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主要介紹

靈安州遺址(zhi)面(mian)積(ji)為(wei)408000平方米(mi)，在西城墻為(wei)正(zheng)中偏南處，有(you)一高(gao)(gao)臺建(jian)筑(zhu)址(zhi)，南北長60米(mi)，東西寬30米(mi)，高(gao)(gao)山城內(nei)地表2米(mi)。夯土板筑(zhu)城墻，基(ji)寬20米(mi)，高(gao)(gao)處約10米(mi)。東北、南墻各開一城門，外(wai)加筑(zhu)甕墻外(wai)側有(you)馬(ma)面(mian)。城內(nei)有(you)十字形街道，建(jian)筑(zhu)臺基(ji)。地表散布溝紋(wen)磚，布紋(wen)瓦(wa)(wa)、蓮花紋(wen)瓦(wa)(wa)當、獸面(mian)紋(wen)瓦(wa)(wa)當、白瓷片及(ji)遼、北寧的銅錢等物品。

靈(ling)(ling)安州城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)正處(chu)科(ke)爾沁(qin)沙(sha)地(di)(di)與遼(liao)西山地(di)(di)過(guo)渡地(di)(di)帶,海(hai)拔(ba)300米左(zuo)右。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)周圍(wei)群山起伏,西2.5公(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)為(wei)官山,海(hai)拔(ba)626米,山峰峻峭(qiao),巖石突兀,是青龍(long)山群的(de)(de)(de)組成部分；城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)南(nan)(nan)(nan)2公(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)為(wei)銀洞山，海(hai)拔(ba)482米。再向南(nan)(nan)(nan)、向西即是青龍(long)山群，諸峰竟秀。山之(zhi)北(bei)為(wei)科(ke)爾沁(qin)沙(sha)地(di)(di)南(nan)(nan)(nan)緣的(de)(de)(de)黃(huang)土臺(tai)地(di)(di)，千壑(he)縱橫。這(zhe)里(li)(li)是遼(liao)河大(da)(da)支(zhi)流(liu)柳河的(de)(de)(de)發源(yuan)地(di)(di)區。柳河上(shang)源(yuan)名(ming)新開河(又名(ming)扣根河)，扣根河上(shang)游(you)的(de)(de)(de)兩條(tiao)支(zhi)流(liu)就在城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)東(dong)交匯。一(yi)條(tiao)發源(yuan)于古城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)西北(bei)10公(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)黃(huang)土溝(gou)壑(he)之(zhi)中,曲(qu)(qu)曲(qu)(qu)東(dong)南(nan)(nan)(nan)流(liu)來；另一(yi)條(tiao),自山后發源(yuan),裊(niao)繞(rao)如帶,經(jing)山西,轉山南(nan)(nan)(nan),向東(dong)流(liu)過(guo),至一(yi)占城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)東(dong)邊與北(bei)來支(zhi)流(liu)匯合(he),古城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)就座落在這(zhe)片溝(gou)谷(gu)盆地(di)(di)之(zhi)中。這(zhe)一(yi)帶地(di)(di)勢比較開闊平坦(tan),土質(zhi)肥(fei)沃,水(shui)草(cao)豐美,是一(yi)處(chu)宜農宜牧的(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)區。靈(ling)(ling)安州東(dong)南(nan)(nan)(nan)6公(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)酒局(ju)子(zi)村(cun)(cun)亦(yi)有(you)一(yi)座遼(liao)代古城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi),此城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)夯土板筑(zhu)(zhu),呈長(chang)方(fang)形,南(nan)(nan)(nan)北(bei)一(yi)長(chang)500米,東(dong)西寬(kuan)30米。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內中部有(you)三處(chu)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)臺(tai)基。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內散布(bu)大(da)(da)量青磚與灰色布(bu)紋(wen)瓦。靈(ling)(ling)安州西南(nan)(nan)(nan)5公(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)奈曼(man)旗(qi)白音昌(chang)鄉半拉城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)子(zi)村(cun)(cun)亦(yi)有(you)一(yi)座遼(liao)代古城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng),規模略小于酒局(ju)子(zi)古城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)。靈(ling)(ling)安州西南(nan)(nan)(nan)8公(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)奈曼(man)旗(qi)青龍(long)山鎮斯布(bu)格圖村(cun)(cun),為(wei)遼(liao)陳國公(gong)(gong)主與驗馬合(he)葬(zang)墓，該(gai)墓建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)宏偉，是迄今保存完整、出(chu)土文(wen)物(wu)豐富的(de)(de)(de)契丹大(da)(da)墓葬(zang)。

庫(ku)倫旗靈安州城(cheng)址(zhi)規模較大(da), 城(cheng)墻(qiang)亦(yi)較高(gao)大(da)。由于城(cheng)內(nei)(nei)土地(di)(di)耕種(zhong), 南墻(qiang)已(yi)被村落民宅占用, 東(dong)(dong)(dong)墻(qiang)破壞(huai)較重， 北墻(qiang)也被風(feng)蝕和流水破壞(huai),殘存(cun)(cun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)幾(ji)座(zuo)馬面和甕城(cheng)保(bao)存(cun)(cun)尚好, 高(gao)者可達20米。唯西墻(qiang)保(bao)存(cun)(cun)甚好, 但城(cheng)墻(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)度也因(yin)西城(cheng)外風(feng)沙淤(yu)積(ji)而失去了原來的(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)度。因(yin)幾(ji)十年來, 城(cheng)內(nei)(nei)辟為(wei)耕地(di)(di), 對(dui)地(di)(di)貌破壞(huai)十分(fen)嚴重, 建(jian)筑(zhu)基址(zhi)多已(yi)無法辨清, 較明顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)南門與(yu)北門相對(dui)有(you)(you)一條(tiao)直街, 與(yu)東(dong)(dong)(dong)門內(nei)(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一條(tiao)大(da)街垂直, 形(xing)成城(cheng)內(nei)(nei)“ 十” 字形(xing)街道(dao)。東(dong)(dong)(dong)門大(da)街南北兩側有(you)(you)排列較為(wei)整齊(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)基址(zhi)。城(cheng)內(nei)(nei)靠西墻(qiang)正(zheng)中有(you)(you)一高(gao)臺建(jian)筑(zhu)址(zhi), 南北長(chang)60米,東(dong)(dong)(dong)西寬30米, 高(gao)出地(di)(di)面2米。這(zhe)一帶地(di)(di)勢(shi)亦(yi)高(gao), 臺基上散(san)布著許多綠釉瓦(wa)、溝滴、青磚、灰色布紋瓦(wa)等建(jian)筑(zhu)構(gou)件。從地(di)(di)表遺物分(fen)布的(de)(de)(de)(de)規律看, 其建(jian)筑(zhu)物似(si)為(wei)東(dong)(dong)(dong)向，并推(tui)斷(duan)此(ci)處為(wei)當(dang)年的(de)(de)(de)(de)寺廟。在古(gu)城(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)西南隅和西北隅各有(you)(you)一片(pian)低洼(wa)地(di)(di), 無任(ren)何(he)遺物和遺跡，推(tui)斷(duan)可能是(shi)(shi)當(dang)時的(de)(de)(de)(de)湖(hu)泊。古(gu)城(cheng)內(nei)(nei), 中部以南建(jian)筑(zhu)較多, 磚瓦(wa)、石塊及各種(zhong)陶片(pian)、瓷(ci)片(pian)遍地(di)(di)皆是(shi)(shi)。

“當地(di)(di)(di)人(ren)(ren)們傳(chuan)說在新中(zhong)國解放(fang)以前, 在古城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)鋤地(di)(di)(di), 每次都可(ke)拾(shi)到大量(liang)的銅錢。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內遺(yi)(yi)物(wu)(wu)相當豐富, 青磚、灰瓦及其它建筑構件俯拾(shi)皆是(shi), 器物(wu)(wu)殘片亦隨處可(ke)見, 只因地(di)(di)(di)表久為耕地(di)(di)(di), 使地(di)(di)(di)表遺(yi)(yi)物(wu)(wu)破(po)壞十分嚴(yan)重。古城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的西南隅和西北隅各有(you)一片低洼地(di)(di)(di)，無任何遺(yi)(yi)物(wu)(wu)和遺(yi)(yi)跡，推斷可(ke)能是(shi)當時(shi)的人(ren)(ren)工湖泊。”

古(gu)城(cheng)內不但陸續出(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)了蓮花瓦當(dang)、獸(shou)面瓦當(dang)、龍紋瓦當(dang)、方磚(zhuan)、條磚(zhuan)、筒瓦、板瓦、琉璃滴(di)水等(deng)(deng)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)構件(jian)及龍爪、獸(shou)頭、鳳尾等(deng)(deng)陶飾(shi)件(jian)。還出(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)了影青瓷(ci)碗、白瓷(ci)盤(pan)、定(ding)瓷(ci)盤(pan)、銅(tong)畫押印、銅(tong)雙魚佩飾(shi)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)臼、石(shi)(shi)(shi)佛等(deng)(deng)珍貴文物。特別是(shi)出(chu)(chu)土(tu)(tu)紫(zi)銅(tong)陽刻(ke)九疊篆文“靈安州刺(ci)史印”一(yi)方，為(wei)該城(cheng)定(ding)名為(wei)“靈安州”提供了詳實的(de)(de)佐(zuo)證。與古(gu)城(cheng)遙(yao)相呼應，相映成輝的(de)(de)是(shi)城(cheng)西官山主峰上(shang)的(de)(de)寺廟址(zhi)和三個(ge)(ge)人工開鑿的(de)(de)三個(ge)(ge)石(shi)(shi)(shi)洞(dong)(dong)，即(ji)大喇嘛(ma)(ma)洞(dong)(dong)、二喇嘛(ma)(ma)洞(dong)(dong)和三喇嘛(ma)(ma)洞(dong)(dong)。大喇嘛(ma)(ma)洞(dong)(dong)有“此洞(dong)(dong)曰云光洞(dong)(dong)”六字墨書題記(ji)，三喇嘛(ma)(ma)洞(dong)(dong)內側石(shi)(shi)(shi)壁則(ze)題有詩(shi)句。根據山下遺址(zhi)、山上(shang)遺跡(ji)(ji)所(suo)散(san)布的(de)(de)遺物與城(cheng)中遺物相同, 說明山上(shang)山下遺跡(ji)(ji)與古(gu)城(cheng)是(shi)同時(shi)代的(de)(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu), 應是(shi)遼代建(jian)于州城(cheng)之(zhi)外的(de)(de)佛寺或(huo)道觀(guan)。而個(ge)(ge)洞(dong)(dong)壁題記(ji)應為(wei)遼亡寺廟廢棄之(zhi)后的(de)(de)閑散(san)文人所(suo)為(wei)。從官山寺廟址(zhi)和石(shi)(shi)(shi)窟(ku)址(zhi)可以看出(chu)(chu)，該地區在遼代時(shi)期經濟和文化(hua)都相當(dang)繁榮。從城(cheng)中遺物和城(cheng)外遺跡(ji)(ji)推斷(duan)，此城(cheng)建(jian)于遼代，金元沿用。

重要意義

靈安州(zhou)西南8公里(li)奈曼旗(qi)青龍山鎮斯布格圖村,為遼陳國公主與(yu)驗馬合葬墓(mu)，該墓(mu)建(jian)筑(zhu)宏(hong)偉，是(shi)迄今保存完(wan)整、出(chu)土文物豐富的契丹大墓(mu)葬。

靈安(an)州(zhou)的(de)(de)發現和(he)確認，填補了《遼(liao)史》等史書對(dui)靈安(an)州(zhou)失載，同時，對(dui)研究遼(liao)代(dai)社會地(di)理(li)區劃(hua)提供了地(di)理(li)方(fang)位。靈安(an)州(zhou)城(cheng)址周圍的(de)(de)官山等有許(xu)多佛教石窟(ku)寺和(he)寺廟，可以推斷出州(zhou)城(cheng)的(de)(de)主人可能(neng)是佛教信(xin)徒。通過解讀石窟(ku)寺中的(de)(de)文(wen)字、文(wen)物信(xin)息，可以了解遼(liao)代(dai)晚期佛教在當時各地(di)的(de)(de)傳播(bo)及(ji)發展(zhan)變化。