北宋(song)(song)太平興國(guo)八年(983年)奉敕改寺(si)名為大(da)(da)云(yun)禪院。現(xian)(xian)存山門(men),天王殿(dian)(dian)(dian),后殿(dian)(dian)(dian)及(ji)兩(liang)廡(wu),均是(shi)清代(dai)(dai)(dai)建筑。大(da)(da)鋪作,飛檐(yan)起翹,九(jiu)脊頂滿覆琉璃,巍峨壯麗。殿(dian)(dian)(dian)內保存有(you)五代(dai)(dai)(dai)壁畫21平方米,東壁繪維(wei)摩變(bian)相佛教故(gu)事,紫殿(dian)(dian)(dian)紅(hong)樓,流(liu)云(yun)環繞,富有(you)傳奇(qi)色彩(cai)。八個伎樂人(ren),或伴(ban)奏管弦(xian),或舒腰起舞,表現(xian)(xian)出神姿仙態(tai)。扇面墻正面繪觀音,勢至二菩薩(sa)。飛天乘(cheng)云(yun)遨(ao)游長空,姿態(tai)飄逸。拱眼壁和(he)闌額(e)上保存有(you)五代(dai)(dai)(dai)彩(cai)畫11平方米。殿(dian)(dian)(dian)內保存有(you)五代(dai)(dai)(dai)石(shi)雕香爐,大(da)(da)佛殿(dian)(dian)(dian)前有(you)北宋(song)(song)乾(qian)德四年(963年),北宋(song)(song)咸平二年(994年)石(shi)經幢以及(ji)石(shi)雕羅(luo)漢一尊。寺(si)內歷代(dai)(dai)(dai)碑刻甚(shen)多。
七(qi)寶(bao)塔(ta)在大云寺(si)前。周顯德元年(公(gong)元954年)建。通體(ti)用堅硬青(qing)石雕(diao)(diao)造。原為(wei)七(qi)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng),現存(cun)五層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng),高(gao)6米。下(xia)三層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)平面(mian)(mian)(mian)八(ba)角形。第(di)一層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)雕(diao)(diao)寶(bao)裝蓮花,獅子,麒麟,飛馬等。第(di)二(er)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)雕(diao)(diao)伎樂人,體(ti)態輕(qing)盈,舞(wu)姿優美(mei),伴奏者栩栩如(ru)生。第(di)三層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)轉角處雕(diao)(diao)絞龍柱,回旋盤(pan)繞。塔(ta)檐(yan)(yan)下(xia)飛鳳,飛仙共命鳥等變化多姿。檐(yan)(yan)下(xia)周匝垂帳,面(mian)(mian)(mian)券門(men)上雙(shuang)龍戲珠,門(men)側侍立二(er)天王。后面(mian)(mian)(mian)比丘半掩門(men)。兩次間二(er)力士分立左(zuo)右(you)。第(di)四(si)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)周匝垂帳,前后有(you)假板門(men)。第(di)五層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)上覆大圓蓋寶(bao)珠頂(ding)。此塔(ta)設計(ji)精巧,雕(diao)(diao)造頗佳,獨具匠心。
五代十國(guo)是中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)歷(li)(li)史上(shang)(shang)的(de)一(yi)個特殊時期,盡(jin)管五十年(nian)的(de)短暫歷(li)(li)史在戰(zhan)火(huo)兵燹中(zhong)(zhong)煙消云(yun)散,但(dan)山(shan)西仍然(ran)保存下來了(le)三座(zuo)這一(yi)時期的(de)木構建(jian)筑。平順(shun)縣(xian)的(de)龍(long)門寺、大云(yun)院和平遙縣(xian)的(de)鎮國(guo)寺。她們在戰(zhan)火(huo)硝(xiao)煙、風雨飄搖中(zhong)(zhong)堅持到了(le)今天,成為山(shan)西這座(zuo)“中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)地上(shang)(shang)文物(wu)博物(wu)館”中(zhong)(zhong)彌(mi)足珍(zhen)貴的(de)藏(zang)品(pin)。
“實會村,三里(li)長,一里(li)一個觀音堂,七十(shi)二(er)個連環洞,九龍戲珠大(da)云(yun)院(yuan)。”這是(shi)(shi)在平順縣實會村的(de)老百姓(xing)中口(kou)耳相(xiang)傳的(de)一句話(hua)。如今,三座觀音堂已隨(sui)歲(sui)月流逝(shi),蕩然無存。這七十(shi)二(er)個連環洞,相(xiang)傳是(shi)(shi)三國時馬超避兵的(de)地方,其遺(yi)跡仍依稀可(ke)辯。
最后(hou)提到(dao)的(de)大云院,就是山西保(bao)存下來的(de)三座五(wu)代(dai)木構建筑中的(de)一(yi)個。
古(gu)人(ren)(ren)建造寺廟(miao),往(wang)往(wang)選在深山幽谷之(zhi)中,大(da)云院(yuan)(yuan)也是(shi)如此。從高(gao)處俯(fu)瞰,龍耳山的(de)(de)九(jiu)條支脈(mo)好(hao)象(xiang)九(jiu)條巨龍從三面環抱(bao)而來,形成一個半封閉的(de)(de)圓環,圓環的(de)(de)正中有一座(zuo)小山丘(qiu)仿佛一顆碩(shuo)大(da)的(de)(de)寶(bao)珠(zhu)(zhu)(zhu),大(da)云院(yuan)(yuan)就座(zuo)落在這(zhe)顆“寶(bao)珠(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)”下,因而古(gu)代的(de)(de)文人(ren)(ren)墨客把這(zhe)里(li)(li)美稱為“九(jiu)龍戲珠(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)大(da)云院(yuan)(yuan)”。其實,這(zhe)里(li)(li)更象(xiang)是(shi)一個安逸的(de)(de)搖籃(lan),大(da)云院(yuan)(yuan)則象(xiang)嬰(ying)兒般的(de)(de)鼾(han)睡(shui)了足足一千年。
大云院(yuan)始建于五代時(shi)(shi)期,輝(hui)煌的時(shi)(shi)候這里曾有僧舍殿(dian)宇(yu)一百多(duo)間,明(ming)代時(shi)(shi)寺(si)院(yuan)遭受了山洪的侵襲(xi),除(chu)主殿(dian)大佛殿(dian)之外的其(qi)他建筑全(quan)都(dou)未能幸免(mian)。歷(li)經千年,大云院(yuan)幾(ji)度興衰,惟(wei)獨大佛殿(dian)古貌仍舊(jiu),原(yuan)構依然,彰顯(xian)出蒼勁宏偉的雄(xiong)姿。
與離(li)她不(bu)遠的(de)另一座五代(dai)木(mu)構建筑(zhu)龍門寺(si)西配殿相比,大(da)(da)(da)云院大(da)(da)(da)佛(fo)殿少了幾(ji)分滄桑,多了些許雄壯(zhuang);沒有了龍門寺(si)的(de)荒(huang)涼和(he)衰敗,愈發顯得老(lao)當(dang)益(yi)壯(zhuang)。仔(zi)細(xi)端詳,倒(dao)和(he)同屬五代(dai)時(shi)期木(mu)構建筑(zhu)的(de)平遙鎮國寺(si)萬佛(fo)殿有幾(ji)分相似,面寬與進(jin)深同樣均為三間(jian),平面同樣近(jin)似正方(fang)形,同樣為等級較高的(de)單檐九脊歇山頂式建筑(zhu),同樣顯現出唐代(dai)木(mu)構建筑(zhu)大(da)(da)(da)氣簡約的(de)遺風(feng)。
本名(ming)彌陀殿(dian)(dian),五(wu)代(dai)后(hou)晉天(tian)(tian)(tian)福五(wu)年(940)建。面(mian)(mian)闊進(jin)深(shen)各三間(jian)(jian),單檐(yan)(yan)(yan)歇山頂(ding)通面(mian)(mian)闊11.8米(mi),明次間(jian)(jian)略同;總進(jin)深(shen)10.1米(mi),山面(mian)(mian)次間(jian)(jian)約合當心間(jian)(jian)之(zhi)半(ban);平(ping)面(mian)(mian)接近方形(xing)。殿(dian)(dian)前(qian)無月臺,前(qian)后(hou)檐(yan)(yan)(yan)當心間(jian)(jian)辟(pi)門(men),前(qian)檐(yan)(yan)(yan)次間(jian)(jian)安直(zhi)欞窗。檐(yan)(yan)(yan)柱(zhu)(zhu)側角生起顯著(zhu)。柱(zhu)(zhu)頭上(shang)(shang)于欄額之(zhi)上(shang)(shang)加(jia)施普柏枋(fang)一材,此為(wei)采用(yong)普柏枋(fang)部件(jian)之(zhi)始。柱(zhu)(zhu)上(shang)(shang)斗雙抄五(wu)鋪作(zuo),耍頭為(wei)短促(cu)的(de)下昂(ang)形(xing)。殿(dian)(dian)內后(hou)槽當心間(jian)(jian)用(yong)金(jin)柱(zhu)(zhu)兩根,金(jin)柱(zhu)(zhu)上(shang)(shang)不施普柏枋(fang),仍(reng)沿襲著(zhu)唐(tang)制(zhi)。梁(liang)(liang)架(jia)為(wei)“六架(jia)椽(chuan)屋,四椽(chuan)對乳用(yong)三柱(zhu)(zhu)”,上(shang)(shang)有(you)駝(tuo)峰、托腳承平(ping)梁(liang)(liang),平(ping)梁(liang)(liang)上(shang)(shang)有(you)駝(tuo)峰、侏(zhu)儒柱(zhu)(zhu)、大(da)叉手、捧節令以承負(fu)脊。駝(tuo)峰較小(xiao),侏(zhu)儒柱(zhu)(zhu)甚(shen)細,是(shi)(shi)此二構(gou)件(jian)初產(chan)生階段的(de)雛形(xing)。因(yin)無前(qian)槽金(jin)柱(zhu)(zhu),縱斷面(mian)(mian)前(qian)后(hou)槽結構(gou)不一致。梁(liang)(liang)架(jia)上(shang)(shang)駝(tuo)峰尺寸、形(xing)制(zhi)各異,多達8種。殿(dian)(dian)頂(ding)明清(qing)補葺過(guo),已非原貌,但少(shao)量瓦件(jian)可看出非宋元以后(hou)之(zhi)物。殿(dian)(dian)內斗、枋(fang)、替木等構(gou)件(jian)上(shang)(shang)還(huan)保存(cun)有(you)一部分五(wu)代(dai)彩(cai)繪,是(shi)(shi)中國古建筑中稀有(you)之(zhi)例。殿(dian)(dian)內東(dong)壁和扇面(mian)(mian)墻上(shang)(shang)保存(cun)五(wu)代(dai)壁畫22平(ping)方米(mi)。東(dong)壁畫題“維(wei)摩變相(xiang)”,8個伎樂天(tian)(tian)(tian)一邊奏樂一邊起舞(wu),表現出超人的(de)神態仙(xian)姿(zi)。扇面(mian)(mian)墻正面(mian)(mian)上(shang)(shang)部畫飛天(tian)(tian)(tian),兩側是(shi)(shi)觀世(shi)音(yin)和大(da)勢至二菩薩,乃(nai)彌陀佛脅(xie)侍。后(hou)面(mian)(mian)畫“西方凈土變”,云氣繚繞,菩薩、天(tian)(tian)(tian)王、侍從等參插其中,上(shang)(shang)部天(tian)(tian)(tian)宮樓閣懸空(kong)。各像面(mian)(mian)相(xiang)圓(yuan)潤,肌肉豐(feng)盈,樂舞(wu)伎廣袖長裙,姿(zi)態柔(rou)麗俊美,唐(tang)代(dai)畫風猶存(cun),是(shi)(shi)中國現存(cun)寺(si)觀中惟一的(de)五(wu)代(dai)壁畫遺作(zuo)。
兩(liang)層,平面(mian)(mian)(mian)八角形(xing),高6米,青石(shi)雕(diao)(diao)造。基座(zuo)兩(liang)級皆束腰須彌式,雕(diao)(diao)仰覆蓮瓣、獅子、麒(qi)麟、力(li)士、門等(deng),第二(er)(er)層門內(nei)還雕(diao)(diao)有樂伎和舞伎。塔身雕(diao)(diao)有間柱,正面(mian)(mian)(mian)雕(diao)(diao)板門,門兩(liang)側置二(er)(er)天(tian)王像,背(bei)面(mian)(mian)(mian)雕(diao)(diao)比丘(qiu)半掩門。塔檐下(xia)雕(diao)(diao)飛天(tian)。2層塔身雕(diao)(diao)假板門、門簪(zan)、帷幔等(deng)。再(zai)上置仰蓮、矮(ai)柱、寶珠等(deng)制(zhi)成(cheng)塔剎,都是五代原(yuan)作。該(gai)塔造形(xing)俊秀,刻工精細,因(yin)地形(xing)變(bian)遷大半埋入積土之中,經清(qing)理保存完(wan)好。
龍(long)耳山(shan)(shan)下的(de)(de)那座(zuo)大(da)(da)云院(yuan)(yuan),至(zhi)今(jin)仍(reng)較好地保存下來。沿(yan)著村東(dong)北婉(wan)延的(de)(de)山(shan)(shan)路走二(er)、三(san)里,峰巒起伏的(de)(de)龍(long)耳山(shan)(shan)就會奔湊到游人(ren)眼前。令人(ren)稱奇叫(jiao)絕(jue)的(de)(de)是龍(long)耳山(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)九條支脈極象九條巨(ju)(ju)龍(long)從三(san)面盤屈環抱而來,形成一(yi)個近乎(hu)封閉的(de)(de)圓圈。圓圈的(de)(de)正(zheng)中(zhong)(zhong)有一(yi)座(zuo)巨(ju)(ju)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)山(shan)(shan)丘象一(yi)顆(ke)碩大(da)(da)的(de)(de)寶(bao)珠(zhu)。大(da)(da)云院(yuan)(yuan)就座(zuo)落(luo)在(zai)這(zhe)個“寶(bao)珠(zhu)”山(shan)(shan)下。古(gu)代(dai)的(de)(de)文(wen)人(ren)墨(mo)客把這(zhe)形勝美(mei)稱為(wei)“九龍(long)戲珠(zhu)大(da)(da)云院(yuan)(yuan)”。 大(da)(da)云院(yuan)(yuan)始(shi)建(jian)于(yu)五代(dai)晉天福三(san)年(nian)(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)938年(nian)),初名“仙巖寺(si)”。天福五年(nian)建(jian)大(da)(da)佛殿(dian)。后周顯德元(yuan)年(nian)(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)954年(nian))建(jian)寺(si)外(wai)七寶(bao)塔。塔造(zao)形精巧,雕刻細膩(ni),獨(du)具匠心。至(zhi)北宋建(jian)隆元(yuan)年(nian)(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)960年(nian)),已有殿(dian)堂100余間。北宋太平(ping)興國(guo)(guo)(guo)八(ba)年(nian)(公(gong)(gong)元(yuan)983年(nian))奉皇帝命令改寺(si)名為(wei)“大(da)(da)云院(yuan)(yuan)”。大(da)(da)云院(yuan)(yuan)現存的(de)(de)主體(ti)(ti)構(gou)造(zao)大(da)(da)佛殿(dian),單檐9脊l0獸歇山(shan)(shan)頂,滿(man)覆琉(liu)璃圓柱方(fang)(fang)額,斗拱五鋪作,飛檐起翹,面闊3間,進深6椽,投(tou)影平(ping)面近方(fang)(fang)形,屋坡(po)平(ping)緩(huan)。大(da)(da)云院(yuan)(yuan)是中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)規存的(de)(de)九座(zuo)五代(dai)木結(jie)構(gou)建(jian)筑之(zhi)一(yi)。大(da)(da)佛殿(dian)內(nei)的(de)(de)五代(dai)壁(bi)(bi)(bi)畫(hua),更是中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)古(gu)代(dai)壁(bi)(bi)(bi)畫(hua)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)稀世(shi)佳作。1988年(nian),被國(guo)(guo)(guo)務院(yuan)(yuan)公(gong)(gong)布為(wei)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)重點保護文(wen)物(wu)。大(da)(da)佛殿(dian)內(nei)現存五代(dai)壁(bi)(bi)(bi)畫(hua)2l平(ping)方(fang)(fang)米,可(ke)辨認(ren)處,東(dong)山(shan)(shan)壁(bi)(bi)(bi)繪有“維(wei)(wei)摩經變”。經摩諾托病在(zai)家(jia),釋迦牟尼派文(wen)殊(shu)(shu)前去探望,病床(chuang)上(shang)維(wei)(wei)摩詰(jie)身著淡黃色病衣,側身半臥十錦帳(zhang)之(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong),身體(ti)(ti)前傾(qing),神態(tai)莊嚴激昂(ang),正(zheng)在(zai)向文(wen)殊(shu)(shu)訴說自己的(de)(de)大(da)(da)乘主張(zhang)。前來探視的(de)(de)文(wen)殊(shu)(shu),和維(wei)(wei)摩話側身相對坐十病榻之(zhi)下,滿(man)臉虜誠,洗耳恭(gong)聽,若有所思。畫(hua)面背景全以(yi)人(ren)物(wu)襯托。舍(she)利佛、香積(ji)菩薩(sa)、天王、羅(luo)漢(han)等多人(ren),體(ti)(ti)態(tai)豐韻,表(biao)情各異(yi),均以(yi)前方(fang)(fang)十畫(hua)面人(ren)物(wu)為(wei)核心,遙相呼應,渾然(ran)一(yi)體(ti)(ti)。畫(hua)面上(shang)方(fang)(fang)飛天回翔(xiang),紫霧繚繞,天女散花,呼之(zhi)欲出(chu)。
正(zheng)門(men)(men)(men)扇面(mian)(mian)墻(qiang)上(shang)左測繪有觀世音,右側是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)大(da)勢至。二(er)菩(pu)薩坦胸(xiong)露腹,面(mian)(mian)相凝(ning)重(zhong),雍(yong)容典稚。扇面(mian)(mian)墻(qiang)背畫(hua)“西方(fang)(fang)凈(jing)土變”。畫(hua)面(mian)(mian)上(shang)方(fang)(fang)眾菩(pu)薩和仆從分賓主(zhu)談話其間(jian),主(zhu)尊仆殷(yin)一(yi)派升平景象。畫(hua)面(mian)(mian)下方(fang)(fang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)8個邊(bian)歌邊(bian)舞(wu)(wu)(wu)邊(bian)奏樂的(de)(de)樂伎(ji),吹笛拍鈸,廣袖長(chang)裙,圍(wei)成(cheng)環(huan)(huan)狀(zhuang),翩翩起舞(wu)(wu)(wu),神姿仙態(tai),楚楚動人(ren)(ren),拱眼壁和闌額上(shang)保(bao)存五(wu)代(dai)彩塑(su)11米,色彩莊(zhuang)重(zhong),古(gu)樸典雅。人(ren)(ren)云院(yuan)(yuan)五(wu)代(dai)壁畫(hua),上(shang)承晚唐風格,無論男女皆以(yi)豐腴富態(tai)為美,心胸(xiong)坦蕩,氣宇(yu)軒昂。大(da)云院(yuan)(yuan)南(nan)面(mian)(mian)數(shu)十米高的(de)(de)山崗上(shang),有一(yi)座(zuo)青石雕(diao)道的(de)(de)浮(fu)圖七寶(bao)塔(ta)(ta)。這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)五(wu)代(dai)時遺物(wu)。原(yuan)來(lai)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)七級,現行五(wu)級。塔(ta)(ta)基是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)八方(fang)(fang)形,覆盆式(shi)蓮花池瓣(ban)底座(zuo),第—層的(de)(de)束腰上(shang)雕(diao)造飛(fei)馬、獅子、麒麟、熊黑(hei)等(deng)(deng)吉祥(xiang)動物(wu),活靈活現。第二(er)層的(de)(de)束腰上(shang)雕(diao)合幾個伎(ji)養樂人(ren)(ren)翩翩起舞(wu)(wu)(wu)。第三層正(zheng)面(mian)(mian)有門(men)(men)(men),門(men)(men)(men)頂雙龍(long)戲珠,維(wei)妙維(wei)肖;門(men)(men)(men)西側侍立二(er)天王,神情(qing)莊(zhuang)重(zhong)嚴肅;周圍(wei)轉角,龍(long)蛇盤旋,使人(ren)(ren)驚(jing)嘆(tan)古(gu)人(ren)(ren)筆走龍(long)蛇的(de)(de)藝術功力。第四(si)層雕(diao)帳幕低垂,前后都有假(jia)板(ban)門(men)(men)(men),第五(wu)層雕(diao)云紋大(da)圓蓋寶(bao)珠嵌頂。整座(zuo)塔(ta)(ta)體(ti)造型優美,腿刻(ke)精(jing)細,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不可多得(de)的(de)(de)石刻(ke)藝術杰作(zuo)。在(zai)大(da)云院(yuan)(yuan)南(nan)面(mian)(mian)100米處的(de)(de)土崖(ya)上(shang)有72個連(lian)環(huan)(huan)洞,相傳那就是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)三國馬超避兵的(de)(de)地方(fang)(fang)。另外(wai)在(zai)大(da)云院(yuan)(yuan)四(si)周還可看到大(da)天橋、唐朝貞(zhen)觀年間(jian)國公馬三保(bao)墓(mu)地等(deng)(deng)許(xu)多古(gu)跡名勝。它們和人(ren)(ren)云院(yuan)(yuan)相映成(cheng)趣,形成(cheng)了一(yi)組(zu)美麗的(de)(de)文物(wu)景觀。
山(shan)西的(de)(de)(de)古(gu)(gu)建(jian)筑(zhu)在幾(ji)千年的(de)(de)(de)發展進(jin)程中,由于人為和(he)(he)(he)自然的(de)(de)(de)原因,造成一定(ding)程度(du)的(de)(de)(de)破壞這就必(bi)然要維(wei)修(xiu)。維(wei)修(xiu)的(de)(de)(de)部位包(bao)括建(jian)筑(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)屋(wu)頂、室內(nei)梁(liang)架(jia)(jia)(jia)、門窗、臺基、斗(dou)拱等。從歷(li)(li)代(dai)(dai)(dai)維(wei)修(xiu)的(de)(de)(de)文(wen)獻記(ji)載和(he)(he)(he)古(gu)(gu)建(jian)筑(zhu)勘察情況看,歷(li)(li)史(shi)上維(wei)修(xiu)較多的(de)(de)(de)部位,大多集中在屋(wu)頂和(he)(he)(he)梁(liang)架(jia)(jia)(jia)部分。一座(zuo)(zuo)建(jian)筑(zhu)物中往往存在著多個朝代(dai)(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)構件(jian),建(jian)筑(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)年代(dai)(dai)(dai)越(yue)早(zao),更換的(de)(de)(de)構件(jian)就越(yue)多,給建(jian)筑(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)時代(dai)(dai)(dai)定(ding)性帶來(lai)了困難。因此(ci),古(gu)(gu)建(jian)筑(zhu)梁(liang)架(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)現存年代(dai)(dai)(dai),也就成了對整(zheng)個建(jian)筑(zhu)進(jin)行斷(duan)代(dai)(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)主要依據。大云院大佛殿雖經過后代(dai)(dai)(dai)匠人們的(de)(de)(de)不斷(duan)修(xiu)整(zheng),但梁(liang)架(jia)(jia)(jia)結構卻完整(zheng)保持了五代(dai)(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)(de)風貌,是一座(zuo)(zuo)不折不扣的(de)(de)(de)五代(dai)(dai)(dai)木(mu)構建(jian)筑(zhu)。
大(da)殿(dian)出(chu)檐深遠,正面(mian)看如兩(liang)翼齊伸,給人(ren)以雄壯穩定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)感覺。殿(dian)體(ti)主(zhu)要靠八根立柱(zhu)支(zhi)撐,墻壁并不支(zhi)撐殿(dian)頂(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重量(liang),只起遮蔽的(de)(de)(de)(de)作用,具有(you)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)木(mu)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)古建(jian)(jian)(jian)“墻倒屋(wu)不塌(ta)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)鮮(xian)明(ming)特色。除了(le)梁架,大(da)佛殿(dian)里的(de)(de)(de)(de)許多(duo)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)件(jian)更是顯現(xian)著五代(dai)木(mu)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)鮮(xian)明(ming)符(fu)號。大(da)云院大(da)佛殿(dian)創建(jian)(jian)(jian)于五代(dai)后晉天福三年(公元938年),在建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)上(shang)它新(xin)增加(jia)了(le)一(yi)個(ge)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)件(jian),就(jiu)是普(pu)(pu)拍(pai)枋(fang)(fang)這(zhe)個(ge)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)件(jian)。這(zhe)是中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)現(xian)存(cun)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)中(zhong)(zhong)使(shi)用普(pu)(pu)拍(pai)枋(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)實例(li)。普(pu)(pu)拍(pai)枋(fang)(fang)和(he)闌額(e)是架在柱(zhu)頭之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)這(zhe)兩(liang)個(ge)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)件(jian),在太原天龍山北齊石窟(ku)中(zhong)(zhong),就(jiu)出(chu)現(xian)了(le)闌額(e),但還沒有(you)使(shi)用普(pu)(pu)拍(pai)枋(fang)(fang)。陜西(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)玄(xuan)奘塔(ta)首次出(chu)現(xian)了(le)仿木(mu)結構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)普(pu)(pu)拍(pai)枋(fang)(fang)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)件(jian),但在山西(xi)現(xian)存(cun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)幾(ji)座唐代(dai)木(mu)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)中(zhong)(zhong)還沒有(you)普(pu)(pu)拍(pai)枋(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)使(shi)用,只安置闌額(e)。同為五代(dai)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)鎮國(guo)寺(si)萬佛殿(dian)也沒有(you)使(shi)用,直到遼代(dai)這(zhe)種構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)件(jian)才得到了(le)推廣和(he)普(pu)(pu)及。因而,大(da)佛殿(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)這(zhe)道普(pu)(pu)拍(pai)枋(fang)(fang),也就(jiu)成了(le)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)木(mu)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)古建(jian)(jian)(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)使(shi)用普(pu)(pu)拍(pai)枋(fang)(fang)早的(de)(de)(de)(de)實例(li)。
古建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)梁(liang)架上的(de)這(zhe)個兼具(ju)承重(zhong)和(he)(he)裝飾(shi)雙重(zhong)作用的(de)構(gou)件叫(jiao)駝(tuo)峰,使用駝(tuo)峰早(zao)的(de)實(shi)例出現(xian)(xian)在另一(yi)(yi)座五代(dai)木(mu)(mu)構(gou)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)龍門寺西配(pei)殿(dian)(dian)中(zhong),但規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)格和(he)(he)形(xing)狀比較單一(yi)(yi)。比西配(pei)殿(dian)(dian)晚十五年(nian)建(jian)(jian)(jian)造的(de)大(da)(da)(da)佛殿(dian)(dian)同樣也(ye)使用了(le)這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)構(gou)件,但大(da)(da)(da)佛殿(dian)(dian)內(nei)駝(tuo)峰的(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)格和(he)(he)形(xing)狀多達八種,這(zhe)在其他木(mu)(mu)構(gou)古建(jian)(jian)(jian)中(zhong)是(shi)(shi)罕見的(de)。這(zhe)充(chong)分說(shuo)明,早(zao)在五代(dai),駝(tuo)峰的(de)使用就已經得到了(le)普及。中(zhong)國人的(de)祖(zu)先很會擺弄(nong)這(zhe)些原始的(de)木(mu)(mu)頭,勾心斗(dou)(dou)角,相互疊壓,經過幾(ji)千年(nian)的(de)發展,形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)了(le)中(zhong)國古建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)特(te)有(you)的(de)組合形(xing)式(shi)(shi)------斗(dou)(dou)拱。斗(dou)(dou)拱不僅僅起支撐屋檐的(de)作用,更是(shi)(shi)古建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)發展演變的(de)年(nian)歷(li)。有(you)“亞洲第(di)一(yi)(yi)古建(jian)(jian)(jian)”之(zhi)盛譽的(de)南禪寺大(da)(da)(da)佛殿(dian)(dian),建(jian)(jian)(jian)于唐大(da)(da)(da)中(zhong)三年(nian)(公元782年(nian)),是(shi)(shi)中(zhong)國現(xian)(xian)存早(zao)的(de)木(mu)(mu)構(gou)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)。由于地處偏僻(pi)山村,當(dang)時也(ye)沒有(you)對建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)的(de)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)格進行統一(yi)(yi)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定,因(yin)而(er)南禪寺大(da)(da)(da)佛殿(dian)(dian)的(de)拱枋斷(duan)面規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)格不一(yi)(yi)。直(zhi)到北宋,官方頒布了(le)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)設計(ji)專用書(shu)籍《營造法(fa)式(shi)(shi)》后,建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)用材才得以(yi)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)范(fan)。《營造法(fa)式(shi)(shi)》將建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)所有(you)用材歸為八等(deng),并規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定了(le)每等(deng)材的(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)模。大(da)(da)(da)云院(yuan)大(da)(da)(da)佛殿(dian)(dian)的(de)拱枋用材符(fu)合《營造法(fa)式(shi)(shi)》中(zhong)規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)定的(de)四等(deng)材規(gui)(gui)(gui)(gui)格。因(yin)而(er),大(da)(da)(da)佛殿(dian)(dian)也(ye)就成(cheng)(cheng)了(le)中(zhong)國木(mu)(mu)構(gou)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)由唐朝模數(shu)制向(xiang)宋代(dai)營造法(fa)式(shi)(shi)演變的(de)活化石(shi)。