古橋構造
卞橋(qiao)橋(qiao)頭各有(you)一對(dui)大(da)型(xing)石(shi)(shi)(shi)獅,相(xiang)向蹲踞于須(xu)彌蓮(lian)花(hua)座上,神(shen)態威猛,形(xing)象逼真(zhen);橋(qiao)墩(dun)下(xia)部為梭形(xing)迎水(shui);拱(gong)腳處有(you)蓮(lian)花(hua)座,花(hua)瓣(ban)肥(fei)厚圓潤(run),帶(dai)有(you)顯明的晚唐風格,托石(shi)(shi)(shi)以下(xia)部分應(ying)為晚唐建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑;拱(gong)頂上鑲(xiang)有(you)透(tou)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)龍首向南(nan)北(bei)探出橋(qiao)外0.6米,深目高(gao)鼻,旋毛(mao)飄(piao)然耳后,作(zuo)張口(kou)(kou)狀,口(kou)(kou)內或含寶珠,或含游(you)魚,形(xing)態多(duo)變,神(shen)采各異;橋(qiao)面(mian)兩(liang)邊各有(you)14根(gen)(gen)望(wang)(wang)柱(zhu)和13塊欄板(ban)(ban),柱(zhu)頂均為細雕(diao)(diao)(diao)云(yun)(yun)頭,欄板(ban)(ban)和14根(gen)(gen)望(wang)(wang)柱(zhu)。望(wang)(wang)柱(zhu)為長(chang)方條石(shi)(shi)(shi)柱(zhu),頂部刻(ke)(ke)方蓮(lian)圖案;欄板(ban)(ban)四周飾平面(mian)線刻(ke)(ke)云(yun)(yun)水(shui)花(hua)紋,中(zhong)間(jian)刻(ke)(ke)有(you)人物、花(hua)卉、珍禽(qin)、異獸(shou)、云(yun)(yun)水(shui)、山石(shi)(shi)(shi)、建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑等(deng)浮(fu)雕(diao)(diao)(diao),內容豐富多(duo)彩技法精湛高(gao)超(chao),其(qi)中(zhong)“太公釣魚”、“卞莊刺虎”、“周處除三害”、“松下(xia)問童子(zi)”等(deng)浮(fu)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)形(xing)象逼真(zhen),具有(you)很(hen)高(gao)的藝(yi)術(shu)(shu)價(jia)值和欣賞價(jia)值,是石(shi)(shi)(shi)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)之(zhi)珍品。橋(qiao)下(xia)綠水(shui)長(chang)流,碧(bi)波蕩漾。 卞橋(qiao)集數(shu)學、力學、美學于一體,具有(you)很(hen)高(gao)的歷(li)史價(jia)值、藝(yi)術(shu)(shu)價(jia)值和科學價(jia)值。它造型(xing)美觀,建(jian)(jian)(jian)造精工,石(shi)(shi)(shi)刻(ke)(ke)采用線雕(diao)(diao)(diao)、浮(fu)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)、透(tou)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)、整體雕(diao)(diao)(diao)等(deng)技法,集古代雕(diao)(diao)(diao)刻(ke)(ke)藝(yi)術(shu)(shu)之(zhi)大(da)成(cheng)。它布局(ju)巧妙,結構合(he)理,設計精心,整座橋(qiao)渾然一體,堅固異常(chang)。雖(sui)然歷(li)經800多(duo)年(nian)的風雨滄桑,主體建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑除橋(qiao)面(mian)、望(wang)(wang)柱(zhu)、欄板(ban)(ban)外,基本完整無損,仍然可(ke)以通行車(che)輛。
建造歷史
卞(bian)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)始由(you)春秋時期魯國宣公(公元(yuan)前690年(nian)(nian)左右)的(de)大夫卞(bian)莊子所建(jian),為8塊 石(shi)(shi)條的(de)簡(jian)易橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao).相傳楚漢相爭時,韓(han)信避難于橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)下(xia)為報恩,改建(jian)為三孔石(shi)(shi)拱橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao).唐初(chu)李(li)世民(min)東爭歸經此(ci)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao),聽(ting)人介紹人文(wen)典故之后,為揚皇威, 令魏遲恭(gong)(字敬德)重(zhong) 修此(ci)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao),至(zhi)今(jin)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)下(xia)拱頂上仍鐫刻(ke)有"敬德監(jian)造(zao)"字樣.金(jin)大定(ding)(ding)21年(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan) 1183年(nian)(nian))進(jin)行(xing)了改建(jian),明(ming)代(dai)又(you)進(jin)行(xing)了修補.建(jian)國后,在1978年(nian)(nian)和1998年(nian)(nian)進(jin)行(xing)了修復至(zhi)今(jin)在當(dang) 地的(de)生(sheng)產生(sheng)活中發(fa)揮著重(zhong)要(yao)作用(yong). 《古(gu)(gu)代(dai)經濟專題(ti)史話(hua)·古(gu)(gu)代(dai)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)梁(liang)史話(hua)》記載,卞(bian)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)“可能是全國罕見的(de)晚唐建(jian)筑(zhu)”。金(jin)大定(ding)(ding)二十一(yi)年(nian)(nian) (公元(yuan)1181年(nian)(nian))重(zhong)修,明(ming)萬歷(li)九年(nian)(nian)(公元(yuan)1581年(nian)(nian))曾(ceng)對(dui)部分欄板、望柱進(jin)行(xing)補配。1978年(nian)(nian),進(jin)行(xing)加(jia)固(gu)維修,補雕石(shi)(shi)獅一(yi)只,補齊(qi)望柱、欄板、橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)墩(dun)、引(yin)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao);1998、2006年(nian)(nian)又(you)兩次維修。卞(bian)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)歷(li)史悠久,即使從重(zhong)修算起,距今(jin)已有800多年(nian)(nian)歷(li)史,也早(zao)于始建(jian)于金(jin)大定(ding)(ding)二十九年(nian)(nian)(1189年(nian)(nian))的(de)北京(jing)盧(lu)溝(gou)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)。是與河(he)北趙州橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao),泉州洛陽橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao),漳州江東橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao),北京(jing)盧(lu)溝(gou)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)齊(qi)名的(de)現存古(gu)(gu)老(lao)石(shi)(shi)橋(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao)(qiao).
小卞橋
無(wu)獨有偶,在(zai)山(shan)東(dong)平(ping)邑(yi)縣卞橋(qiao)(qiao)鎮東(dong)卞橋(qiao)(qiao)村東(dong)南,也有一座(zuo)“卞橋(qiao)(qiao)”。這里在(zai)古代(dai)與泗水泉(quan)林(lin)鎮同屬(shu)卞國,因區別于(yu)泉(quan)林(lin)卞橋(qiao)(qiao),這座(zuo)“卞橋(qiao)(qiao)”只好稱為(wei)“小卞橋(qiao)(qiao)”。小卞橋(qiao)(qiao)始建(jian)于(yu)明天啟二年(nian)(nian) (1622年(nian)(nian)),1868、1905、1926年(nian)(nian)重修。該橋(qiao)(qiao)為(wei)3孔石(shi)拱(gong)橋(qiao)(qiao),長(chang)16.3米(mi),寬3.9米(mi),高3米(mi),跨徑3米(mi)。設計獨特,造(zao)型精美。兩邊(bian)石(shi)欄(lan)雕刻(ke)細致(zhi),玲瓏剔透。橋(qiao)(qiao)頭(tou)原有石(shi)獅2對(dui)、石(shi)鼓4個;橋(qiao)(qiao)側龍頭(tou)3個,向(xiang)北迎水而(er)伸,生動傳神,富有民族(zu)特色。