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福(fu)泉城(cheng)墻在貴州(zhou)省福(fu)泉市城(cheng)廂鎮。原為平越(yue)(yue)(yue)衛(wei)城(cheng)，元代(dai)曾在此設平月(yue)長官司(si)。明洪武十(shi)四(si)(si)年(nian)（1381年(nian)）置平越(yue)(yue)(yue)千(qian)戶(hu)所，十(shi)五年(nian)（1382年(nian)）改(gai)置平越(yue)(yue)(yue)衛(wei)。據(ju)（光緒）《平越(yue)(yue)(yue)直隸(li)州(zhou)志》卷九及卷三十(shi)四(si)(si)記載，洪武二十(shi)四(si)(si)年(nian)（1391年(nian)）指揮李福(fu)“創建(jian)土城(cheng)”，“三十(shi)四(si)(si)年(nian)改(gai)甃以石(shi)，周一千(qian)四(si)(si)百丈(zhang)，高(gao)二丈(zhang)二尺，廣(guang)一丈(zhang)五尺，門四(si)(si)、月(yue)城(cheng)三、城(cheng)樓四(si)(si)、警鋪(pu)四(si)(si)十(shi)五。”因城(cheng)內無水，至正統(tong)末年(nian)，苗族農民起義軍圍城(cheng)，人(ren)馬渴(ke)死。

概述

“成化間，指揮(hui)張能建水城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)于(yu)西隅(yu)，另開(kai)一(yi)(yi)門(men)(men)(men)曰小(xiao)西門(men)(men)(men)。”萬(wan)歷二(er)十九年（1601年）置平越(yue)軍民府(fu)(fu)，府(fu)(fu)衛同城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。萬(wan)歷三十一(yi)(yi)年（1603年）知府(fu)(fu)楊可陶、指揮(hui)奚國柱于(yu)水城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)外(wai)增建外(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)“五十五丈，使水經城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內，汲者便之。”“崇(chong)禎十五年（1642年），知府(fu)(fu)陳紹英于(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)北隅(yu)建臺(tai)，上有(you)樓，名(ming)雄鎮，復周(zhou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)望樓十二(er)。”清順(shun)治(zhi)十八年（1661年）守道(dao)徐宏業、知府(fu)(fu)喻全昱先(xian)后(hou)(hou)增修。咸豐、同治(zhi)間，為(wei)苗族起義軍攻(gong)破(po)，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣“頗(po)有(you)殘毀”。同治(zhi)十一(yi)(yi)年（1872年）州(zhou)牧(mu)(mu)王繼先(xian)請款營修。后(hou)(hou)東(dong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)及小(xiao)西門(men)(men)(men)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻多處坍塌，至光緒初年，州(zhou)牧(mu)(mu)鄧在鏞等先(xian)后(hou)(hou)補修。光緒二(er)十六、二(er)十七年（1900～1901年），州(zhou)牧(mu)(mu)瞿(ju)鴻錫又先(xian)后(hou)(hou)重修北門(men)(men)(men)及東(dong)門(men)(men)(men)兩城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓，“于(yu)是崇(chong)閎雄麗，稱此金湯(tang)，論貴東(dong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)郭(guo)，固不能不以(yi)平越(yue)為(wei)冠也。”

內容

1967年(nian)前后(hou)，古城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣被(bei)拆毀(hui)，現僅存外(wai)(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)及小西門(men)(men)旁(pang)的(de)一(yi)段殘垣。五座城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)(men)除西門(men)(men)已傾(qing)圮外(wai)(wai)，其余四(si)門(men)(men)的(de)劵洞(dong)尚存，但(dan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓已毀(hui)。小西門(men)(men)水(shui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)由內城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、水(shui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、外(wai)(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)三(san)道城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻構成(cheng)一(yi)座甕城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。內城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)蜿蜒于(yu)山腰，水(shui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)筑于(yu)山麓之(zhi)河(he)畔；外(wai)(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)橫臥沙河(he)之(zhi)上(shang)，用(yong)兩(liang)層(ceng)石拱橋相(xiang)連接，圍河(he)水(shui)于(yu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內，又(you)稱橋上(shang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。橋下(xia)皆(jie)設鐵欄(lan)閘門(men)(men)，切斷(duan)水(shui)上(shang)通道，以防(fang)外(wai)(wai)部由水(shui)道襲城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，這是(shi)該城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)最大的(de)特(te)點。而水(shui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)和外(wai)(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)兩(liang)側皆(jie)依坡而筑，巍然聳(song)立，并有上(shang)百(bai)級石階可登上(shang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)頭，使內外(wai)(wai)三(san)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)相(xiang)連，上(shang)下(xia)貫通，氣勢(shi)雄偉(wei)。該城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)是(shi)古代軍事戰爭防(fang)御與進攻的(de)產物，是(shi)智慧的(de)結晶，具有很(hen)高(gao)的(de)歷(li)史、藝(yi)術和科研價(jia)值。

歷史

明(ming)代是貴州開發(fa)的(de)一(yi)個重要(yao)(yao)時(shi)期，興起(qi)了數(shu)千座衛(wei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)和府、州、縣城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，還建(jian)起(qi)數(shu)以千計的(de)屯堡(bao)(bao)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)堡(bao)(bao)聳立在萬山(shan)叢(cong)中(zhong)，巍然峨然。由(you)于軍事防御的(de)需要(yao)(yao)，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)堡(bao)(bao)多(duo)(duo)建(jian)在地(di)勢(shi)險要(yao)(yao)、易守難攻的(de)地(di)方，或負山(shan)面水(shui)，或夾河而建(jian)，講究山(shan)川形勝。貴州喀(ka)斯特地(di)貌發(fa)育，石料極其豐富，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)大都用石頭構筑，與平原、丘陵地(di)區的(de)土(tu)筑城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、磚(zhuan)筑城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)大不(bu)相(xiang)同，有鮮明(ming)的(de)地(di)域特征。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)是一(yi)個龐大的(de)建(jian)筑群(qun)，包括高(gao)大的(de)墻(qiang)體(ti)、城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門、城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓(lou)、串樓(lou)、垛口、窩鋪，還有月城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、護城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)河、水(shui)關等。在群(qun)山(shan)中(zhong)修建(jian)眾多(duo)(duo)的(de)石城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，需要(yao)(yao)開山(shan)鑿石，比其他(ta)地(di)方要(yao)(yao)艱難得(de)多(duo)(duo)。倘(tang)若(ruo)把貴州大大小小的(de)石頭城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、石頭堡(bao)(bao)連接(jie)起(qi)來(lai)，工程的(de)艱巨，恐怕不(bu)亞于萬里長城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。隨著(zhu)時(shi)間的(de)推移(yi)，在現代化的(de)浪潮中(zhong)，古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、古(gu)堡(bao)(bao)大都消失，僥幸保存下來(lai)的(de)古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)已(yi)是寥若(ruo)星辰。而在被(bei)譽為“磷都”的(de)福(fu)泉市，至今還保留著(zhu)一(yi)段(duan)別(bie)具一(yi)格的(de)古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)，的(de)確難能可(ke)貴。

福泉，古稱平(ping)(ping)越(yue)(yue)(yue)。這里原是少數民(min)族聚居區，屬于播州(zhou)宣慰司管轄(xia)。洪武十五(wu)年(nian)（1382年(nian)），在(zai)此設(she)平(ping)(ping)越(yue)(yue)(yue)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)，把衛(wei)(wei)(wei)所插入土司地(di)區。萬歷(li)三(san)十九年(nian)（1611年(nian)）廢除播州(zhou)楊氏(shi)土司，以其(qi)地(di)分設(she)遵義、平(ping)(ping)越(yue)(yue)(yue)二軍民(min)府，平(ping)(ping)越(yue)(yue)(yue)府與(yu)平(ping)(ping)越(yue)(yue)(yue)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)同城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。平(ping)(ping)越(yue)(yue)(yue)戰(zhan)略地(di)位重要(yao)(yao)，控扼湘廣(guang)通(tong)往貴(gui)州(zhou)、云南的大驛道，將(jiang)黔東八府與(yu)省會及貴(gui)州(zhou)宣慰司連接起來，又可溝通(tong)川、黔兩省，故設(she)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)后便建城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)池。平(ping)(ping)越(yue)(yue)(yue)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)坐落在(zai)群山環抱之(zhi)(zhi)中，“馬(ma)鬃嶺(ling)扼其(qi)喉襟，羊腸河(he)設(she)其(qi)險阻”，實為(wei)(wei)沖要(yao)(yao)之(zhi)(zhi)地(di)。初建時(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)土城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，洪武三(san)十四(si)年(nian)（1401年(nian)）改(gai)筑(zhu)石城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)周長一(yi)(yi)千四(si)百(bai)丈(zhang)，折合4666米，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)高(gao)一(yi)(yi)丈(zhang)二尺(chi)，寬一(yi)(yi)丈(zhang)五(wu)尺(chi)，呈正方(fang)形，有(you)東、南、西、北(bei)四(si)門，上有(you)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樓4座(zuo)，串樓1540間，垛口(kou)840個(ge)。因城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內無(wu)水(shui)，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)被圍時(shi)(shi)，人馬(ma)常被渴(ke)死。成化年(nian)間，平(ping)(ping)越(yue)(yue)(yue)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)指揮張(zhang)能認為(wei)(wei)無(wu)水(shui)不利于防守，便在(zai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)西增(zeng)設(she)小西門，將(jiang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)延伸至河(he)邊，筑(zhu)堰引水(shui)入城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。萬歷(li)三(san)十一(yi)(yi)年(nian)（1603年(nian)），總兵(bing)安大朝、指揮奚(xi)國(guo)柱(zhu)、知府楊右陶等計議，在(zai)其(qi)外增(zeng)筑(zhu)一(yi)(yi)段(duan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)，將(jiang)河(he)段(duan)包入城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中，形成內城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，水(shui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、外城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的格局。在(zai)此，平(ping)(ping)越(yue)(yue)(yue)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)“崇(chong)閎雄麗，固若金湯，為(wei)(wei)貴(gui)東之(zhi)(zhi)首”。

平(ping)越古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，在(zai)上(shang)世紀60年(nian)代大都拆毀，只剩下幾座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)券(quan)孔城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門和一些斷垣殘壁，訴說歷史的滄(cang)桑。唯有小西門外(wai)，內(nei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、水(shui)(shui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、外(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)至(zhi)今猶存。站在(zai)高(gao)山(shan)之巔俯瞰，內(nei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)聳立(li)在(zai)山(shan)間平(ping)地，水(shui)(shui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)筑(zhu)(zhu)于山(shan)麓(lu)河畔，而(er)外(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)則跨過(guo)河流(liu)(liu)、田野，里(li)外(wai)三層構(gou)成一座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)甕城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)依(yi)山(shan)而(er)筑(zhu)(zhu)，蜿蜒(yan)山(shan)間，氣勢雄偉，有百(bai)級石階可(ke)登上(shang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)頭(tou)。這座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣最(zui)大的特點(dian)，就是將河流(liu)(liu)的一段包(bao)入城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中，居民可(ke)到(dao)水(shui)(shui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)汲水(shui)(shui)。為(wei)(wei)防備發生戰事時(shi)水(shui)(shui)源被(bei)截斷，在(zai)水(shui)(shui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)外(wai)修建(jian)(jian)(jian)了一道長五(wu)十五(wu)丈(zhang)的外(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)。外(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)在(zai)兩處(chu)跨過(guo)河流(liu)(liu)，墻(qiang)建(jian)(jian)(jian)在(zai)兩座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)三孔石橋(qiao)(qiao)之上(shang)，故被(bei)稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)“橋(qiao)(qiao)上(shang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”。為(wei)(wei)了讓(rang)水(shui)(shui)能夠流(liu)(liu)動(dong)，又便于防守，便在(zai)橋(qiao)(qiao)下設有鐵(tie)柵閘門，實為(wei)(wei)兩座(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)水(shui)(shui)關。出(chu)小西門，有道路(lu)通往(wang)水(shui)(shui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、外(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，因道路(lu)要穿過(guo)河道，在(zai)路(lu)下建(jian)(jian)(jian)有五(wu)個(ge)泄水(shui)(shui)的橋(qiao)(qiao)涵(han)，側邊建(jian)(jian)(jian)有吱啞(ya)作(zuo)聲的水(shui)(shui)碾，頗有“小橋(qiao)(qiao)流(liu)(liu)水(shui)(shui)人家”的風韻。這種城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣結構(gou)，是古(gu)代軍事防御體(ti)系的杰作(zuo)，凝結著中國(guo)古(gu)代科(ke)技(ji)與建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)藝術(shu)，在(zai)國(guo)內(nei)其他地方不曾(ceng)見(jian)過(guo)，其別(bie)具一格，令古(gu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)專家嘆為(wei)(wei)觀止。2001年(nian)經國(guo)務(wu)院(yuan)批準，福泉古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)被(bei)列(lie)為(wei)(wei)全國(guo)重點(dian)文(wen)物(wu)保護單(dan)位。

福(fu)泉古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻為(wei)貴州首創(chuang)，顯示(shi)出貴州人(ren)民的(de)(de)(de)(de)智慧與創(chuang)造(zao)精神。來到這里(li)，可以感受到城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)變遷(qian)，平(ping)越古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)由(you)軍事據點演變為(wei)地(di)方行政中心(xin)，如(ru)今變成了一(yi)個以磷化(hua)工為(wei)主的(de)(de)(de)(de)工業(ye)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市。在福(fu)泉城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內，有(you)一(yi)座(zuo)稱為(wei)“大(da)(da)夫第”的(de)(de)(de)(de)古(gu)(gu)建筑(zhu)，它是一(yi)個古(gu)(gu)老的(de)(de)(de)(de)四合院，占地(di)400平(ping)方米(mi)，現辟(pi)為(wei)貴州古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)博(bo)物館。這里(li)陳列著(zhu)兩百多(duo)幅照片，濃縮了貴州自明(ming)以來的(de)(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)、古(gu)(gu)堡(bao)(bao)、營(ying)盤(pan)(pan)、碉(diao)樓、戰壕、關隘、烽(feng)火臺。貴州現存的(de)(de)(de)(de)古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)還(huan)有(you)許多(duo)，如(ru)貴陽的(de)(de)(de)(de)東門(men)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻和武勝門(men)，明(ming)代的(de)(de)(de)(de)真安州城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)、赤水古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)、鎮寧州城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)，鎮遠有(you)府城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)和衛城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)，還(huan)有(you)畢(bi)節層(ceng)臺衛、盤(pan)(pan)縣普安衛、晴隆安南衛等城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣(yuan)(yuan)。土司城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)堡(bao)(bao)，最(zui)典型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是遵義海龍(long)屯和大(da)(da)方“九層(ceng)衙門(men)”遺(yi)址，此(ci)外有(you)黃平(ping)巖門(men)司城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)和德(de)江水特姜司城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。營(ying)盤(pan)(pan)以松(song)桃存留最(zui)多(duo)，清(qing)代在此(ci)設有(you)48個營(ying)汛，構筑(zhu)營(ying)盤(pan)(pan)、屯堡(bao)(bao)、炮樓、碉(diao)卡逾(yu)千(qian)座(zuo)，形成了一(yi)條(tiao)(tiao)條(tiao)(tiao)斷斷續續的(de)(de)(de)(de)“邊墻”，現存480公里(li)，規模(mo)較大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)古(gu)(gu)堡(bao)(bao)有(you)正大(da)(da)營(ying)和盤(pan)(pan)石營(ying)。關隘頗多(duo)，著(zhu)名(ming)的(de)(de)(de)(de)如(ru)黔北的(de)(de)(de)(de)婁(lou)山關，黔中的(de)(de)(de)(de)圖云關、雅(ya)關，晴隆的(de)(de)(de)(de)海馬關等。由(you)此(ci)可窺貴州明(ming)清(qing)時(shi)期的(de)(de)(de)(de)古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)風貌(mao)，反映貴州六百年的(de)(de)(de)(de)滄桑。