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工程特點

五門堰，位于(yu)陜西省城固縣(xian)城北(bei)15公里處的(de)湑水河右岸，堰壩在桔園鎮東偶，渠(qu)首(shou)在許(xu)家廟(miao)鎮街(jie)東南。截湑水灌田，因渠(qu)首(shou)橫列五洞(dong)進水故名五門堰。

自東(dong)(dong)北而來的湑水(shui)河(he)流(liu)經(jing)這里，拐了一(yi)個“L”形彎(wan)，轉向東(dong)(dong)南(nan)逝去(qu)，五門堰就卡在(zai)這個彎(wan)節上，大致呈(cheng)東(dong)(dong)北至西(xi)南(nan)走向。這是一(yi)座(zuo)低壩攔(lan)河(he)引水(shui)灌(guan)溉(gai)設施，汛(xun)時不礙泄洪，旱時蓄水(shui)灌(guan)溉(gai)。

建筑雄(xiong)偉，攔河壩長374米(mi)(mi)，壩高1.2米(mi)(mi)，壩頂平臺(tai)寬(kuan)2.5米(mi)(mi)，壩坡寬(kuan)15米(mi)(mi)。渠首(shou)五洞，東二西三，形似五門，可以啟閉，下500米(mi)(mi)處(chu)，設有(you)進水(shui)龍門2孔(kong)，退(tui)水(shui)龍門4孔(kong)，可控制水(shui)量(liang)，設計科學合理，頗有(you)四川都江堰建筑之風。干渠長8.9公(gong)里，引水(shui)量(liang)2.5立方(fang)米(mi)(mi)/秒，現灌溉農(nong)田7300余(yu)畝。

歷史淵源

相傳(chuan)始建于漢(han)(han)。宋紹興年(nian)前叫唐(tang)(tang)(tang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)堰。創(chuang)于何(he)時，無確切記載(zai)。清嘉(jia)慶十年(nian)（1805）《唐(tang)(tang)(tang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)車按畝攤(tan)錢(qian)的批復》載(zai)：“唐(tang)(tang)(tang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)始于漢(han)(han)朝，疏小渠以灌田，流鼻底（斗山）而歸河（湑水河）”。清道光三年(nian)（1823）《唐(tang)(tang)(tang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)車水利(li)碑》載(zai)：“五門之渠實起漢(han)(han)矣，相傳(chuan)以來，渠口丈八。”唐(tang)(tang)(tang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)即唐(tang)(tang)(tang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)房(fang)（昉(fang)）。據東(dong)漢(han)(han)靈帝(di)時所立“仙(xian)人唐(tang)(tang)(tang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)昉(fang)碑”載(zai)：“唐(tang)(tang)(tang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)房(fang)新莽①居攝二年(nian)（公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)元(yuan)7年(nian)）為(wei)郡吏，遇(yu)真(zhen)人，舉(ju)家升仙(xian)。”唐(tang)(tang)(tang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)房(fang)升仙(xian)雖為(wei)神話傳(chuan)說，以“唐(tang)(tang)(tang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)”命名(ming)，后(hou)世稱(cheng)“始于漢(han)(han)朝”是可信的。

文物保護

五門(men)堰歷(li)史(shi)悠久，工程建筑(zhu)科學合理，功(gong)效顯著，倍受歷(li)代(dai)官府、民眾的重(zhong)(zhong)視與(yu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)，因而久經不衰。建國(guo)(guo)(guo)后(hou)，古堰古建筑(zhu)得到妥善(shan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)。同時對找回(hui)的散失文(wen)物(wu)(wu)，重(zhong)(zhong)新陳列(lie)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)，修建碑廊一座(zuo)。1982年縣人民政府公布(bu)為縣級重(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)文(wen)物(wu)(wu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)單(dan)位。1984年五門(men)堰列(lie)入省重(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)文(wen)物(wu)(wu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)單(dan)位。2006年6月(yue)五門(men)堰被國(guo)(guo)(guo)務院公布(bu)為全國(guo)(guo)(guo)重(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)文(wen)物(wu)(wu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)單(dan)位。

五(wu)(wu)門(men)堰(yan)有(you)龍門(men)寺古廟一座，三(san)進(jin)四院，有(you)大佛殿(dian)、禹稷殿(dian)、太白樓、觀音閣、望江樓、碑亭、官房等明、清(qing)古建筑群三(san)十余間，歷為五(wu)(wu)門(men)堰(yan)局住所。為城(cheng)固(gu)縣五(wu)(wu)門(men)堰(yan)文物管(guan)理所和五(wu)(wu)門(men)堰(yan)水(shui)管(guan)站住址。

觀音(yin)閣，道光十(shi)七(qi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（1837）建(jian)(jian)(jian)。閣由臺(tai)(tai)基(ji)(ji)、木(mu)架、頂三(san)(san)部組成，臺(tai)(tai)基(ji)(ji)長(chang)4.6米(mi)、寬(kuan)1.2米(mi)、高(gao)(gao)0.97米(mi)，全用石條壘(lei)砌。1984～1986年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)政府(fu)撥(bo)款(kuan)11.4萬元維修(xiu)(xiu)。龍門(men)寺(si)廟(miao)，廟(miao)在(zai)堰頭西南20米(mi)處，三(san)(san)進兩(liang)院。進門(men)，三(san)(san)間(jian)兩(liang)層舊(jiu)式瓦(wa)房，嘉慶二十(shi)一(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（1816）創修(xiu)(xiu)。光緒(xu)三(san)(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（1877）夏(xia)(xia)毀(hui)(hui)于火，同(tong)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)重建(jian)(jian)(jian)。樓上原有(you)(you)(you)太白(bai)神泥(ni)塑(su)(su)，1958年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)毀(hui)(hui)。二進，三(san)(san)間(jian)清式瓦(wa)房，是(shi)禹稷殿(dian)，明萬歷四年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（1576）修(xiu)(xiu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)；殿(dian)中(zhong)有(you)(you)(you)后(hou)(hou)稷夏(xia)(xia)禹泥(ni)塑(su)(su)，左有(you)(you)(you)喬(qiao)起鳳，右(you)有(you)(you)(you)高(gao)(gao)登(deng)明泥(ni)塑(su)(su)，解放后(hou)(hou)均毀(hui)(hui)。近年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)重塑(su)(su)，中(zhong)為(wei)(wei)后(hou)(hou)稷夏(xia)(xia)禹，兩(liang)旁為(wei)(wei)蒲庸、喬(qiao)起鳳、高(gao)(gao)登(deng)明、張世英(ying)泥(ni)塑(su)(su)像(xiang)。后(hou)(hou)一(yi)排是(shi)大佛殿(dian)，清式瓦(wa)房，康熙十(shi)五年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)（1676）重建(jian)(jian)(jian)。1985年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)漢中(zhong)地區撥(bo)款(kuan)翻(fan)修(xiu)(xiu)龍門(men)寺(si)廟(miao)，煥然一(yi)新。石碑，原有(you)(you)(you)22通，現存(cun)41通，是(shi)研究五門(men)堰的(de)重要實物(wu)資料。