罨(yan)畫(hua),意(yi)為(wei)彩色(se)的(de)(de)畫(hua)。此(ci)園(yuan)始(shi)建(jian)(jian)于唐代,成勝景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)于宋代,其景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)色(se)以(yi)梅(mei)(mei)花和(he)(he)菱花煙柳為(wei)勝。南(nan)宋愛國詩(shi)(shi)人陸(lu)(lu)(lu)游(you)(you)(you)在(zai)蜀(shu)州任(ren)官(guan)時,留(liu)下不少吟(yin)詠罨(yan)畫(hua)池(chi)美景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)詩(shi)(shi)篇。公(gong)園(yuan)占地(di)近50畝(mu),其中(zhong)池(chi)面(mian)22畝(mu)。池(chi)周樓(lou)橋亭(ting)閣(ge)古(gu)樸典(dian)雅,山石墻曲徑通幽,名貴(gui)花木(mu)千姿百態,盆景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)藝術享譽(yu)川(chuan)西;池(chi)中(zhong)游(you)(you)(you)船往(wang)來,風(feng)荷左右(you),倒影如畫(hua),五彩繽紛。罨(yan)畫(hua)池(chi)與另兩座省級文物保護單位(wei)陸(lu)(lu)(lu)游(you)(you)(you)祠、崇(chong)(chong)州文廟(miao)毗(pi)鄰(lin),三位(wei)一(yi)體,相(xiang)得益彰(zhang)。崇(chong)(chong)慶(qing)(qing)縣,古(gu)稱(cheng)蜀(shu)州,距成都40公(gong)里(li),因(yin)宋仁宗、宋徽宗的(de)(de)女兒先后被(bei)封為(wei)崇(chong)(chong)慶(qing)(qing)公(gong)主,因(yin)而改名崇(chong)(chong)慶(qing)(qing)府(fu),沿用至(zhi)今(jin)。崇(chong)(chong)慶(qing)(qing)罨(yan)畫(hua)池(chi)景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)觀為(wei)西蜀(shu)名勝,分為(wei)罨(yan)畫(hua)池(chi)、陸(lu)(lu)(lu)游(you)(you)(you)祠和(he)(he)州文廟(miao),占地(di)50畝(mu),因(yin)南(nan)宋愛國詩(shi)(shi)人陸(lu)(lu)(lu)游(you)(you)(you)在(zai)此(ci)為(wei)官(guan)而聞名。陸(lu)(lu)(lu)游(you)(you)(you)祠為(wei)一(yi)江南(nan)園(yuan)林風(feng)格四合院式建(jian)(jian)筑,祠內有(you)(you)梅(mei)(mei)園(yuan)、梅(mei)(mei)閣(ge)、花徑、放翁堂、風(feng)月軒等建(jian)(jian)筑。放翁堂內有(you)(you)陸(lu)(lu)(lu)游(you)(you)(you)像(xiang),氣宇(yu)軒昂。祠內陳列(lie)有(you)(you)陸(lu)(lu)(lu)游(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)詩(shi)(shi)、畫(hua)及《懷(huai)成都十韻》、《游(you)(you)(you)近村》等草書手跡石刻(ke)。罨(yan)畫(hua)池(chi)水面(mian)呈橢(tuo)圓形,面(mian)積約10畝(mu),被(bei)譽(yu)為(wei)蜀(shu)州勝景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing),以(yi)廣植梅(mei)(mei)花著(zhu)稱(cheng)。唐代裴(pei)迪與流寓成都的(de)(de)杜甫曾來此(ci)賞梅(mei)(mei),相(xiang)互和(he)(he)詩(shi)(shi),杜甫在(zai)此(ci)留(liu)下了被(bei)譽(yu)為(wei)“古(gu)今(jin)詠梅(mei)(mei)第一(yi)”的(de)(de)《和(he)(he)裴(pei)迪登蜀(shu)州東(dong)亭(ting)逢(feng)早梅(mei)(mei)相(xiang)憶見寄(ji)》一(yi)詩(shi)(shi)。現崇(chong)(chong)慶(qing)(qing)每逢(feng)春梅(mei)(mei)早發,均在(zai)此(ci)舉辦(ban)賞梅(mei)(mei)花會。州文廟(miao)是建(jian)(jian)于明代的(de)(de)孔廟(miao),保存較為(wei)完好,殿宇(yu)巍峨,雄(xiong)冠西川(chuan),有(you)(you)宮(gong)墻、啟(qi)圣宮(gong)、欞星門、圣城、鼓樂亭(ting)、大成殿等建(jian)(jian)筑。
唐時(shi),罨(yan)畫池及其東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)南(nan)一(yi)(yi)帶初是(shi)蜀(shu)州(zhou)(zhou)(今崇(chong)州(zhou)(zhou))州(zhou)(zhou)署的(de)(de)(de)郡圃;,同時(shi)兼有(you)驛站功能,被稱為(wei)(wei)“東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)亭(ting)(ting)”,當時(shi)此處(chu)并沒有(you)湖池存在(zai)。唐時(shi)蜀(shu)州(zhou)(zhou)風(feng)氣“尚侈好(hao)文,俗好(hao)歌(ge)舞(wu)”,東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)亭(ting)(ting)也(ye)逐漸(jian)演變為(wei)(wei)蜀(shu)州(zhou)(zhou)地(di)方(fang)官(guan)待客、游賞(shang)的(de)(de)(de)衙(ya)(ya)署園(yuan)林(lin)(lin)。唐上元元年(760年)冬,時(shi)任蜀(shu)州(zhou)(zhou)刺史的(de)(de)(de)詩(shi)(shi)人裴迪(di)邀杜(du)(du)(du)甫(fu)一(yi)(yi)同在(zai)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)亭(ting)(ting)送(song)客,杜(du)(du)(du)甫(fu)寫下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)《和裴迪(di)登臨蜀(shu)州(zhou)(zhou)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)亭(ting)(ting)送(song)客逢早梅(mei)(mei)相憶見寄》一(yi)(yi)詩(shi)(shi)是(shi)證明(ming)東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)亭(ting)(ting)具有(you)園(yuan)林(lin)(lin)性質的(de)(de)(de)早記(ji)載。詩(shi)(shi)中(zhong)有(you)“東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)閣(ge)官(guan)梅(mei)(mei)動詩(shi)(shi)興”一(yi)(yi)句,不僅說(shuo)明(ming)了東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)亭(ting)(ting)作為(wei)(wei)官(guan)家(jia)衙(ya)(ya)署園(yuan)林(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)(de)事實,也(ye)使得(de)園(yuan)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)梅(mei)(mei)閣(ge)和梅(mei)(mei)園(yuan)因杜(du)(du)(du)詩(shi)(shi)而存留(liu)至(zhi)今。
北宋慶(qing)歷年間(1041年-1048年),趙(zhao)(zhao)抃(bian)(bian)(字閱道)入蜀任江(jiang)原知(zhi)縣,并(bing)開(kai)始(shi)了(le)較大規(gui)模的造園活動(dong)。趙(zhao)(zhao)抃(bian)(bian)在(zai)興(xing)修水利以(yi)引水灌溉農田(tian)時,順便將(jiang)水引入郡圃并(bing)開(kai)鑿湖(hu)池(chi)(chi)(chi)蓄(xu)水,作起居(ju)觀游之用。園內此(ci)時已有“囿亭”、“東軒(xuan)”等建筑,還將(jiang)開(kai)鑿湖(hu)池(chi)(chi)(chi)時所(suo)得(de)(de)的土石在(zai)池(chi)(chi)(chi)中(zhong)堆成人(ren)工島。北宋嘉祐二年(公元1057年),趙(zhao)(zhao)抃(bian)(bian)作《蜀楊瑜邀游罨畫(hua)(hua)池(chi)(chi)(chi)》,詩(shi)中(zhong)有“占勝芳菲地,標(biao)名(ming)罨畫(hua)(hua)池(chi)(chi)(chi)”兩句,不僅提到“罨畫(hua)(hua)池(chi)(chi)(chi)”之名(ming),而且也指(zhi)出,罨畫(hua)(hua)池(chi)(chi)(chi)得(de)(de)名(ming)于園中(zhong)的繽紛花木。
北宋政和(he)年間(jian)(1111年-1118年),蘇(su)轍族孫(sun)蘇(su)元老(lao)在崇(chong)州任(ren)知縣(xian)。他在任(ren)職期間(jian)對罨(yan)(yan)畫池繼續進行營(ying)建。在蘇(su)元老(lao)的(de)經營(ying)之下(xia),罨(yan)(yan)畫池內(nei)造景已頗為豐富,擁有(you)了溪、泉、湖(hu)、瀑等元素(su),同時園(yuan)林(lin)建筑也初具規模,亭、臺、樓、閣等一應俱(ju)全,成為一處帶有(you)濃郁人文(wen)氣息的(de)衙署園(yuan)林(lin)。
南(nan)宋(song)乾(qian)道九年(1173年)春,陸游(you)(you)(you)出(chu)任(ren)蜀(shu)州(zhou)通判,居住在(zai)罨畫(hua)池(chi)南(nan)岸的(de)(de)恰齋。在(zai)蜀(shu)州(zhou)期間,陸游(you)(you)(you)寫下了120余首描寫當地(di)風(feng)物的(de)(de)詩(shi)作,其中30余首都與(yu)罨畫(hua)池(chi)相關,對罨畫(hua)池(chi)的(de)(de)描寫非常詳致。陸游(you)(you)(you)在(zai)詩(shi)中提到了罨畫(hua)池(chi)中小樓、朱閣、恰齋、萱房、放杯亭、重閣、畫(hua)船、小橋等(deng)園林建筑,以(yi)及“三千官柳”、“百畝湖(hu)竹”等(deng)植物景(jing)觀,同時(shi)還記(ji)錄了在(zai)罨畫(hua)池(chi)中發生的(de)(de)捉蝶、垂(chui)釣、觀燕,戲魚,瓶插(cha)、彈鴉護雀、飲酒賦詩(shi)等(deng)游(you)(you)(you)園活動(dong)。陸游(you)(you)(you)在(zai)離(li)蜀(shu)后仍(reng)然(ran)對罨畫(hua)池(chi)十分留戀,寫下了“小閣東頭罨畫(hua)池(chi),秋來長是憶幽(you)期”等(deng)憶懷罨畫(hua)池(chi)的(de)(de)詩(shi)句(ju)。
始(shi)建于明洪(hong)武年間的(de)崇(chong)慶州文廟一(yi)景(jing)(jing)明洪(hong)武元年(1368年),蜀地人士(shi)為(wei)了(le)(le)紀念(nian)曾在(zai)(zai)此地為(wei)官(guan)的(de)陸游和(he)趙(zhao)(zhao)抃,在(zai)(zai)罨(yan)畫池畔修(xiu)建了(le)(le)趙(zhao)(zhao)陸二賢祠,祠門懸“琴鶴梅花”四宇匾額,其中“梅花”代表(biao)陸游的(de)風(feng)骨氣節,“琴鶴”代表(biao)趙(zhao)(zhao)抃的(de)清正廉潔(相傳(chuan)趙(zhao)(zhao)抃入蜀為(wei)官(guan)時,隨身僅(jin)帶一(yi)琴一(yi)鶴)。從此之后罨(yan)畫池園林(lin)便以陸游、趙(zhao)(zhao)抃兩(liang)人為(wei)立意,建筑(zhu)(zhu)與(yu)景(jing)(jing)點多用陸趙(zhao)(zhao)兩(liang)人的(de)典故或詩文命(ming)名,逐步演(yan)變成為(wei)公(gong)共(gong)性紀念(nian)園林(lin)。同時,洪(hong)武年間在(zai)(zai)罨(yan)畫池南又修(xiu)建了(le)(le)崇(chong)慶州文廟建筑(zhu)(zhu)群。 清光緒年間繪制的(de)罨(yan)畫池地圖
在明末(mo)清初的戰亂(luan)中,罨(yan)畫(hua)(hua)池損(sun)毀嚴(yan)重,只有(you)罨(yan)畫(hua)(hua)池、環湖道路和少量建(jian)筑(zhu)存留。清康熙年(nian)間開始重建(jian)崇慶州(zhou)文廟建(jian)筑(zhu)群,并在罨(yan)畫(hua)(hua)池南(nan)岸(an)土臺之上(shang)重建(jian)尊經閣(ge)。自乾隆五(wu)十五(wu)年(nian)(1790年(nian))起,罨(yan)畫(hua)(hua)池園(yuan)(yuan)林開始進行(xing)大規模的修葺與拓建(jian),后繼營建(jian)工作一(yi)直持續到光緒年(nian)間,罨(yan)畫(hua)(hua)亭、琴鶴(he)堂等(deng)建(jian)筑(zhu)都建(jian)于(yu)此時。同時,此期(qi)間崇慶州(zhou)知(zhi)州(zhou)有(you)不(bu)少江(jiang)南(nan)人士(shi),在修葺過程中亦(yi)借(jie)鑒了一(yi)些江(jiang)南(nan)園(yuan)(yuan)林的造(zao)園(yuan)(yuan)手法。
民(min)(min)國五年(1916年),罨畫(hua)(hua)(hua)池(chi)(chi)被辟為(wei)公(gong)(gong)園。1955年,罨畫(hua)(hua)(hua)池(chi)(chi)被更(geng)名為(wei)人民(min)(min)公(gong)(gong)園,同時新(xin)(xin)建大門并(bing)廢(fei)除了(le)原(yuan)有的東門。新(xin)(xin)門位(wei)于西(xi)北(bei)(bei)角(jiao),面向較為(wei)繁華的大東街(jie)。1960年代,罨畫(hua)(hua)(hua)池(chi)(chi)東北(bei)(bei)角(jiao)新(xin)(xin)增(zeng)建了(le)一(yi)組兼有船埠功(gong)能的亭、廊、榭(xie)。1974年,罨畫(hua)(hua)(hua)池(chi)(chi)東北(bei)(bei)角(jiao)增(zeng)建聽詩(shi)(shi)觀畫(hua)(hua)(hua)亭與(yu)池(chi)(chi)北(bei)(bei)半亭,并(bing)在(zai)尊經閣西(xi)南增(zeng)建了(le)以王(wang)勃《送杜少府之任蜀州》一(yi)詩(shi)(shi)為(wei)立意的比鄰廊。1981年,人民(min)(min)公(gong)(gong)園復(fu)(fu)更(geng)名為(wei)罨畫(hua)(hua)(hua)池(chi)(chi)。1982年,對二賢祠(ci)進(jin)行(xing)修復(fu)(fu),并(bing)將其改為(wei)了(le)陸游祠(ci)。2008年起,崇州市開始對罨畫(hua)(hua)(hua)池(chi)(chi)及其周邊(bian)進(jin)行(xing)整體打造(zao),計劃對罨畫(hua)(hua)(hua)池(chi)(chi)水環境(jing)進(jin)行(xing)整治,同時保(bao)護周邊(bian)特色民(min)(min)居,并(bing)對周邊(bian)臨街(jie)建筑(zhu)進(jin)行(xing)風貌整治。
罨(yan)(yan)(yan)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)池全園(yuan)由罨(yan)(yan)(yan)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)池、陸游祠(ci)(ci)和州(zhou)文(wen)(wen)(wen)廟三(san)部分組成(cheng),以罨(yan)(yan)(yan)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)池水(shui)(shui)面(mian)為中心(xin)進行布局,總占地34541平(ping)方米(mi),其中水(shui)(shui)面(mian)14600平(ping)方米(mi),占42%;建筑面(mian)積5946平(ping)方米(mi),僅占17%。全園(yuan)水(shui)(shui)面(mian)寬廣、假山眾多、花木(mu)繁茂,而(er)建筑則多集中于罨(yan)(yan)(yan)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)池東南(nan)兩側(ce),且(qie)較為疏朗,具有(you)四川園(yuan)林崇尚(shang)自然,造(zao)園(yuan)注重營造(zao)山水(shui)(shui)的普遍(bian)特點。罨(yan)(yan)(yan)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)池中陸游祠(ci)(ci)和州(zhou)文(wen)(wen)(wen)廟是(shi)兩組相對獨(du)立的建筑群,陸游祠(ci)(ci)軸線由罨(yan)(yan)(yan)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)池向東延伸(shen)而(er)成(cheng),州(zhou)文(wen)(wen)(wen)廟軸線由罨(yan)(yan)(yan)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)池向南(nan)延伸(shen)而(er)成(cheng),使罨(yan)(yan)(yan)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)池全園(yuan)總平(ping)面(mian)呈“T”型。 罨(yan)(yan)(yan)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)池內池是(shi)罨(yan)(yan)(yan)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)池全園(yuan)的精(jing)華(hua)之(zhi)處。
現存(cun)罨畫池(chi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)群(qun)大都(dou)重建(jian)(jian)(jian)于清(qing)中(zhong)后(hou)期,為典型的清(qing)代川西建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)風格,由環(huan)罨畫池(chi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)群(qun)、州文廟(miao)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)群(qun)和(he)陸游祠(ci)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)群(qun)三部分(fen)組成(cheng),其中(zhong)州文廟(miao)和(he)陸游詞建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)群(qun)相對獨立,但(dan)又與園林其它部分(fen)巧妙連接。