古橋構造
卞(bian)(bian)橋(qiao)橋(qiao)頭各(ge)(ge)有(you)(you)一(yi)對大(da)型石(shi)獅,相向蹲踞于須彌(mi)蓮花座(zuo)上,神態威(wei)猛,形象逼(bi)真;橋(qiao)墩下(xia)部為(wei)梭形迎水(shui);拱(gong)腳處(chu)有(you)(you)蓮花座(zuo),花瓣肥厚圓潤,帶有(you)(you)顯(xian)明(ming)的晚(wan)唐(tang)風(feng)格,托石(shi)以下(xia)部分應為(wei)晚(wan)唐(tang)建(jian)(jian)筑;拱(gong)頂(ding)上鑲有(you)(you)透雕(diao)龍(long)首向南北(bei)探出(chu)橋(qiao)外0.6米(mi),深目高(gao)鼻(bi),旋(xuan)毛(mao)飄然耳(er)后(hou),作張(zhang)口(kou)狀,口(kou)內或含(han)寶珠,或含(han)游魚,形態多變,神采各(ge)(ge)異;橋(qiao)面(mian)兩邊各(ge)(ge)有(you)(you)14根望柱(zhu)和(he)13塊(kuai)欄(lan)(lan)板(ban)(ban),柱(zhu)頂(ding)均(jun)為(wei)細雕(diao)云頭,欄(lan)(lan)板(ban)(ban)和(he)14根望柱(zhu)。望柱(zhu)為(wei)長方條石(shi)柱(zhu),頂(ding)部刻(ke)方蓮圖案(an);欄(lan)(lan)板(ban)(ban)四周飾平面(mian)線刻(ke)云水(shui)花紋,中間刻(ke)有(you)(you)人物、花卉、珍禽、異獸(shou)、云水(shui)、山石(shi)、建(jian)(jian)筑等浮(fu)雕(diao),內容(rong)豐富(fu)多彩技法精湛高(gao)超,其(qi)中“太公釣魚”、“卞(bian)(bian)莊刺虎”、“周處(chu)除三害(hai)”、“松下(xia)問(wen)童子(zi)”等浮(fu)雕(diao)形象逼(bi)真,具有(you)(you)很(hen)高(gao)的藝術(shu)價(jia)值(zhi)和(he)欣賞價(jia)值(zhi),是(shi)石(shi)雕(diao)之珍品。橋(qiao)下(xia)綠(lv)水(shui)長流,碧波(bo)蕩漾。 卞(bian)(bian)橋(qiao)集數學(xue)、力學(xue)、美(mei)學(xue)于一(yi)體,具有(you)(you)很(hen)高(gao)的歷史價(jia)值(zhi)、藝術(shu)價(jia)值(zhi)和(he)科(ke)學(xue)價(jia)值(zhi)。它造型美(mei)觀(guan),建(jian)(jian)造精工,石(shi)刻(ke)采用線雕(diao)、浮(fu)雕(diao)、透雕(diao)、整(zheng)體雕(diao)等技法,集古代雕(diao)刻(ke)藝術(shu)之大(da)成。它布(bu)局巧(qiao)妙,結構合理,設計精心,整(zheng)座(zuo)橋(qiao)渾(hun)然一(yi)體,堅固異常。雖然歷經800多年(nian)的風(feng)雨(yu)滄桑,主體建(jian)(jian)筑除橋(qiao)面(mian)、望柱(zhu)、欄(lan)(lan)板(ban)(ban)外,基本完整(zheng)無損(sun),仍然可以通行車輛。
建造歷史
卞(bian)(bian)(bian)橋(qiao)(qiao)始由春秋(qiu)時期(qi)魯(lu)國宣(xuan)公(gong)(公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)前690年(nian)(nian)(nian)左右)的(de)(de)大(da)夫卞(bian)(bian)(bian)莊子所建(jian)(jian),為8塊 石條的(de)(de)簡易橋(qiao)(qiao).相(xiang)(xiang)傳楚漢相(xiang)(xiang)爭時,韓信避(bi)難于橋(qiao)(qiao)下為報恩,改建(jian)(jian)為三孔石拱橋(qiao)(qiao).唐(tang)初(chu)李(li)世民東爭歸經(jing)此橋(qiao)(qiao),聽人(ren)介紹人(ren)文(wen)典故之后,為揚皇(huang)威, 令(ling)魏遲恭(字(zi)敬(jing)德)重(zhong) 修(xiu)此橋(qiao)(qiao),至今(jin)(jin)橋(qiao)(qiao)下拱頂(ding)上(shang)仍(reng)鐫刻有"敬(jing)德監造"字(zi)樣.金(jin)大(da)定21年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan) 1183年(nian)(nian)(nian))進行(xing)了改建(jian)(jian),明(ming)(ming)代又(you)進行(xing)了修(xiu)補(bu).建(jian)(jian)國后,在1978年(nian)(nian)(nian)和1998年(nian)(nian)(nian)進行(xing)了修(xiu)復至今(jin)(jin)在當 地(di)的(de)(de)生產生活中發揮著重(zhong)要作用. 《古(gu)(gu)代經(jing)濟專題史(shi)(shi)話·古(gu)(gu)代橋(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)史(shi)(shi)話》記載,卞(bian)(bian)(bian)橋(qiao)(qiao)“可能是全國罕見的(de)(de)晚唐(tang)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)”。金(jin)大(da)定二十一年(nian)(nian)(nian) (公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)1181年(nian)(nian)(nian))重(zhong)修(xiu),明(ming)(ming)萬歷九年(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)(yuan)1581年(nian)(nian)(nian))曾對(dui)部分欄板(ban)、望(wang)柱(zhu)進行(xing)補(bu)配。1978年(nian)(nian)(nian),進行(xing)加固維修(xiu),補(bu)雕石獅(shi)一只,補(bu)齊望(wang)柱(zhu)、欄板(ban)、橋(qiao)(qiao)墩、引橋(qiao)(qiao);1998、2006年(nian)(nian)(nian)又(you)兩次(ci)維修(xiu)。卞(bian)(bian)(bian)橋(qiao)(qiao)歷史(shi)(shi)悠久,即使從重(zhong)修(xiu)算(suan)起,距今(jin)(jin)已有800多(duo)年(nian)(nian)(nian)歷史(shi)(shi),也(ye)早(zao)于始建(jian)(jian)于金(jin)大(da)定二十九年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1189年(nian)(nian)(nian))的(de)(de)北(bei)京盧溝(gou)橋(qiao)(qiao)。是與河北(bei)趙州橋(qiao)(qiao),泉州洛陽橋(qiao)(qiao),漳州江東橋(qiao)(qiao),北(bei)京盧溝(gou)橋(qiao)(qiao)齊名的(de)(de)現存古(gu)(gu)老石橋(qiao)(qiao).
小卞橋
無(wu)獨有偶(ou),在(zai)山東(dong)平邑縣卞(bian)(bian)橋(qiao)(qiao)鎮(zhen)東(dong)卞(bian)(bian)橋(qiao)(qiao)村(cun)東(dong)南(nan),也(ye)有一座(zuo)“卞(bian)(bian)橋(qiao)(qiao)”。這(zhe)里在(zai)古代與(yu)泗水(shui)泉林(lin)鎮(zhen)同(tong)屬卞(bian)(bian)國,因區(qu)別(bie)于泉林(lin)卞(bian)(bian)橋(qiao)(qiao),這(zhe)座(zuo)“卞(bian)(bian)橋(qiao)(qiao)”只好稱為(wei)“小卞(bian)(bian)橋(qiao)(qiao)”。小卞(bian)(bian)橋(qiao)(qiao)始建于明天(tian)啟二(er)年(nian) (1622年(nian)),1868、1905、1926年(nian)重修。該橋(qiao)(qiao)為(wei)3孔石(shi)(shi)拱橋(qiao)(qiao),長16.3米,寬3.9米,高3米,跨(kua)徑3米。設計獨特,造型精美。兩邊石(shi)(shi)欄雕刻細致,玲瓏剔透。橋(qiao)(qiao)頭原有石(shi)(shi)獅2對、石(shi)(shi)鼓4個;橋(qiao)(qiao)側(ce)龍頭3個,向北迎水(shui)而(er)伸,生動傳神(shen),富(fu)有民(min)族特色。