)城(cheng)外(wai)風沙(sha)淤積而失去了(le)原來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)度。因(yin)幾十年來, 城(cheng)內(nei)辟(pi)為(wei)(wei)耕(geng)(geng)地(di)(di)(di), 對(dui)地(di)(di)(di)貌(mao)破(po)壞十分嚴重, 建(jian)筑(zhu)基址(zhi)多(duo)已無法辨清(qing), 較(jiao)(jiao)明顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)南(nan)(nan)門(men)與北(bei)門(men)相對(dui)有(you)一(yi)條直街, 與東(dong)門(men)內(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)條大(da)街垂直, 形成城(cheng)內(nei)“ 十” 字形街道。東(dong)門(men)大(da)街南(nan)(nan)北(bei)兩(liang)側(ce)有(you)排列較(jiao)(jiao)為(wei)(wei)整齊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)基址(zhi)。城(cheng)內(nei)靠西(xi)(xi)墻正中有(you)一(yi)高(gao)(gao)臺建(jian)筑(zhu)址(zhi), 南(nan)(nan)北(bei)長60米(mi)(mi)(mi),東(dong)西(xi)(xi)寬30米(mi)(mi)(mi), 高(gao)(gao)出地(di)(di)(di)面2米(mi)(mi)(mi)。這(zhe)一(yi)帶地(di)(di)(di)勢亦高(gao)(gao), 臺基上散布著許(xu)多(duo)綠(lv)釉瓦、溝滴、青磚、灰色布紋瓦等建(jian)筑(zhu)構(gou)件。從(cong)地(di)(di)(di)表遺(yi)物(wu)分布的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)律看, 其建(jian)筑(zhu)物(wu)似為(wei)(wei)東(dong)向，并推斷此(ci)處為(wei)(wei)當年的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)寺(si)廟。在古(gu)城(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)西(xi)(xi)南(nan)(nan)隅和西(xi)(xi)北(bei)隅各有(you)一(yi)片(pian)低洼地(di)(di)(di), 無任何遺(yi)物(wu)和遺(yi)跡，推斷可(ke)能是(shi)(shi)當時的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)湖泊。古(gu)城(cheng)內(nei), 中部以南(nan)(nan)建(jian)筑(zhu)較(jiao)(jiao)多(duo), 磚瓦、石塊及各種(zhong)陶片(pian)、瓷片(pian)遍(bian)地(di)(di)(di)皆是(shi)(shi)。

“當(dang)地(di)(di)(di)人(ren)們傳說(shuo)在新中國(guo)解放以前, 在古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)中鋤地(di)(di)(di), 每次都可拾到大量的銅錢。城(cheng)(cheng)內遺(yi)(yi)物(wu)相(xiang)當(dang)豐富, 青(qing)磚、灰瓦及其它建筑(zhu)構件俯拾皆是, 器物(wu)殘片(pian)亦(yi)隨(sui)處可見(jian), 只因地(di)(di)(di)表久為耕地(di)(di)(di), 使(shi)地(di)(di)(di)表遺(yi)(yi)物(wu)破壞(huai)十分嚴重。古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)的西南隅和(he)西北隅各有一片(pian)低洼地(di)(di)(di)，無任(ren)何(he)遺(yi)(yi)物(wu)和(he)遺(yi)(yi)跡，推斷可能是當(dang)時的人(ren)工湖泊。”

古城(cheng)內(nei)不但陸(lu)續出土了蓮花瓦當、獸面瓦當、龍紋瓦當、方(fang)磚、條磚、筒瓦、板瓦、琉璃滴(di)水等建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)構件(jian)及(ji)龍爪、獸頭、鳳尾等陶飾件(jian)。還出土了影青瓷碗、白瓷盤、定瓷盤、銅畫押印(yin)、銅雙魚佩飾、石(shi)臼(jiu)、石(shi)佛等珍貴文(wen)物。特別是(shi)出土紫銅陽刻九疊(die)篆文(wen)“靈安州(zhou)刺(ci)史印(yin)”一方(fang)，為(wei)該城(cheng)定名為(wei)“靈安州(zhou)”提供了詳實的佐證。與古城(cheng)遙相呼應(ying)，相映(ying)成輝的是(shi)城(cheng)西官山主峰上(shang)的寺(si)(si)廟(miao)址和(he)三(san)個人工開鑿的三(san)個石(shi)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)，即大(da)喇嘛(ma)(ma)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)、二喇嘛(ma)(ma)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)和(he)三(san)喇嘛(ma)(ma)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)。大(da)喇嘛(ma)(ma)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)有“此(ci)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)曰云光洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)”六字墨書題記，三(san)喇嘛(ma)(ma)洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)內(nei)側石(shi)壁(bi)則題有詩句。根據山下(xia)遺(yi)址、山上(shang)遺(yi)跡所散布(bu)的遺(yi)物與城(cheng)中(zhong)遺(yi)物相同(tong), 說明山上(shang)山下(xia)遺(yi)跡與古城(cheng)是(shi)同(tong)時(shi)代的建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu), 應(ying)是(shi)遼代建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)于州(zhou)城(cheng)之外的佛寺(si)(si)或道觀。而個洞(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)壁(bi)題記應(ying)為(wei)遼亡寺(si)(si)廟(miao)廢(fei)棄(qi)之后的閑散文(wen)人所為(wei)。從官山寺(si)(si)廟(miao)址和(he)石(shi)窟址可以看出，該地區在遼代時(shi)期經(jing)濟和(he)文(wen)化都相當繁榮(rong)。從城(cheng)中(zhong)遺(yi)物和(he)城(cheng)外遺(yi)跡推斷，此(ci)城(cheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)于遼代，金(jin)元沿(yan)用。

重要意義

靈安州西(xi)南8公里奈(nai)曼旗青龍山鎮(zhen)斯布格圖村,為遼陳國(guo)公主與驗馬合葬墓，該(gai)墓建(jian)筑宏偉(wei)，是迄今(jin)保存完整、出土文物(wu)豐富的契丹大墓葬。

靈安州(zhou)的發現和確認，填補了(le)《遼史》等(deng)史書對靈安州(zhou)失(shi)載，同時，對研究遼代社會地理區劃提供(gong)了(le)地理方(fang)位(wei)。靈安州(zhou)城址周圍(wei)的官山等(deng)有許多佛教石窟寺(si)和寺(si)廟，可以(yi)推斷(duan)出州(zhou)城的主人可能是佛教信徒。通過解讀石窟寺(si)中(zhong)的文字、文物信息，可以(yi)了(le)解遼代晚期佛教在當時各地的傳播(bo)及發展(zhan)變化。