芒果视频下载

地理位置

舊石器時代(dai)中期(qi)遺址，位于中國北(bei)部山西省的襄汾縣城南約5公(gong)里的丁村南的同蒲鐵路兩(liang)側。距臨(lin)汾市(shi)35公(gong)里，北(bei)起史村，南至柴莊，長約十一公(gong)里，分布于汾河東(dong)岸第三階地上。

建設沿革

丁(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)村(cun)遺(yi)址(zhi)是在(zai)1953年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)挖沙工程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。1954年(nian)秋天，中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)社會(hui)科學院(yuan)和山(shan)西的(de)(de)(de)(de)專業(ye)考古(gu)(gu)(gu)人(ren)(ren)員組成(cheng)發(fa)(fa)(fa)掘隊(dui)在(zai)丁(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)村(cun)長(chang)約11公里、寬約5公里的(de)(de)(de)(de)范圍(wei)內，進行(xing)了考古(gu)(gu)(gu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)掘。從黃土下的(de)(de)(de)(de)古(gu)(gu)(gu)代(dai)河流沙礫層中(zhong)(zhong)，發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)了3枚丁(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)村(cun)人(ren)(ren)十(shi)二三歲(sui)兒童的(de)(de)(de)(de)牙齒化(hua)石(shi)，兩千多件丁(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)村(cun)人(ren)(ren)打造的(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)器(qi)以及同(tong)(tong)(tong)丁(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)村(cun)人(ren)(ren)同(tong)(tong)(tong)時生存的(de)(de)(de)(de)28種哺(bu)乳動物，5種魚類，和30種軟體動物化(hua)石(shi)。1961年(nian)3月4日，國(guo)務院(yuan)公布的(de)(de)(de)(de)第一(yi)批全(quan)國(guo)重(zhong)點文(wen)(wen)物保護單位(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)器(qi)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)遺(yi)址(zhi)中(zhong)(zhong)，丁(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)村(cun)遺(yi)址(zhi)同(tong)(tong)(tong)北京周口店猿人(ren)(ren)遺(yi)址(zhi)一(yi)同(tong)(tong)(tong)被(bei)公布為(wei)全(quan)國(guo)重(zhong)點文(wen)(wen)物保護單位(wei)。1976年(nian)在(zai)同(tong)(tong)(tong)一(yi)地點又發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)一(yi)塊小(xiao)孩的(de)(de)(de)(de)右頂骨化(hua)石(shi)。因發(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)(xian)于(yu)丁(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)村(cun)， 故名丁(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)村(cun)人(ren)(ren)。丁(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)村(cun)遺(yi)址(zhi)石(shi)器(qi)原料(liao)主為(wei)角(jiao)頁巖，三棱大(da)尖狀器(qi)有顯著(zhu)特(te)點，故命名為(wei)丁(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)村(cun)文(wen)(wen)化(hua)。丁(ding)(ding)(ding)(ding)村(cun)人(ren)(ren)形態(tai)介(jie)于(yu)現(xian)(xian)代(dai)人(ren)(ren)和猿人(ren)(ren)之間，其門齒具鏟(chan)形特(te)征，與現(xian)(xian)代(dai)蒙(meng)古(gu)(gu)(gu)人(ren)(ren)相近(jin)。

文物遺存

人類化石

丁村人(ren)(ren)(ren)化石包(bao)括3枚(mei)牙齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，一為(wei)上內側門(men)(men)(men)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，一為(wei)上外側門(men)(men)(men)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，另一為(wei)下第二(er)(er)臼齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)，全是(shi)右(you)側的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。其大小(xiao)、形(xing)(xing)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)、顏色(se)和(he)石化程(cheng)度相似，并(bing)且出土部位相近，應(ying)屬同一個體。從磨損程(cheng)度估(gu)計，為(wei)一個十(shi)二(er)(er)、三歲(sui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)少年。兩(liang)枚(mei)門(men)(men)(men)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)舌(she)面(mian)呈鏟形(xing)(xing)，有(you)明顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)舌(she)面(mian)突隆和(he)指(zhi)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)突，與(yu)北京人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)門(men)(men)(men)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)有(you)相近的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)性質。但無論齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)冠和(he)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)根(gen)都遠(yuan)比(bi)(bi)北京人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)細小(xiao)，舌(she)面(mian)隆突和(he)指(zhi)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)突亦不如(ru)北京人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)復(fu)雜。這兩(liang)枚(mei)門(men)(men)(men)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)與(yu)現代(dai)(dai)蒙(meng)古(gu)人(ren)(ren)(ren)種的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)沒有(you)明顯差別，其中上外側門(men)(men)(men)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)與(yu)內蒙(meng)古(gu)薩拉(la)烏蘇遺(yi)址的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)河套(tao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)十(shi)分相似。下第二(er)(er)臼齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)冠和(he)齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)根(gen)都遠(yuan)比(bi)(bi)北京人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)細小(xiao)，齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)冠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相對高(gao)度（與(yu)長(chang)度和(he)寬度相比(bi)(bi)）遠(yuan)比(bi)(bi)北京人(ren)(ren)(ren)為(wei)大，咬合面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)紋理不如(ru)北京人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)復(fu)雜。這些性質表(biao)明丁村人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)臼齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)比(bi)(bi)北京人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進步；但仍(reng)比(bi)(bi)現代(dai)(dai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)臼原始。從3枚(mei)牙齒(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形(xing)(xing)態可以(yi)明顯看(kan)出，丁村人(ren)(ren)(ren)是(shi)介于北京人(ren)(ren)(ren)與(yu)現代(dai)(dai)人(ren)(ren)(ren)之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)(ren)(ren)類。它(ta)雖與(yu)晚期智人(ren)(ren)(ren)階段的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)河套(tao)人(ren)(ren)(ren)接近，但出土層位較早，所以(yi)將它(ta)歸入早期智人(ren)(ren)(ren)階段。

石器制品

在(zai)丁(ding)村各地點發現石(shi)(shi)(shi)制品(pin)2000多件，石(shi)(shi)(shi)制品(pin)的(de)(de)表面常(chang)包(bao)有一(yi)層純(chun)凈的(de)(de)碳酸鈣外殼，證(zheng)明曾被河(he)水浸泡過。但很(hen)多石(shi)(shi)(shi)制品(pin)的(de)(de)棱角仍很(hen)明顯，說(shuo)明它們并未經過搬運(yun)或只是經過近距離搬運(yun)。石(shi)(shi)(shi)制品(pin)的(de)(de)原料(liao)約95%為角頁巖，余為燧石(shi)(shi)(shi)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)灰巖。以石(shi)(shi)(shi)片和石(shi)(shi)(shi)核為多，具(ju)有加工痕跡(ji)的(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)只占6.6%。這(zhe)說(shuo)明丁(ding)村附近密(mi)集的(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)地點可能是當時的(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)制作場(chang)。

丁(ding)村石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)多(duo)以(yi)角頁(ye)巖為(wei)原料(liao)，占總數的95%以(yi)左右，少(shao)量為(wei)燧石(shi)(shi)(shi)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)灰巖、玄(xuan)武巖、石(shi)(shi)(shi)英、石(shi)(shi)(shi)英巖、閃(shan)長巖制成(cheng)。丁(ding)村石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)以(yi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)片石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)為(wei)主，石(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)數量較少(shao)，其數量略少(shao)于總量的1/3。大部(bu)分石(shi)(shi)(shi)片均有(you)使用(yong)痕跡，很少(shao)進行第(di)二(er)步加工，多(duo)以(yi)碰砧法制成(cheng)。石(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)類(lei)型有(you)砍(kan)砸器(qi)、刮削器(qi)、尖狀(zhuang)器(qi)和石(shi)(shi)(shi)球(qiu)等，其中厚(hou)三(san)棱尖狀(zhuang)器(qi)為(wei)其所特有(you)。

丁(ding)(ding)村的(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)多(duo)半(ban)(ban)用碰砧法(fa)和(he)投擊(ji)(ji)(ji)法(fa)（又(you)(you)稱(cheng)摔砸(za)法(fa)）產生，具有(you)寬大于(yu)長、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)角大（多(duo)在111°～130°之(zhi)間）、打擊(ji)(ji)(ji)點不(bu)(bu)集中、半(ban)(ban)錐體大且常常雙生等特點；石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)(he)也比較大，但也有(you)一定數量的(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)是用石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)錘(chui)直接打制(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。在一些石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)上，可以(yi)清楚地(di)看到修理臺面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)痕跡，這是一種比較進步的(de)(de)(de)(de)技術。石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)分(fen)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)(he)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)兩(liang)(liang)類(lei)，以(yi)后者(zhe)為(wei)主。石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)(he)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)砍(kan)(kan)斫(zhuo)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、手斧和(he)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)球(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)3類(lei)。砍(kan)(kan)斫(zhuo)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)是用交互(hu)打擊(ji)(ji)(ji)法(fa)加工(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，與北京(jing)人(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)砍(kan)(kan)斫(zhuo)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)不(bu)(bu)同，后者(zhe)單面(mian)打擊(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)多(duo)，交互(hu)打擊(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)少。手斧只有(you)一件采集品。石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)球(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)用石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)錘(chui)打擊(ji)(ji)(ji)而成(cheng)，尚未(wei)發(fa)現(xian)(xian)象許(xu)家(jia)窯(yao)人(ren)(ren)那(nei)種用兩(liang)(liang)個打制(zhi)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)球(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)對敲而成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)球(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)體石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)球(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)。石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)有(you)砍(kan)(kan)斫(zhuo)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、厚尖(jian)(jian)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、小尖(jian)(jian)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)刮削器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)砍(kan)(kan)斫(zhuo)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)與石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)核(he)(he)(he)砍(kan)(kan)斫(zhuo)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)不(bu)(bu)同,絕(jue)大部(bu)分(fen)是一面(mian)打擊(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，并且刃部(bu)較薄(bo)。厚尖(jian)(jian)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)用大石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)制(zhi)成(cheng)，又(you)(you)分(fen)成(cheng)較厚的(de)(de)(de)(de)三(san)棱大尖(jian)(jian)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)較薄(bo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)鶴(he)嘴形尖(jian)(jian)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)兩(liang)(liang)種。三(san)棱大尖(jian)(jian)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)是丁(ding)(ding)村文(wen)化中富(fu)有(you)特色的(de)(de)(de)(de)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)物，由(you)于(yu)是在丁(ding)(ding)村首(shou)次發(fa)現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，所以(yi)又(you)(you)稱(cheng)為(wei)“丁(ding)(ding)村尖(jian)(jian)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)”。小尖(jian)(jian)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)都(dou)是用較薄(bo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)片(pian)制(zhi)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)刃緣打制(zhi)得相(xiang)當(dang)平齊，反映了(le)較高的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)藝水平。

丁村(cun)的文化(hua)遺物既(ji)具有其他(ta)中國(guo)舊(jiu)石(shi)器(qi)(qi)時代文化(hua)的共同特(te)(te)點，如以石(shi)片石(shi)器(qi)(qi)為主等，又(you)具有獨特(te)(te)的打(da)制技術和(he)石(shi)器(qi)(qi)類型。丁村(cun)文化(hua)是華(hua)北(bei)地區舊(jiu)石(shi)器(qi)(qi)文化(hua)兩大傳統之一(yi)，即(ji)“匼河-丁村(cun)系”的代表，與西侯度文化(hua)、藍田文化(hua)和(he)匼河文化(hua)等存在著密切(qie)的源(yuan)流關系。

其它化石

在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)丁(ding)村各地點共發(fa)現哺乳動(dong)物化(hua)石28種(zhong)(zhong)，大部分為(wei)生活在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)森林(lin)(lin)和山(shan)林(lin)(lin)之中(zhong)的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)，代表溫(wen)暖濕潤的(de)氣候(hou)。從砂礫層中(zhong)還采集到鯉、青魚、鯇、鲿、鲇等(deng)魚類(lei)化(hua)石，皆屬于在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)能經(jing)常保(bao)持一(yi)定大流量(liang)的(de)水中(zhong)生活的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)砂礫層中(zhong)還有大量(liang)軟(ruan)體動(dong)物介殼化(hua)石，其中(zhong)引(yin)人注目(mu)的(de)是一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)大型麗蚌(bang)殼，這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)動(dong)物只分布在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)氣候(hou)溫(wen)暖濕潤的(de)長江以南地區和漢(han)水流域。這(zhe)些情況表明(ming)，丁(ding)村人時(shi)期(qi)的(de)丁(ding)村一(yi)帶(dai)氣候(hou)相當溫(wen)暖，汾河的(de)水勢相當大。附近的(de)山(shan)上(shang)覆蓋著茂(mao)密的(de)森林(lin)(lin)，河旁平地上(shang)草木茂(mao)盛(sheng)，各種(zhong)(zhong)動(dong)物成群(qun)地出(chu)沒于森林(lin)(lin)、草地和河邊。丁(ding)村人生活在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)汾河兩岸，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)河灘上(shang)就地取材制作石器，在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)樹林(lin)(lin)里采集可(ke)供(gong)食用的(de)植(zhi)物，利用石球(qiu)等(deng)工(gong)具進行(xing)狩(shou)獵(lie)。

歷史價值

1949年以(yi)前(qian)，在(zai)我國(guo)大陸上，僅(jin)在(zai)北京周口店、山頂洞(dong)，內蒙(meng)薩拉烏(wu)蘇和(he)寧夏水洞(dong)溝等少數(shu)幾處(chu)遺址發(fa)現了舊(jiu)石(shi)(shi)器時(shi)(shi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)初期(qi)(qi)和(he)晚期(qi)(qi)的人(ren)(ren)類化(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)和(he)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)遺物，至于中(zhong)期(qi)(qi)的人(ren)(ren)類化(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)和(he)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)尚屬空白。丁村遺址的發(fa)現填補了我 國(guo)舊(jiu)石(shi)(shi)器時(shi)(shi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)中(zhong)期(qi)(qi)人(ren)(ren)類化(hua)(hua)(hua)石(shi)(shi)和(he)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)的缺環(huan)，是我國(guo)舊(jiu)石(shi)(shi)器時(shi)(shi)代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)中(zhong)期(qi)(qi)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)的代(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)表，在(zai)古人(ren)(ren)類學和(he)考(kao)古學上占有很重要的地位。

這(zhe)次發(fa)現(xian)不僅擴大了丁(ding)村(cun)遺(yi)址(zhi)的分布范圍，使(shi)丁(ding)村(cun)遺(yi)址(zhi)文(wen)化埋藏(zang)類型由原(yuan)來(lai)單(dan)一的河流沙礫層，延伸到黃土(tu)地層，更為丁(ding)村(cun)遺(yi)址(zhi)舊石器文(wen)化研究增加了堅(jian)實(shi)的依托。

文物保護

臨(lin)汾地(di)區(qu)已經同襄(xiang)(xiang)汾縣協商(shang)，準備(bei)共同保(bao)護(hu)、開發(fa)、利用丁(ding)村(cun)(cun)遺址，襄(xiang)(xiang)汾縣有關部(bu)門已經認識到丁(ding)村(cun)(cun)文(wen)(wen)(wen)物(wu)缺(que)乏保(bao)護(hu)的(de)(de)現狀(zhuang)，正在積(ji)極有效地(di)保(bao)護(hu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)物(wu)、利用文(wen)(wen)(wen)物(wu)，堅(jian)決(jue)制止農民挖(wa)沙(sha)取土和盜挖(wa)遺址內的(de)(de)各種化石，并在群(qun)眾中廣(guang)泛開展保(bao)護(hu)文(wen)(wen)(wen)物(wu)的(de)(de)宣傳教育。最近，保(bao)護(hu)丁(ding)村(cun)(cun)文(wen)(wen)(wen)物(wu)的(de)(de)規劃已經出臺。1964 年秋，山西(xi)文(wen)(wen)(wen)管會樹(shu)立了保(bao)護(hu)標志。1976年雨季之前，對(dui)這一“寶地(di)”進行搶(qiang)救性發(fa)掘。