古橋構造
卞(bian)橋橋頭各(ge)(ge)有一(yi)對大型(xing)石(shi)獅,相向蹲踞(ju)于須(xu)彌蓮花(hua)座上,神態威猛,形(xing)(xing)象逼真;橋墩(dun)下(xia)(xia)(xia)部為(wei)(wei)梭(suo)形(xing)(xing)迎水;拱腳(jiao)處(chu)有蓮花(hua)座,花(hua)瓣肥厚圓潤,帶有顯明的晚唐風(feng)格,托石(shi)以下(xia)(xia)(xia)部分應為(wei)(wei)晚唐建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu);拱頂上鑲有透雕龍首向南(nan)北探出橋外(wai)0.6米,深目(mu)高鼻,旋毛飄然耳后,作張口狀,口內或含(han)寶珠,或含(han)游(you)魚,形(xing)(xing)態多(duo)變,神采各(ge)(ge)異;橋面兩邊各(ge)(ge)有14根(gen)望(wang)柱(zhu)(zhu)和(he)13塊欄板(ban),柱(zhu)(zhu)頂均(jun)為(wei)(wei)細雕云(yun)頭,欄板(ban)和(he)14根(gen)望(wang)柱(zhu)(zhu)。望(wang)柱(zhu)(zhu)為(wei)(wei)長(chang)方(fang)條石(shi)柱(zhu)(zhu),頂部刻方(fang)蓮圖案;欄板(ban)四周飾平面線刻云(yun)水花(hua)紋,中(zhong)間刻有人物(wu)、花(hua)卉(hui)、珍(zhen)禽、異獸、云(yun)水、山石(shi)、建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)等(deng)(deng)浮雕,內容豐富多(duo)彩(cai)技法精湛高超,其(qi)中(zhong)“太公(gong)釣魚”、“卞(bian)莊刺虎”、“周處(chu)除(chu)三害(hai)”、“松下(xia)(xia)(xia)問童子(zi)”等(deng)(deng)浮雕形(xing)(xing)象逼真,具有很高的藝術(shu)價(jia)值和(he)欣賞價(jia)值,是(shi)石(shi)雕之珍(zhen)品。橋下(xia)(xia)(xia)綠(lv)水長(chang)流,碧波蕩漾。 卞(bian)橋集數學、力學、美(mei)學于一(yi)體(ti),具有很高的歷史價(jia)值、藝術(shu)價(jia)值和(he)科學價(jia)值。它(ta)造(zao)型(xing)美(mei)觀,建(jian)造(zao)精工,石(shi)刻采用線雕、浮雕、透雕、整體(ti)雕等(deng)(deng)技法,集古代雕刻藝術(shu)之大成。它(ta)布局巧妙,結構合理,設(she)計精心,整座橋渾然一(yi)體(ti),堅固異常(chang)。雖然歷經(jing)800多(duo)年的風(feng)雨滄桑,主體(ti)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)除(chu)橋面、望(wang)柱(zhu)(zhu)、欄板(ban)外(wai),基本完整無損,仍然可以通(tong)行車輛。
建造歷史
卞(bian)橋始由春(chun)秋(qiu)時(shi)期魯國(guo)宣公(gong)(gong)(公(gong)(gong)元前690年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)左右)的大(da)夫(fu)卞(bian)莊(zhuang)子(zi)所建,為(wei)8塊 石(shi)(shi)條的簡(jian)易(yi)橋.相傳楚漢相爭時(shi),韓信避難(nan)于橋下(xia)為(wei)報恩,改建為(wei)三孔(kong)石(shi)(shi)拱橋.唐(tang)初李世民(min)東爭歸經此橋,聽(ting)人介紹人文(wen)典故之后(hou),為(wei)揚皇(huang)威, 令魏遲(chi)恭(gong)(字敬德)重 修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)此橋,至今橋下(xia)拱頂上仍鐫刻有"敬德監(jian)造"字樣.金大(da)定(ding)21年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)元 1183年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))進行(xing)了(le)改建,明(ming)代又進行(xing)了(le)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)補(bu)(bu).建國(guo)后(hou),在1978年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)和1998年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)進行(xing)了(le)修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)復至今在當(dang) 地的生產生活中發揮著重要作(zuo)用. 《古代經濟專(zhuan)題史話·古代橋梁史話》記(ji)載,卞(bian)橋“可能是全國(guo)罕見的晚唐(tang)建筑(zhu)”。金大(da)定(ding)二十一年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian) (公(gong)(gong)元1181年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))重修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu),明(ming)萬(wan)歷九(jiu)(jiu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(公(gong)(gong)元1581年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))曾對(dui)部分欄(lan)(lan)板、望柱進行(xing)補(bu)(bu)配。1978年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian),進行(xing)加(jia)固維修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu),補(bu)(bu)雕石(shi)(shi)獅(shi)一只(zhi),補(bu)(bu)齊(qi)望柱、欄(lan)(lan)板、橋墩、引橋;1998、2006年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)又兩(liang)次維修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)。卞(bian)橋歷史悠久(jiu),即使(shi)從重修(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)算(suan)起,距今已有800多年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)歷史,也早于始建于金大(da)定(ding)二十九(jiu)(jiu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(1189年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))的北京盧溝橋。是與河北趙州橋,泉州洛陽橋,漳州江東橋,北京盧溝橋齊(qi)名的現(xian)存古老石(shi)(shi)橋.
小卞橋
無獨(du)有(you)偶,在(zai)山東平邑縣卞(bian)(bian)橋(qiao)(qiao)鎮東卞(bian)(bian)橋(qiao)(qiao)村東南,也有(you)一(yi)座“卞(bian)(bian)橋(qiao)(qiao)”。這(zhe)里在(zai)古代與(yu)泗(si)水泉(quan)林鎮同屬卞(bian)(bian)國,因區(qu)別于(yu)(yu)泉(quan)林卞(bian)(bian)橋(qiao)(qiao),這(zhe)座“卞(bian)(bian)橋(qiao)(qiao)”只好稱為“小卞(bian)(bian)橋(qiao)(qiao)”。小卞(bian)(bian)橋(qiao)(qiao)始建于(yu)(yu)明天啟二年 (1622年),1868、1905、1926年重修。該橋(qiao)(qiao)為3孔石(shi)拱橋(qiao)(qiao),長16.3米,寬3.9米,高3米,跨徑3米。設(she)計獨(du)特(te),造(zao)型精美。兩(liang)邊石(shi)欄雕刻細致,玲(ling)瓏剔透。橋(qiao)(qiao)頭原有(you)石(shi)獅2對、石(shi)鼓4個(ge);橋(qiao)(qiao)側龍頭3個(ge),向北迎水而伸,生(sheng)動傳神,富(fu)有(you)民(min)族(zu)特(te)色(se)。