該(gai)(gai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)北(bei)鄰泜河(he)(he)(he),三(san)面環崗(gang)(gang)(正南(nan)(nan)1.5公(gong)里(li)(li)為(wei)木(mu)花崗(gang)(gang),東(dong)南(nan)(nan)1.5公(gong)里(li)(li)為(wei)光泰崗(gang)(gang),西南(nan)(nan)2公(gong)里(li)(li)為(wei)馬棚崗(gang)(gang)),依(yi)山傍(bang)水,地勢險(xian)要,向為(wei)歷代(dai)(dai)兵家(jia)必爭(zheng)之(zhi)地。各崗(gang)(gang)上密布戰國(guo)、漢代(dai)(dai)古墓數千座。該(gai)(gai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)近方形,西北(bei)部(bu)(bu)為(wei)斜角。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)全長共8017米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi):其(qi)中東(dong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)2225米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),南(nan)(nan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)1915米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),西城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)1451米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),北(bei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)2426米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),占地面積4平方公(gong)里(li)(li)。東(dong)西城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)的(de)南(nan)(nan)半部(bu)(bu)及南(nan)(nan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)除部(bu)(bu)分(fen)地段(duan)有(you)不同(tong)程(cheng)度的(de)破壞外,大部(bu)(bu)分(fen)輪廓清晰,保(bao)存(cun)完好,占總城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)的(de)五分(fen)之(zhi)三(san),目前城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)平均(jun)殘高(gao)2—6米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)不等,高(gao)處7米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),基寬(kuan)16.5米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),夯(hang)土筑(zhu)就。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)夯(hang)土層為(wei)10厘米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)左右(you),每高(gao)60厘米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)鋪有(you)一(yi)層栣木(mu),栣木(mu)間距為(wei)30至60厘米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)不等,其(qi)作用相當于現代(dai)(dai)建(jian)筑(zhu)的(de)鋼筋。該(gai)(gai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)共九門(men):東(dong)、西各三(san)門(men),南(nan)(nan)二門(men),北(bei)一(yi)門(men)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)寬(kuan)約16.5米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),護城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)河(he)(he)(he)距城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)10米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),河(he)(he)(he)寬(kuan)18米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi);中心宮殿建(jian)筑(zhu)區在城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)內中北(bei)部(bu)(bu),南(nan)(nan)北(bei)寬(kuan)300米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),東(dong)西長1400米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi),占地面積42萬平方米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。柏人城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址是我(wo)國(guo)保(bao)存(cun)較好的(de)古代(dai)(dai)大城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)池之(zhi)一(yi)。
據(ju)舊志記(ji)載:“春(chun)秋周襄(xiang)王(wang)17年(nian)(nian),衛侯(hou)毀滅邢、并于衛,遂(sui)屬(shu)衛。28年(nian)(nian)晉(jin)文(wen)(wen)公伐衛取邢,又(you)屬(shu)晉(jin)邑,乃為(wei)柏人(ren)。”由此(ci)(ci),柏人(ren)城(cheng)似晉(jin)文(wen)(wen)公時所(suo)建。到戰國,趙(zhao)王(wang)遷元年(nian)(nian)又(you)予以(yi)重修。該城(cheng)歷史(shi)(shi)久遠,相傳(chuan)(chuan)此(ci)(ci)地是帝(di)堯建都的地方,在后(hou)(hou)來的一(yi)(yi)些史(shi)(shi)籍上曾說(shuo)它是“柏人(ren)城(cheng),堯之(zhi)都也”。據(ju)北齊(qi)《顏氏(shi)家訓》記(ji)載,在柏人(ren)城(cheng)西門內有一(yi)(yi)漢桓帝(di)時柏人(ren)縣民為(wei)縣令(ling)徐整碑(bei),石碑(bei)上銘文(wen)(wen)曰:“山有巏(quan)嵍,王(wang)喬(qiao)所(suo)仙。”《全(quan)唐詩話》中還有馬郁贈給韓定辭的一(yi)(yi)首詩:“邃林芳草(cao)綿綿思,盡(jin)日相攜(xie)陟麗譙。別后(hou)(hou)宣務山上望,羨君時復(fu)見王(wang)喬(qiao)。”可見這里是傳(chuan)(chuan)說(shuo)中的柏人(ren)令(ling)王(wang)子喬(qiao)駕鶴升(sheng)天(tian)之(zhi)地。
據隆堯(yao)縣(xian)1999年(nian)修訂出版(ban)的(de)《唐(tang)(tang)山(shan)(shan)縣(xian)志》(注:金太(tai)宗完顏晟時期,隆堯(yao)稱唐(tang)(tang)山(shan)(shan))記:《帝王(wang)世紀(ji)(ji)》、《城冢(zhong)記》、《大明一統(tong)志》皆(jie)云:“柏仁(人)城,堯(yao)封唐(tang)(tang)侯(hou)所都之地”,《唐(tang)(tang)山(shan)(shan)縣(xian)志》記柏人城:“春秋(qiu)襄王(wang)十七年(nian),紀(ji)(ji)侯(hou)毀于邢(xing),并于紀(ji)(ji),遂屬(shu)紀(ji)(ji)。”“二十八年(nian)晉文公伐紀(ji)(ji)取邢(xing),又屬(shu)晉邑(yi),乃為柏人。”
柏(bo)人(ren)城周圍崗上遍布戰國(guo)(guo)及漢代(dai)古墓,該(gai)城歷(li)年出土(tu)遺物有(you)(you)陶器(qi)(qi)、瓷器(qi)(qi)、金屬器(qi)(qi)等,代(dai)表器(qi)(qi)物有(you)(you)該(gai)城在(zai)戰國(guo)(guo)時期所鑄(zhu)“白人(ren)”刀幣(bi)和刻有(you)(you)“柏(bo)人(ren)”的(de)銘文(wen)戈。當(dang)時趙國(guo)(guo)只(zhi)有(you)(you)邯鄲和柏(bo)人(ren)兩地鑄(zhu)造錢幣(bi),足見當(dang)時柏(bo)人(ren)城歷(li)史地位之(zhi)重(zhong)要。
柏(bo)(bo)人城(cheng)(cheng)由夯土建筑,北鄰泜(zhī)水(shui),三面環崗,依山傍水(shui),形勢險要,向來為(wei)歷代兵家所看重(zhong)。邢(xing)臺通史上“邢(xing)地春秋古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)遺址”一節(jie),記載了“柏(bo)(bo)人城(cheng)(cheng)系晉文公(gong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)初建”。戰國(guo)時(shi)(shi)(shi)期,柏(bo)(bo)人城(cheng)(cheng)已發(fa)展成為(wei)北方(fang)趙國(guo)的(de)(de)一個(ge)比較繁(fan)榮昌(chang)盛的(de)(de)軍(jun)事(shi)重(zhong)鎮,那(nei)時(shi)(shi)(shi)候人口聚居,經(jing)(jing)濟得到(dao)大(da)發(fa)展。這(zhe)里遺有商周時(shi)(shi)(shi)期的(de)(de)陶窯和大(da)量陶器,城(cheng)(cheng)四周有眾多戰國(guo)及(ji)漢代古(gu)墓,從墓葬中曾(ceng)經(jing)(jing)挖掘出不少陶罐銅(tong)鏡,銅(tong)帶勾、青銅(tong)劍(jian)、鐵劍(jian)以及(ji)戰國(guo)時(shi)(shi)(shi)期的(de)(de)錯金(jin)銅(tong)帶勾玉璧、瑪瑙飾件等。近(jin)年,在柏(bo)(bo)人城(cheng)(cheng)址還發(fa)現了戰國(guo)時(shi)(shi)(shi)流(liu)行的(de)(de)銅(tong)質“刀(dao)(dao)幣(bi)”,刀(dao)(dao)幣(bi)上鑄有“白(bai)(通柏(bo)(bo))人”字樣。據專家考證,當(dang)時(shi)(shi)(shi)趙國(guo)只(zhi)有邯鄲(dan)和柏(bo)(bo)人兩個(ge)地方(fang)鑄銅(tong)錢。這(zhe)是(shi)戰國(guo)時(shi)(shi)(shi)柏(bo)(bo)人城(cheng)(cheng)經(jing)(jing)濟繁(fan)榮、商業發(fa)達的(de)(de)重(zhong)要標志(zhi)。
古柏人(ren)一帶,歷(li)史上(shang)曾(ceng)發(fa)生(sheng)過數(shu)次戰爭(zheng)。據史料(liao)記載:公(gong)元(yuan)前(qian)491年(nian)(nian),晉卿(qing)趙氏(shi)與中(zhong)行(xing)氏(shi)、范氏(shi)等(deng)發(fa)生(sheng)內戰,中(zhong)行(xing)文(wen)子(zi)曾(ceng)逃至(zhi)柏人(ren),趙簡子(zi)遂圍柏人(ren)。漢(han)高祖8年(nian)(nian)(公(gong)元(yuan)前(qian)199年(nian)(nian)),劉(liu)邦過柏人(ren),怕被(bei)人(ren)行(xing)刺,未留宿西去,使趙相(xiang)貫高等(deng)人(ren)的陰(yin)謀未能得逞。公(gong)元(yuan)24年(nian)(nian),后漢(han)光武帝(di)劉(liu)秀創業時,曾(ceng)在柏人(ren)城外大敗王(wang)郎(lang)大獎李育。柏人(ren)城成為漢(han)武帝(di)在河北一帶的重(zhong)要軍事堡壘。西晉末年(nian)(nian),羯族(匈奴(nu)的一個分(fen)支)人(ren)石勒率兵(bing)襲(xi)晉將王(wang)浚占(zhan)領柏人(ren)城,大破晉軍。此役為爾后石勒在古襄國(guo)(邢臺(tai)市)稱帝(di)奠定了基礎。
西漢時(shi)柏人城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)縣級行政首(shou)府(fu),北魏時(shi)曾易(yi)名(ming)“柏仁”城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。唐天寶元(yuan)年(742年),因遭水(shui)患,城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)被水(shui)淹(yan),縣治東遷堯(yao)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鎮,遂更名(ming)為(wei)堯(yao)山縣,歷時(shi)948年的古(gu)柏仁城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)廢,始稱亦城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。時(shi)隔千余載(zai),古(gu)柏城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)雖廢,但(dan)它的遺跡(ji)猶(you)存,昔日(ri)古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)垣依稀可見,眾多(duo)出土文物仍指點(dian)人們去追溯古(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的歷史足跡(ji)。