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福(fu)泉城(cheng)墻在(zai)(zai)貴州省(sheng)福(fu)泉市(shi)城(cheng)廂鎮(zhen)。原為平(ping)越(yue)(yue)衛城(cheng)，元代曾在(zai)(zai)此(ci)設平(ping)月長官(guan)司。明洪(hong)武十(shi)四(si)(si)(si)(si)年(nian)(nian)（1381年(nian)(nian)）置平(ping)越(yue)(yue)千(qian)戶所，十(shi)五年(nian)(nian)（1382年(nian)(nian)）改(gai)置平(ping)越(yue)(yue)衛。據（光(guang)緒）《平(ping)越(yue)(yue)直隸州志》卷(juan)九及(ji)卷(juan)三(san)(san)十(shi)四(si)(si)(si)(si)記載(zai)，洪(hong)武二(er)十(shi)四(si)(si)(si)(si)年(nian)(nian)（1391年(nian)(nian)）指揮李福(fu)“創建(jian)土城(cheng)”，“三(san)(san)十(shi)四(si)(si)(si)(si)年(nian)(nian)改(gai)甃以(yi)石，周(zhou)一千(qian)四(si)(si)(si)(si)百丈，高(gao)二(er)丈二(er)尺，廣一丈五尺，門四(si)(si)(si)(si)、月城(cheng)三(san)(san)、城(cheng)樓四(si)(si)(si)(si)、警鋪四(si)(si)(si)(si)十(shi)五。”因城(cheng)內無水，至正(zheng)統末年(nian)(nian)，苗族農民起義軍(jun)圍城(cheng)，人馬渴死。

概述

“成化間(jian)，指(zhi)揮(hui)張能建(jian)水(shui)城(cheng)于(yu)西隅，另開(kai)一門曰小(xiao)西門。”萬歷二(er)十(shi)(shi)九年(nian)(nian)(nian)（1601年(nian)(nian)(nian)）置平越軍民府(fu)，府(fu)衛同城(cheng)。萬歷三十(shi)(shi)一年(nian)(nian)(nian)（1603年(nian)(nian)(nian)）知府(fu)楊可陶、指(zhi)揮(hui)奚國柱(zhu)于(yu)水(shui)城(cheng)外增(zeng)建(jian)外城(cheng)“五(wu)(wu)十(shi)(shi)五(wu)(wu)丈(zhang)，使水(shui)經城(cheng)內(nei)，汲(ji)者(zhe)便之。”“崇禎十(shi)(shi)五(wu)(wu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)（1642年(nian)(nian)(nian)），知府(fu)陳紹英(ying)于(yu)城(cheng)北隅建(jian)臺(tai)，上有樓(lou)，名雄鎮，復周城(cheng)造(zao)望樓(lou)十(shi)(shi)二(er)。”清(qing)順治(zhi)十(shi)(shi)八年(nian)(nian)(nian)（1661年(nian)(nian)(nian)）守道徐宏業、知府(fu)喻全昱(yu)先(xian)后(hou)增(zeng)修。咸豐、同治(zhi)間(jian)，為(wei)苗族起義軍攻(gong)破，城(cheng)垣“頗有殘(can)毀”。同治(zhi)十(shi)(shi)一年(nian)(nian)(nian)（1872年(nian)(nian)(nian)）州(zhou)牧(mu)王繼先(xian)請款營修。后(hou)東(dong)城(cheng)及小(xiao)西門城(cheng)墻多處坍塌，至光緒初年(nian)(nian)(nian)，州(zhou)牧(mu)鄧在鏞等先(xian)后(hou)補修。光緒二(er)十(shi)(shi)六、二(er)十(shi)(shi)七年(nian)(nian)(nian)（1900～1901年(nian)(nian)(nian)），州(zhou)牧(mu)瞿鴻錫又(you)先(xian)后(hou)重修北門及東(dong)門兩城(cheng)樓(lou)，“于(yu)是崇閎雄麗，稱此金湯(tang)，論(lun)貴(gui)東(dong)城(cheng)郭，固(gu)不能不以平越為(wei)冠也(ye)。”

內容

1967年(nian)前后，古城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣被拆毀，現僅存(cun)外(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)及小西(xi)門(men)(men)旁的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)段殘垣。五(wu)座城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)除西(xi)門(men)(men)已傾圮外(wai)，其(qi)余四門(men)(men)的(de)(de)(de)劵洞尚(shang)存(cun)，但城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)已毀。小西(xi)門(men)(men)水(shui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)由內城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、水(shui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、外(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)三(san)道(dao)(dao)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻構成一(yi)座甕城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。內城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)蜿蜒于(yu)(yu)山腰，水(shui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)筑(zhu)于(yu)(yu)山麓之河畔(pan)；外(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)橫臥沙河之上，用兩層(ceng)石(shi)拱(gong)橋相(xiang)連接，圍河水(shui)于(yu)(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內，又稱(cheng)橋上城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。橋下(xia)(xia)皆設鐵欄閘(zha)門(men)(men)，切斷(duan)水(shui)上通道(dao)(dao)，以(yi)防(fang)外(wai)部由水(shui)道(dao)(dao)襲城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，這是(shi)該(gai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)最大的(de)(de)(de)特點。而水(shui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)和(he)外(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)兩側皆依坡而筑(zhu)，巍然聳立(li)，并有上百級石(shi)階可(ke)登上城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)頭，使內外(wai)三(san)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)相(xiang)連，上下(xia)(xia)貫通，氣勢雄偉(wei)。該(gai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)是(shi)古代軍事戰爭(zheng)防(fang)御(yu)與進(jin)攻的(de)(de)(de)產(chan)物，是(shi)智慧的(de)(de)(de)結晶，具有很高的(de)(de)(de)歷史、藝術和(he)科(ke)研價(jia)值。

歷史

明代(dai)是貴(gui)州開(kai)發的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)個重要時(shi)期，興起了數千座(zuo)衛城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)和府、州、縣(xian)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，還建(jian)起數以(yi)千計的(de)(de)(de)(de)屯堡。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)堡聳立(li)在(zai)萬山(shan)(shan)(shan)叢中，巍(wei)然(ran)峨然(ran)。由(you)于(yu)軍事防(fang)御的(de)(de)(de)(de)需要，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)堡多建(jian)在(zai)地(di)勢險要、易守難攻的(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)方(fang)，或(huo)負山(shan)(shan)(shan)面水，或(huo)夾河(he)而建(jian)，講究山(shan)(shan)(shan)川形勝。貴(gui)州喀斯(si)特地(di)貌發育，石料極其豐富，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣大(da)都用石頭(tou)(tou)構筑(zhu)(zhu)，與平原、丘陵(ling)地(di)區的(de)(de)(de)(de)土(tu)筑(zhu)(zhu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、磚筑(zhu)(zhu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)大(da)不相(xiang)同，有(you)鮮明的(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)域特征。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣是一(yi)(yi)個龐大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)群，包括(kuo)高大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)墻(qiang)體、城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門、城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓、串樓、垛口(kou)、窩鋪，還有(you)月城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、護城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)河(he)、水關(guan)等。在(zai)群山(shan)(shan)(shan)中修建(jian)眾多的(de)(de)(de)(de)石城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，需要開(kai)山(shan)(shan)(shan)鑿石，比其他(ta)地(di)方(fang)要艱難得(de)多。倘若(ruo)把貴(gui)州大(da)大(da)小小的(de)(de)(de)(de)石頭(tou)(tou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、石頭(tou)(tou)堡連接起來，工(gong)程的(de)(de)(de)(de)艱巨，恐(kong)怕不亞(ya)于(yu)萬里長城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。隨著時(shi)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)推移，在(zai)現(xian)代(dai)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)浪潮中，古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、古(gu)堡大(da)都消(xiao)失，僥(jiao)幸保存(cun)下來的(de)(de)(de)(de)古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)已是寥若(ruo)星辰。而在(zai)被譽為“磷都”的(de)(de)(de)(de)福泉(quan)市，至今還保留著一(yi)(yi)段別(bie)具一(yi)(yi)格的(de)(de)(de)(de)古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)，的(de)(de)(de)(de)確難能可貴(gui)。

福(fu)泉，古稱平(ping)越(yue)(yue)。這里(li)原(yuan)是(shi)少(shao)數民族聚居區，屬于(yu)播州宣慰司(si)管(guan)轄。洪武(wu)十五年(nian)(nian)（1382年(nian)(nian)），在(zai)(zai)此(ci)設(she)平(ping)越(yue)(yue)衛(wei)(wei)，把衛(wei)(wei)所(suo)插入(ru)土(tu)司(si)地區。萬歷三(san)十九(jiu)年(nian)(nian)（1611年(nian)(nian)）廢除播州楊氏土(tu)司(si)，以其(qi)地分設(she)遵義、平(ping)越(yue)(yue)二(er)軍民府，平(ping)越(yue)(yue)府與平(ping)越(yue)(yue)衛(wei)(wei)同城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。平(ping)越(yue)(yue)戰(zhan)略地位重要，控扼湘(xiang)廣通(tong)(tong)往貴(gui)州、云南(nan)的大(da)驛道，將黔東八府與省會(hui)及貴(gui)州宣慰司(si)連接起來，又(you)可溝通(tong)(tong)川(chuan)、黔兩省，故設(she)衛(wei)(wei)后便建城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)池。平(ping)越(yue)(yue)衛(wei)(wei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)坐落在(zai)(zai)群山環抱(bao)之中(zhong)，“馬(ma)鬃(zong)嶺扼其(qi)喉(hou)襟，羊腸河(he)(he)設(she)其(qi)險阻”，實為(wei)沖要之地。初建時為(wei)土(tu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，洪武(wu)三(san)十四年(nian)(nian)（1401年(nian)(nian)）改筑(zhu)石(shi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)周長一(yi)(yi)千四百丈(zhang)，折合4666米，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)高一(yi)(yi)丈(zhang)二(er)尺，寬一(yi)(yi)丈(zhang)五尺，呈正方形，有東、南(nan)、西(xi)、北四門，上有城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓4座，串樓1540間(jian)，垛(duo)口840個。因城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內無水，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)被圍時，人馬(ma)常被渴死。成化年(nian)(nian)間(jian)，平(ping)越(yue)(yue)衛(wei)(wei)指揮張能(neng)認為(wei)無水不利于(yu)防(fang)守，便在(zai)(zai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)西(xi)增設(she)小(xiao)西(xi)門，將城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)延(yan)伸至河(he)(he)邊，筑(zhu)堰引(yin)水入(ru)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。萬歷三(san)十一(yi)(yi)年(nian)(nian)（1603年(nian)(nian)），總(zong)兵安大(da)朝、指揮奚國柱、知府楊右陶等計議，在(zai)(zai)其(qi)外(wai)增筑(zhu)一(yi)(yi)段城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)，將河(he)(he)段包入(ru)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)，形成內城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，水城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、外(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的格局。在(zai)(zai)此(ci)，平(ping)越(yue)(yue)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)“崇(chong)閎(hong)雄(xiong)麗，固若金湯，為(wei)貴(gui)東之首”。

平越(yue)古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，在上(shang)(shang)(shang)世紀60年代大(da)(da)都拆毀(hui)，只剩下(xia)(xia)(xia)幾座(zuo)(zuo)券孔(kong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)和一(yi)(yi)些(xie)斷(duan)垣殘壁(bi)，訴說歷史的(de)滄桑(sang)。唯有小(xiao)西(xi)(xi)門(men)外(wai)，內(nei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、水(shui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、外(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)至(zhi)今猶存。站在高(gao)山之巔俯瞰，內(nei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)聳立在山間平地(di)，水(shui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)筑(zhu)于(yu)山麓河(he)畔，而外(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)則跨過(guo)河(he)流、田(tian)野，里外(wai)三層構(gou)成一(yi)(yi)座(zuo)(zuo)甕城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻依山而筑(zhu)，蜿蜒山間，氣勢雄偉，有百(bai)級石階可登上(shang)(shang)(shang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)頭。這座(zuo)(zuo)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣最大(da)(da)的(de)特點(dian)(dian)，就是將河(he)流的(de)一(yi)(yi)段包入城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)，居(ju)民可到(dao)水(shui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)汲水(shui)。為(wei)(wei)防備(bei)發生(sheng)戰事時水(shui)源(yuan)被截(jie)斷(duan)，在水(shui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)外(wai)修建了(le)一(yi)(yi)道(dao)(dao)長五(wu)(wu)十五(wu)(wu)丈的(de)外(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻。外(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻在兩(liang)處(chu)跨過(guo)河(he)流，墻建在兩(liang)座(zuo)(zuo)三孔(kong)石橋之上(shang)(shang)(shang)，故(gu)被稱為(wei)(wei)“橋上(shang)(shang)(shang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”。為(wei)(wei)了(le)讓水(shui)能夠流動，又便(bian)(bian)于(yu)防守，便(bian)(bian)在橋下(xia)(xia)(xia)設有鐵柵閘門(men)，實(shi)為(wei)(wei)兩(liang)座(zuo)(zuo)水(shui)關。出小(xiao)西(xi)(xi)門(men)，有道(dao)(dao)路(lu)通(tong)往水(shui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、外(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，因道(dao)(dao)路(lu)要穿(chuan)過(guo)河(he)道(dao)(dao)，在路(lu)下(xia)(xia)(xia)建有五(wu)(wu)個泄水(shui)的(de)橋涵，側邊建有吱(zhi)啞作聲的(de)水(shui)碾，頗有“小(xiao)橋流水(shui)人家(jia)”的(de)風(feng)韻(yun)。這種城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣結構(gou)，是古(gu)代軍(jun)事防御體系的(de)杰作，凝(ning)結著中(zhong)國(guo)古(gu)代科技與建筑(zhu)藝術(shu)，在國(guo)內(nei)其他地(di)方(fang)不曾(ceng)見過(guo)，其別具(ju)一(yi)(yi)格，令古(gu)建筑(zhu)專家(jia)嘆為(wei)(wei)觀(guan)止。2001年經國(guo)務院批準，福泉古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻被列為(wei)(wei)全國(guo)重點(dian)(dian)文物保護單位(wei)。

福(fu)泉(quan)(quan)古(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)為(wei)貴(gui)(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)首創，顯示(shi)出貴(gui)(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)人(ren)民的(de)(de)(de)(de)智(zhi)慧與創造精(jing)神(shen)。來(lai)到這(zhe)里(li)，可(ke)以(yi)(yi)感受到城(cheng)(cheng)市的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)變(bian)遷，平(ping)(ping)(ping)越古(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)由軍事據點演變(bian)為(wei)地方行政(zheng)中心(xin)，如今變(bian)成了一(yi)個以(yi)(yi)磷化工為(wei)主(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工業城(cheng)(cheng)市。在(zai)福(fu)泉(quan)(quan)城(cheng)(cheng)內，有(you)(you)(you)一(yi)座稱(cheng)為(wei)“大(da)夫第”的(de)(de)(de)(de)古(gu)(gu)(gu)建筑(zhu)，它是一(yi)個古(gu)(gu)(gu)老的(de)(de)(de)(de)四合院，占地400平(ping)(ping)(ping)方米，現(xian)(xian)辟(pi)為(wei)貴(gui)(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)古(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)博物館。這(zhe)里(li)陳列著兩(liang)百(bai)多幅照片，濃縮了貴(gui)(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)自明以(yi)(yi)來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)、古(gu)(gu)(gu)堡(bao)、營(ying)(ying)盤(pan)(pan)、碉樓(lou)、戰壕、關隘(ai)、烽火臺。貴(gui)(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)現(xian)(xian)存的(de)(de)(de)(de)古(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)還(huan)有(you)(you)(you)許(xu)多，如貴(gui)(gui)陽(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)東(dong)門(men)城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)和武勝門(men)，明代的(de)(de)(de)(de)真安州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)、赤水(shui)古(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)、鎮(zhen)寧州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)，鎮(zhen)遠有(you)(you)(you)府(fu)城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)和衛城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)，還(huan)有(you)(you)(you)畢節層臺衛、盤(pan)(pan)縣普安衛、晴隆安南衛等城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)。土司(si)城(cheng)(cheng)堡(bao)，最典型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是遵義海(hai)龍屯和大(da)方“九層衙門(men)”遺址，此外(wai)有(you)(you)(you)黃平(ping)(ping)(ping)巖門(men)司(si)城(cheng)(cheng)和德(de)江水(shui)特姜(jiang)司(si)城(cheng)(cheng)。營(ying)(ying)盤(pan)(pan)以(yi)(yi)松桃存留最多，清代在(zai)此設有(you)(you)(you)48個營(ying)(ying)汛(xun)，構筑(zhu)營(ying)(ying)盤(pan)(pan)、屯堡(bao)、炮樓(lou)、碉卡逾千(qian)座，形成了一(yi)條條斷斷續(xu)續(xu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)“邊墻(qiang)”，現(xian)(xian)存480公(gong)里(li)，規模較大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)古(gu)(gu)(gu)堡(bao)有(you)(you)(you)正大(da)營(ying)(ying)和盤(pan)(pan)石營(ying)(ying)。關隘(ai)頗(po)多，著名的(de)(de)(de)(de)如黔北的(de)(de)(de)(de)婁山關，黔中的(de)(de)(de)(de)圖云(yun)關、雅關，晴隆的(de)(de)(de)(de)海(hai)馬關等。由此可(ke)窺貴(gui)(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)明清時(shi)期的(de)(de)(de)(de)古(gu)(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)風貌，反映貴(gui)(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)六百(bai)年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)滄桑。