芒果视频下载

福泉城(cheng)墻(qiang)在(zai)貴州省(sheng)福泉市城(cheng)廂鎮。原為平(ping)(ping)(ping)越(yue)衛城(cheng)，元代曾(ceng)在(zai)此設(she)平(ping)(ping)(ping)月長官(guan)司。明洪武十(shi)(shi)四(si)年(nian)（1381年(nian)）置(zhi)平(ping)(ping)(ping)越(yue)千(qian)戶所(suo)，十(shi)(shi)五(wu)(wu)年(nian)（1382年(nian)）改置(zhi)平(ping)(ping)(ping)越(yue)衛。據（光緒）《平(ping)(ping)(ping)越(yue)直隸州志》卷九及卷三十(shi)(shi)四(si)記(ji)載，洪武二十(shi)(shi)四(si)年(nian)（1391年(nian)）指揮李福“創建土城(cheng)”，“三十(shi)(shi)四(si)年(nian)改甃以石(shi)，周一千(qian)四(si)百丈，高二丈二尺，廣一丈五(wu)(wu)尺，門四(si)、月城(cheng)三、城(cheng)樓四(si)、警鋪四(si)十(shi)(shi)五(wu)(wu)。”因城(cheng)內無水，至正統末年(nian)，苗族農民起義軍(jun)圍城(cheng)，人馬渴死。

概述

“成化間(jian)(jian)，指揮張(zhang)能(neng)建(jian)水城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)于西(xi)隅，另開一(yi)門(men)曰小西(xi)門(men)。”萬歷二(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)九年(nian)(nian)（1601年(nian)(nian)）置平(ping)越(yue)軍民府，府衛同城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。萬歷三十(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)年(nian)(nian)（1603年(nian)(nian)）知(zhi)府楊(yang)可陶、指揮奚國(guo)柱于水城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)外(wai)增建(jian)外(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)“五(wu)十(shi)(shi)(shi)五(wu)丈，使水經城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內，汲者便之。”“崇(chong)禎十(shi)(shi)(shi)五(wu)年(nian)(nian)（1642年(nian)(nian)），知(zhi)府陳紹英于城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)北隅建(jian)臺，上有樓，名雄(xiong)鎮，復周城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造望樓十(shi)(shi)(shi)二(er)(er)。”清順治(zhi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)八年(nian)(nian)（1661年(nian)(nian)）守(shou)道徐宏(hong)業、知(zhi)府喻全昱先(xian)(xian)后增修(xiu)(xiu)。咸豐(feng)、同治(zhi)間(jian)(jian)，為苗族(zu)起義軍攻破(po)，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)“頗有殘(can)毀”。同治(zhi)十(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)年(nian)(nian)（1872年(nian)(nian)）州牧王繼先(xian)(xian)請款營修(xiu)(xiu)。后東(dong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)及小西(xi)門(men)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻多處坍(tan)塌，至光緒(xu)初年(nian)(nian)，州牧鄧在鏞等先(xian)(xian)后補修(xiu)(xiu)。光緒(xu)二(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)六、二(er)(er)十(shi)(shi)(shi)七年(nian)(nian)（1900～1901年(nian)(nian)），州牧瞿鴻錫又先(xian)(xian)后重修(xiu)(xiu)北門(men)及東(dong)門(men)兩城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓，“于是崇(chong)閎雄(xiong)麗，稱此(ci)金湯，論貴東(dong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)郭，固不能(neng)不以(yi)平(ping)越(yue)為冠也。”

內容

1967年前后，古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)被(bei)拆毀，現僅存(cun)外(wai)(wai)(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)及(ji)小(xiao)西門旁的(de)一(yi)段殘垣(yuan)。五座城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門除西門已(yi)傾圮(pi)外(wai)(wai)(wai)，其余四門的(de)劵洞尚存(cun)，但城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓已(yi)毀。小(xiao)西門水(shui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)由內(nei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、水(shui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、外(wai)(wai)(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)三(san)(san)道(dao)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻構成一(yi)座甕城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。內(nei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)蜿蜒于(yu)(yu)山腰，水(shui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)筑(zhu)于(yu)(yu)山麓之河(he)(he)畔(pan)；外(wai)(wai)(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)橫臥(wo)沙河(he)(he)之上(shang)，用(yong)兩層石拱(gong)橋(qiao)(qiao)相連接，圍河(he)(he)水(shui)于(yu)(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)，又稱橋(qiao)(qiao)上(shang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。橋(qiao)(qiao)下皆設鐵欄閘門，切(qie)斷水(shui)上(shang)通(tong)道(dao)，以防外(wai)(wai)(wai)部由水(shui)道(dao)襲城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，這是該城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)最大的(de)特點。而(er)水(shui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)和外(wai)(wai)(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)兩側皆依坡而(er)筑(zhu)，巍然(ran)聳(song)立，并有(you)上(shang)百級石階可登上(shang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)頭，使內(nei)外(wai)(wai)(wai)三(san)(san)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)相連，上(shang)下貫通(tong)，氣勢雄偉。該城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)是古(gu)(gu)代(dai)軍(jun)事戰爭防御與進攻的(de)產(chan)物(wu)，是智慧的(de)結晶，具有(you)很高的(de)歷史(shi)、藝術和科研價值。

歷史

明代(dai)是(shi)貴(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)開(kai)發的(de)(de)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)重要時期，興起(qi)了數千座衛城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)和府(fu)、州(zhou)(zhou)、縣城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，還(huan)建(jian)起(qi)數以(yi)千計(ji)的(de)(de)屯(tun)堡(bao)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)堡(bao)聳立在(zai)萬(wan)山(shan)叢中(zhong)，巍然峨(e)然。由(you)于(yu)(yu)軍事防御的(de)(de)需(xu)要，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)堡(bao)多建(jian)在(zai)地(di)勢險要、易守難攻(gong)的(de)(de)地(di)方，或負山(shan)面水，或夾河而建(jian)，講究山(shan)川形勝。貴(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)喀斯特(te)地(di)貌(mao)發育(yu)，石(shi)(shi)料極其豐富，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣大(da)都(dou)(dou)用石(shi)(shi)頭(tou)構筑，與平原、丘(qiu)陵地(di)區的(de)(de)土筑城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、磚(zhuan)筑城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)大(da)不(bu)相同，有(you)鮮明的(de)(de)地(di)域特(te)征。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣是(shi)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)龐大(da)的(de)(de)建(jian)筑群，包括高大(da)的(de)(de)墻(qiang)體(ti)、城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門、城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓、串樓、垛口、窩鋪，還(huan)有(you)月城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、護(hu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)河、水關等。在(zai)群山(shan)中(zhong)修建(jian)眾多的(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，需(xu)要開(kai)山(shan)鑿石(shi)(shi)，比其他地(di)方要艱難得多。倘若把貴(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)大(da)大(da)小小的(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)頭(tou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、石(shi)(shi)頭(tou)堡(bao)連接起(qi)來，工程(cheng)的(de)(de)艱巨(ju)，恐怕(pa)不(bu)亞于(yu)(yu)萬(wan)里長城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。隨著(zhu)時間的(de)(de)推移，在(zai)現代(dai)化的(de)(de)浪潮中(zhong)，古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、古(gu)堡(bao)大(da)都(dou)(dou)消失，僥幸保存下來的(de)(de)古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)已(yi)是(shi)寥若星辰。而在(zai)被(bei)譽為“磷都(dou)(dou)”的(de)(de)福泉市，至(zhi)今還(huan)保留著(zhu)一(yi)段別具(ju)一(yi)格的(de)(de)古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)，的(de)(de)確難能可貴(gui)。

福泉，古稱(cheng)平(ping)越。這里原是(shi)少數民(min)族聚(ju)居(ju)區(qu)，屬于播(bo)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)宣慰司(si)管轄。洪武十(shi)五(wu)年(nian)(nian)（1382年(nian)(nian)），在(zai)此設(she)平(ping)越衛，把衛所插入土司(si)地(di)區(qu)。萬歷(li)三(san)十(shi)九(jiu)年(nian)(nian)（1611年(nian)(nian)）廢除播(bo)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)楊氏(shi)土司(si)，以其地(di)分設(she)遵義、平(ping)越二軍民(min)府，平(ping)越府與平(ping)越衛同城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。平(ping)越戰略地(di)位重要(yao)，控(kong)扼湘廣通往(wang)貴(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)、云(yun)南的(de)大(da)驛道(dao)，將(jiang)(jiang)黔東(dong)八府與省會及貴(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)宣慰司(si)連(lian)接起來，又可溝通川、黔兩(liang)省，故設(she)衛后便(bian)建(jian)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)池。平(ping)越衛城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)坐落在(zai)群山(shan)環抱之中，“馬鬃(zong)嶺扼其喉襟(jin)，羊腸河設(she)其險阻(zu)”，實為(wei)(wei)沖要(yao)之地(di)。初建(jian)時為(wei)(wei)土城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，洪武三(san)十(shi)四(si)年(nian)(nian)（1401年(nian)(nian)）改筑(zhu)石城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)周長一千(qian)四(si)百丈，折合4666米，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻高一丈二尺，寬一丈五(wu)尺，呈正方(fang)形，有東(dong)、南、西、北四(si)門，上有城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)4座，串樓(lou)1540間，垛口840個。因城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內(nei)無水，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)被圍時，人(ren)馬常被渴死。成化年(nian)(nian)間，平(ping)越衛指揮張能(neng)認為(wei)(wei)無水不(bu)利于防守，便(bian)在(zai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)西增(zeng)設(she)小(xiao)西門，將(jiang)(jiang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻延(yan)伸至河邊，筑(zhu)堰引水入城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。萬歷(li)三(san)十(shi)一年(nian)(nian)（1603年(nian)(nian)），總兵安大(da)朝、指揮奚國柱、知(zhi)府楊右陶等計議(yi)，在(zai)其外增(zeng)筑(zhu)一段(duan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻，將(jiang)(jiang)河段(duan)包入城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中，形成內(nei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，水城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、外城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)格局。在(zai)此，平(ping)越城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)“崇閎雄麗，固若金湯，為(wei)(wei)貴(gui)東(dong)之首”。

平越(yue)古城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)上世紀60年(nian)代(dai)大都拆(chai)毀，只剩下(xia)幾座(zuo)券孔城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)和一(yi)些斷垣殘壁，訴說歷(li)史的(de)(de)(de)滄桑。唯有(you)(you)小(xiao)西門(men)外(wai)，內城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、水(shui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、外(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)至今猶存。站在(zai)(zai)(zai)高山(shan)(shan)之巔俯瞰(kan)，內城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)聳立在(zai)(zai)(zai)山(shan)(shan)間平地(di)，水(shui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)筑(zhu)于(yu)山(shan)(shan)麓河(he)畔，而外(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)則跨過(guo)河(he)流(liu)、田(tian)野，里外(wai)三層構成(cheng)一(yi)座(zuo)甕城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)依山(shan)(shan)而筑(zhu)，蜿(wan)蜒山(shan)(shan)間，氣勢(shi)雄偉(wei)，有(you)(you)百級(ji)石(shi)階可登上城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)頭。這(zhe)座(zuo)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣最大的(de)(de)(de)特點，就是(shi)將(jiang)河(he)流(liu)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)段包入城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)，居民(min)可到(dao)水(shui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)汲水(shui)。為(wei)(wei)防備(bei)發生(sheng)戰事時(shi)水(shui)源被截斷，在(zai)(zai)(zai)水(shui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)外(wai)修建(jian)(jian)了一(yi)道長五(wu)十五(wu)丈的(de)(de)(de)外(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)。外(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)兩(liang)處跨過(guo)河(he)流(liu)，墻(qiang)(qiang)建(jian)(jian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)兩(liang)座(zuo)三孔石(shi)橋之上，故被稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)“橋上城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”。為(wei)(wei)了讓(rang)水(shui)能(neng)夠流(liu)動，又便(bian)(bian)于(yu)防守(shou)，便(bian)(bian)在(zai)(zai)(zai)橋下(xia)設有(you)(you)鐵柵(zha)閘門(men)，實(shi)為(wei)(wei)兩(liang)座(zuo)水(shui)關。出小(xiao)西門(men)，有(you)(you)道路通往(wang)水(shui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、外(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，因道路要穿過(guo)河(he)道，在(zai)(zai)(zai)路下(xia)建(jian)(jian)有(you)(you)五(wu)個泄(xie)水(shui)的(de)(de)(de)橋涵，側邊建(jian)(jian)有(you)(you)吱啞作聲的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)碾，頗有(you)(you)“小(xiao)橋流(liu)水(shui)人(ren)家”的(de)(de)(de)風韻。這(zhe)種城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣結構，是(shi)古代(dai)軍事防御體系的(de)(de)(de)杰(jie)作，凝結著中(zhong)國(guo)古代(dai)科(ke)技與建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)藝術，在(zai)(zai)(zai)國(guo)內其(qi)他地(di)方不曾見過(guo)，其(qi)別具一(yi)格(ge)，令古建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)專(zhuan)家嘆為(wei)(wei)觀(guan)止(zhi)。2001年(nian)經國(guo)務院批準，福(fu)泉古城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)被列為(wei)(wei)全國(guo)重點文物(wu)保護單位。

福(fu)(fu)泉古城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)為(wei)(wei)貴(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)首創，顯(xian)示出貴(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)人民的(de)(de)(de)(de)智慧與創造精神。來到這里(li)，可以(yi)(yi)感受到城(cheng)(cheng)市的(de)(de)(de)(de)大變遷，平越(yue)古城(cheng)(cheng)由(you)軍(jun)事據點演變為(wei)(wei)地方(fang)行政中心，如(ru)今變成了(le)一(yi)個(ge)以(yi)(yi)磷化(hua)工(gong)為(wei)(wei)主的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)業城(cheng)(cheng)市。在(zai)福(fu)(fu)泉城(cheng)(cheng)內，有(you)一(yi)座稱為(wei)(wei)“大夫第(di)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)古建筑，它是(shi)(shi)一(yi)個(ge)古老的(de)(de)(de)(de)四合院，占地400平方(fang)米(mi)，現(xian)辟為(wei)(wei)貴(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)古城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)博物館。這里(li)陳列著(zhu)兩(liang)百(bai)多幅照片(pian)，濃縮(suo)了(le)貴(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)自明(ming)以(yi)(yi)來的(de)(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)、古堡、營(ying)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)、碉樓、戰壕、關(guan)(guan)隘、烽(feng)火臺(tai)。貴(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)現(xian)存(cun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)古城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)還(huan)有(you)許多，如(ru)貴(gui)陽的(de)(de)(de)(de)東(dong)門城(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)和(he)武勝(sheng)門，明(ming)代的(de)(de)(de)(de)真安(an)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)、赤(chi)水古城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)、鎮(zhen)寧州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)，鎮(zhen)遠(yuan)有(you)府城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)和(he)衛(wei)城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)，還(huan)有(you)畢節層臺(tai)衛(wei)、盤(pan)(pan)(pan)縣普安(an)衛(wei)、晴隆安(an)南衛(wei)等(deng)城(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)。土司(si)城(cheng)(cheng)堡，最(zui)典(dian)型的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)遵義海(hai)龍屯(tun)和(he)大方(fang)“九層衙(ya)門”遺址，此外有(you)黃平巖門司(si)城(cheng)(cheng)和(he)德江水特姜司(si)城(cheng)(cheng)。營(ying)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)以(yi)(yi)松桃存(cun)留最(zui)多，清(qing)(qing)代在(zai)此設有(you)48個(ge)營(ying)汛(xun)，構(gou)筑營(ying)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)、屯(tun)堡、炮樓、碉卡逾千座，形成了(le)一(yi)條條斷(duan)斷(duan)續續的(de)(de)(de)(de)“邊墻(qiang)”，現(xian)存(cun)480公里(li)，規模較大的(de)(de)(de)(de)古堡有(you)正大營(ying)和(he)盤(pan)(pan)(pan)石營(ying)。關(guan)(guan)隘頗多，著(zhu)名的(de)(de)(de)(de)如(ru)黔北的(de)(de)(de)(de)婁山關(guan)(guan)，黔中的(de)(de)(de)(de)圖云關(guan)(guan)、雅關(guan)(guan)，晴隆的(de)(de)(de)(de)海(hai)馬關(guan)(guan)等(deng)。由(you)此可窺貴(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)明(ming)清(qing)(qing)時期的(de)(de)(de)(de)古城(cheng)(cheng)風貌，反映貴(gui)州(zhou)(zhou)(zhou)六百(bai)年的(de)(de)(de)(de)滄桑。