芒果视频下载

福泉(quan)城墻在貴州(zhou)省福泉(quan)市城廂(xiang)鎮(zhen)。原(yuan)為平(ping)(ping)越衛(wei)城，元代(dai)曾在此設平(ping)(ping)月(yue)長(chang)官(guan)司。明洪(hong)武(wu)十(shi)四年(nian)(nian)（1381年(nian)(nian)）置(zhi)平(ping)(ping)越千戶所，十(shi)五(wu)(wu)年(nian)(nian)（1382年(nian)(nian)）改置(zhi)平(ping)(ping)越衛(wei)。據（光緒）《平(ping)(ping)越直隸州(zhou)志》卷(juan)九及卷(juan)三十(shi)四記載，洪(hong)武(wu)二(er)十(shi)四年(nian)(nian)（1391年(nian)(nian)）指揮李(li)福“創建土城”，“三十(shi)四年(nian)(nian)改甃(zhou)以石，周一千四百丈，高二(er)丈二(er)尺(chi)，廣一丈五(wu)(wu)尺(chi)，門四、月(yue)城三、城樓(lou)四、警鋪四十(shi)五(wu)(wu)。”因城內無水，至正統末年(nian)(nian)，苗(miao)族農民起義軍圍城，人馬渴(ke)死。

概述

“成化間(jian)，指(zhi)揮張(zhang)能建(jian)水城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)于西(xi)隅，另開一(yi)門(men)曰小西(xi)門(men)。”萬(wan)歷二(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)九年(nian)（1601年(nian)）置平越軍民(min)府，府衛同城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。萬(wan)歷三(san)十(shi)(shi)一(yi)年(nian)（1603年(nian)）知(zhi)府楊(yang)可陶、指(zhi)揮奚國柱于水城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)外增(zeng)(zeng)建(jian)外城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)“五十(shi)(shi)五丈，使水經城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內，汲者便之。”“崇禎十(shi)(shi)五年(nian)（1642年(nian)），知(zhi)府陳紹英于城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)北隅建(jian)臺，上有樓(lou)，名雄(xiong)鎮，復(fu)周(zhou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造望樓(lou)十(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)(er)。”清順(shun)治十(shi)(shi)八年(nian)（1661年(nian)）守道(dao)徐宏業、知(zhi)府喻(yu)全昱先(xian)后增(zeng)(zeng)修(xiu)。咸(xian)豐、同治間(jian)，為(wei)苗族起義軍攻(gong)破(po)，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)“頗(po)有殘(can)毀(hui)”。同治十(shi)(shi)一(yi)年(nian)（1872年(nian)）州牧(mu)王(wang)繼(ji)先(xian)請款營修(xiu)。后東城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)及小西(xi)門(men)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻多處坍塌，至光緒初(chu)年(nian)，州牧(mu)鄧在鏞等先(xian)后補(bu)修(xiu)。光緒二(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)六、二(er)(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)七年(nian)（1900～1901年(nian)），州牧(mu)瞿鴻錫(xi)又先(xian)后重修(xiu)北門(men)及東門(men)兩城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)，“于是(shi)崇閎(hong)雄(xiong)麗，稱此金湯，論貴東城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)郭，固不(bu)能不(bu)以平越為(wei)冠也。”

內容

1967年前后，古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)被拆(chai)毀，現僅存(cun)外(wai)(wai)(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)及小(xiao)西(xi)門(men)(men)旁的(de)一(yi)段殘垣(yuan)。五座城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)除(chu)西(xi)門(men)(men)已(yi)傾圮外(wai)(wai)(wai)，其余四門(men)(men)的(de)劵(juan)洞尚存(cun)，但城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)已(yi)毀。小(xiao)西(xi)門(men)(men)水(shui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)由內城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、水(shui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、外(wai)(wai)(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)三道(dao)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻構成一(yi)座甕城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。內城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)蜿蜒于山腰(yao)，水(shui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)筑于山麓之(zhi)河畔；外(wai)(wai)(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)橫(heng)臥沙河之(zhi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)，用兩層石拱橋(qiao)(qiao)相連接，圍河水(shui)于城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內，又稱橋(qiao)(qiao)上(shang)(shang)(shang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。橋(qiao)(qiao)下皆設鐵(tie)欄閘門(men)(men)，切斷水(shui)上(shang)(shang)(shang)通道(dao)，以防外(wai)(wai)(wai)部由水(shui)道(dao)襲(xi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，這是(shi)該(gai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)最大的(de)特點。而水(shui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)和(he)外(wai)(wai)(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)兩側皆依坡而筑，巍然聳立，并有(you)上(shang)(shang)(shang)百級石階可登上(shang)(shang)(shang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)頭，使內外(wai)(wai)(wai)三城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)相連，上(shang)(shang)(shang)下貫通，氣(qi)勢(shi)雄偉。該(gai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)是(shi)古(gu)代軍事戰爭防御(yu)與(yu)進攻的(de)產(chan)物，是(shi)智慧(hui)的(de)結(jie)晶，具有(you)很高的(de)歷史、藝(yi)術和(he)科(ke)研價值。

歷史

明代是貴州(zhou)開發的(de)(de)一(yi)個重要(yao)時期，興起(qi)了數千(qian)座衛(wei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)和(he)府、州(zhou)、縣城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，還(huan)建(jian)起(qi)數以(yi)千(qian)計的(de)(de)屯堡(bao)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)堡(bao)聳立在萬山(shan)叢中(zhong)，巍(wei)然峨然。由于軍(jun)事防御的(de)(de)需要(yao)，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)堡(bao)多(duo)建(jian)在地勢險要(yao)、易(yi)守難攻(gong)的(de)(de)地方，或負山(shan)面(mian)水，或夾河(he)而建(jian)，講(jiang)究山(shan)川形(xing)勝(sheng)。貴州(zhou)喀斯特(te)地貌(mao)發育，石料(liao)極(ji)其豐富，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)大(da)都用石頭構筑，與平原、丘(qiu)陵地區的(de)(de)土(tu)筑城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、磚(zhuan)筑城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)大(da)不相同，有(you)鮮明的(de)(de)地域特(te)征。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)是一(yi)個龐(pang)大(da)的(de)(de)建(jian)筑群，包(bao)括高大(da)的(de)(de)墻體、城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門、城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓、串樓、垛口、窩鋪(pu)，還(huan)有(you)月城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、護城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)河(he)、水關等(deng)。在群山(shan)中(zhong)修建(jian)眾多(duo)的(de)(de)石城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，需要(yao)開山(shan)鑿石，比其他地方要(yao)艱難得多(duo)。倘(tang)若(ruo)把貴州(zhou)大(da)大(da)小小的(de)(de)石頭城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、石頭堡(bao)連接起(qi)來，工程的(de)(de)艱巨，恐(kong)怕(pa)不亞于萬里長城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。隨著(zhu)時間的(de)(de)推移，在現代化的(de)(de)浪(lang)潮中(zhong)，古城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、古堡(bao)大(da)都消失(shi)，僥幸保存下來的(de)(de)古城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻已是寥若(ruo)星辰(chen)。而在被(bei)譽為“磷(lin)都”的(de)(de)福泉市，至今還(huan)保留著(zhu)一(yi)段別具(ju)一(yi)格的(de)(de)古城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻，的(de)(de)確難能可貴。

福泉(quan)，古稱平(ping)(ping)越(yue)(yue)。這里原(yuan)是少數(shu)民(min)(min)族聚(ju)居(ju)區，屬于播州(zhou)宣(xuan)(xuan)慰司管轄(xia)。洪(hong)武(wu)十(shi)五(wu)(wu)年(nian)(nian)（1382年(nian)(nian)），在(zai)(zai)(zai)此設平(ping)(ping)越(yue)(yue)衛(wei)，把衛(wei)所插入(ru)土司地區。萬歷三十(shi)九年(nian)(nian)（1611年(nian)(nian)）廢除播州(zhou)楊氏土司，以(yi)其(qi)(qi)地分設遵(zun)義、平(ping)(ping)越(yue)(yue)二軍民(min)(min)府(fu)，平(ping)(ping)越(yue)(yue)府(fu)與(yu)平(ping)(ping)越(yue)(yue)衛(wei)同城(cheng)(cheng)。平(ping)(ping)越(yue)(yue)戰略地位重要，控扼湘廣通(tong)往貴州(zhou)、云南的(de)(de)大(da)(da)驛道(dao)，將黔東八(ba)府(fu)與(yu)省會及(ji)貴州(zhou)宣(xuan)(xuan)慰司連接起來，又可溝(gou)通(tong)川、黔兩(liang)省，故設衛(wei)后便建城(cheng)(cheng)池。平(ping)(ping)越(yue)(yue)衛(wei)城(cheng)(cheng)坐落(luo)在(zai)(zai)(zai)群山環抱之(zhi)中(zhong)，“馬(ma)鬃嶺(ling)扼其(qi)(qi)喉襟，羊(yang)腸河設其(qi)(qi)險阻(zu)”，實為(wei)沖要之(zhi)地。初建時為(wei)土城(cheng)(cheng)，洪(hong)武(wu)三十(shi)四(si)(si)年(nian)(nian)（1401年(nian)(nian)）改(gai)筑石城(cheng)(cheng)。城(cheng)(cheng)周長一千四(si)(si)百丈(zhang)，折(zhe)合4666米(mi)，城(cheng)(cheng)墻高一丈(zhang)二尺，寬一丈(zhang)五(wu)(wu)尺，呈正方形，有東、南、西、北(bei)四(si)(si)門(men)，上(shang)有城(cheng)(cheng)樓4座，串樓1540間，垛口(kou)840個(ge)。因城(cheng)(cheng)內無水(shui)(shui)，城(cheng)(cheng)被圍時，人馬(ma)常被渴死。成(cheng)(cheng)化年(nian)(nian)間，平(ping)(ping)越(yue)(yue)衛(wei)指揮張(zhang)能認為(wei)無水(shui)(shui)不利于防守，便在(zai)(zai)(zai)城(cheng)(cheng)西增(zeng)設小西門(men)，將城(cheng)(cheng)墻延伸(shen)至河邊，筑堰引(yin)水(shui)(shui)入(ru)城(cheng)(cheng)。萬歷三十(shi)一年(nian)(nian)（1603年(nian)(nian)），總兵安大(da)(da)朝、指揮奚國柱、知(zhi)府(fu)楊右陶等計議，在(zai)(zai)(zai)其(qi)(qi)外增(zeng)筑一段城(cheng)(cheng)墻，將河段包入(ru)城(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)，形成(cheng)(cheng)內城(cheng)(cheng)，水(shui)(shui)城(cheng)(cheng)、外城(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)格(ge)局(ju)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)此，平(ping)(ping)越(yue)(yue)城(cheng)(cheng)“崇閎雄麗，固若金湯，為(wei)貴東之(zhi)首”。

平越(yue)古城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，在(zai)(zai)上世紀60年代(dai)(dai)大(da)都拆(chai)毀，只剩下幾(ji)座(zuo)券孔城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)和一(yi)些斷垣(yuan)(yuan)殘壁，訴說(shuo)歷史的(de)(de)(de)滄桑(sang)。唯有(you)(you)小西(xi)門(men)外(wai)(wai)，內城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、外(wai)(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)至今猶存。站(zhan)在(zai)(zai)高山(shan)之巔俯瞰，內城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)聳(song)立在(zai)(zai)山(shan)間(jian)平地(di)，水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)筑(zhu)于(yu)山(shan)麓河畔，而外(wai)(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)則跨(kua)過(guo)河流(liu)、田野，里(li)外(wai)(wai)三(san)層構(gou)成一(yi)座(zuo)甕(weng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)依山(shan)而筑(zhu)，蜿蜒山(shan)間(jian)，氣勢(shi)雄偉，有(you)(you)百(bai)級石階可登上城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)頭(tou)。這(zhe)(zhe)座(zuo)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)最大(da)的(de)(de)(de)特(te)點(dian)，就是將河流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)段包(bao)入(ru)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中，居民可到水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)汲水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。為(wei)(wei)防(fang)備發生戰事(shi)時(shi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)源被截斷，在(zai)(zai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)外(wai)(wai)修建(jian)(jian)了一(yi)道(dao)(dao)長五十五丈(zhang)的(de)(de)(de)外(wai)(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)。外(wai)(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)在(zai)(zai)兩處(chu)跨(kua)過(guo)河流(liu)，墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)建(jian)(jian)在(zai)(zai)兩座(zuo)三(san)孔石橋(qiao)之上，故被稱為(wei)(wei)“橋(qiao)上城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”。為(wei)(wei)了讓水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)能夠流(liu)動，又便(bian)于(yu)防(fang)守(shou)，便(bian)在(zai)(zai)橋(qiao)下設(she)有(you)(you)鐵柵閘門(men)，實為(wei)(wei)兩座(zuo)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)關。出小西(xi)門(men)，有(you)(you)道(dao)(dao)路通往(wang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、外(wai)(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，因道(dao)(dao)路要穿過(guo)河道(dao)(dao)，在(zai)(zai)路下建(jian)(jian)有(you)(you)五個(ge)泄(xie)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)橋(qiao)涵，側(ce)邊建(jian)(jian)有(you)(you)吱啞作(zuo)聲的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)碾(nian)，頗(po)有(you)(you)“小橋(qiao)流(liu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)人家(jia)(jia)”的(de)(de)(de)風韻。這(zhe)(zhe)種城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)結構(gou)，是古代(dai)(dai)軍(jun)事(shi)防(fang)御體系(xi)的(de)(de)(de)杰(jie)作(zuo)，凝結著(zhu)中國(guo)古代(dai)(dai)科(ke)技(ji)與建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)藝術，在(zai)(zai)國(guo)內其(qi)他地(di)方不曾見過(guo)，其(qi)別具(ju)一(yi)格，令(ling)古建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)專(zhuan)家(jia)(jia)嘆為(wei)(wei)觀止。2001年經國(guo)務院(yuan)批準，福泉古城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)被列(lie)為(wei)(wei)全(quan)國(guo)重點(dian)文(wen)物保護單位。

福泉古(gu)城(cheng)墻為貴州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)首(shou)創，顯示出貴州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)人民的(de)(de)(de)智慧與(yu)創造精(jing)神(shen)。來(lai)到(dao)(dao)這里(li)，可(ke)(ke)以感受到(dao)(dao)城(cheng)市(shi)的(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)變遷(qian)，平越古(gu)城(cheng)由軍事據(ju)點演變為地方行政中(zhong)(zhong)心，如(ru)(ru)今變成(cheng)了(le)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)以磷化工(gong)為主的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)業城(cheng)市(shi)。在福泉城(cheng)內，有(you)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)座稱(cheng)為“大(da)(da)夫第”的(de)(de)(de)古(gu)建筑，它是一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)古(gu)老的(de)(de)(de)四合院，占地400平方米，現辟為貴州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)古(gu)城(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)博物(wu)館。這里(li)陳列著(zhu)兩百(bai)多幅(fu)照片，濃縮了(le)貴州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)自明以來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)、古(gu)堡(bao)、營(ying)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)、碉樓、戰壕、關(guan)(guan)隘、烽火臺(tai)。貴州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)現存(cun)的(de)(de)(de)古(gu)城(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)還(huan)有(you)許多，如(ru)(ru)貴陽(yang)的(de)(de)(de)東門城(cheng)墻和(he)武勝門，明代的(de)(de)(de)真(zhen)安(an)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)城(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)、赤(chi)水古(gu)城(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)、鎮寧州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)城(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)，鎮遠有(you)府城(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)和(he)衛(wei)城(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)，還(huan)有(you)畢(bi)節(jie)層(ceng)臺(tai)衛(wei)、盤(pan)(pan)(pan)縣普安(an)衛(wei)、晴隆安(an)南(nan)衛(wei)等城(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)。土(tu)司城(cheng)堡(bao)，最典型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)是遵義海龍屯和(he)大(da)(da)方“九(jiu)層(ceng)衙(ya)門”遺(yi)址，此(ci)外(wai)有(you)黃平巖門司城(cheng)和(he)德江水特姜司城(cheng)。營(ying)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)以松(song)桃存(cun)留最多，清代在此(ci)設有(you)48個(ge)營(ying)汛，構筑營(ying)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)、屯堡(bao)、炮(pao)樓、碉卡逾千座，形(xing)成(cheng)了(le)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)條條斷斷續續的(de)(de)(de)“邊(bian)墻”，現存(cun)480公(gong)里(li)，規模(mo)較大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)古(gu)堡(bao)有(you)正大(da)(da)營(ying)和(he)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)石營(ying)。關(guan)(guan)隘頗多，著(zhu)名的(de)(de)(de)如(ru)(ru)黔(qian)北的(de)(de)(de)婁山關(guan)(guan)，黔(qian)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)圖云(yun)關(guan)(guan)、雅關(guan)(guan)，晴隆的(de)(de)(de)海馬關(guan)(guan)等。由此(ci)可(ke)(ke)窺貴州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)明清時期的(de)(de)(de)古(gu)城(cheng)風(feng)貌，反映貴州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)六百(bai)年的(de)(de)(de)滄(cang)桑。