清涼(liang)寺(si)汝官窯遺(yi)址位于寶豐縣大(da)(da)營(ying)鎮清涼(liang)寺(si)村,遺(yi)址保護(hu)范(fan)圍(wei)共計133.2萬平方米。該(gai)遺(yi)址1990年(nian)(nian)曾被評為(wei)“七五(wu)”期間十(shi)大(da)(da)考古(gu)新發(fa)現;20世紀(ji)河南十(shi)項(xiang)重(zhong)(zhong)大(da)(da)考古(gu)發(fa)現和2000年(nian)(nian)度全國(guo)十(shi)大(da)(da)考古(gu)新發(fa)現;2001年(nian)(nian)6月(yue)被國(guo)務(wu)院公布為(wei)第五(wu)批全國(guo)重(zhong)(zhong)點文物保護(hu)單位;2005年(nian)(nian)列(lie)入(ru)全國(guo)100處(chu)重(zhong)(zhong)要大(da)(da)遺(yi)址保護(hu)項(xiang)目;2011年(nian)(nian)汝瓷燒制技(ji)藝被列(lie)入(ru)國(guo)家(jia)級非物質(zhi)文化遺(yi)產名(ming)錄(lu);2016年(nian)(nian)入(ru)選國(guo)家(jia)大(da)(da)遺(yi)址保護(hu)“十(shi)三五(wu)”專項(xiang)規(gui)劃。
汝(ru)(ru)窯(yao)(yao)位居“汝(ru)(ru)、官、哥、鈞、定(ding)”五(wu)大(da)(da)名窯(yao)(yao)之首,有“汝(ru)(ru)窯(yao)(yao)為魁”之稱(cheng)。從20世紀50年(nian)代(dai)至(zhi)今,為尋訪汝(ru)(ru)窯(yao)(yao)遺址(zhi),我國幾代(dai)文博工作者付(fu)出了(le)巨大(da)(da)努(nu)力(li)。自1987年(nian)至(zhi)2016年(nian),河南省文物考(kao)古研究院先后對(dui)寶豐縣清(qing)涼寺(si)汝(ru)(ru)官窯(yao)(yao)遺址(zhi)進行了(le)十(shi)四次考(kao)古發(fa)掘,發(fa)現(xian)了(le)20多座燒(shao)制(zhi)御用汝(ru)(ru)瓷的(de)(de)(de)(de)窯(yao)(yao)爐(lu)及(ji)作坊遺跡,獲得了(le)大(da)(da)量瓷器、瓷器、標本,出土了(le)不少傳世品種未(wei)見的(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)器形,擴大(da)(da)了(le)人們(men)對(dui)汝(ru)(ru)窯(yao)(yao)瓷器的(de)(de)(de)(de)認(ren)識。清(qing)涼寺(si)汝(ru)(ru)官窯(yao)(yao)遺址(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)現(xian),揭開了(le)千古之謎,使中國陶瓷史上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一大(da)(da)懸(xuan)案了(le)結。
汝(ru)(ru)(ru)窯(yao)是北宋(song)五大名(ming)窯(yao)之(zhi)一,南(nan)宋(song)前(qian)期九華人葉(xie)寘(zhi)的(de)(de)《坦齋筆衡(heng)》“本朝(chao)以定州白磁器(qi)有(you)芒,不堪用(yong),遂命汝(ru)(ru)(ru)州燒(shao)青瓷,故河北、唐、鄧,耀州悉有(you)之(zhi),汝(ru)(ru)(ru)窯(yao)為魁。江(jiang)南(nan)則處州龍泉窯(yao),質(zhi)頗粗厚。政和間,京師自(zi)置窯(yao)燒(shao)造(zao),名(ming)日(ri)官窯(yao)”的(de)(de)記(ji)載。葉(xie)寘(zhi)講的(de)(de)“汝(ru)(ru)(ru)窯(yao)為魁”無疑是指北宋(song)后(hou)期前(qian)段汝(ru)(ru)(ru)官窯(yao)。而被(bei)后(hou)世稱為宋(song)代五大名(ming)窯(yao)的(de)(de)“汝(ru)(ru)(ru)、官、哥、鈞、定”,亦將汝(ru)(ru)(ru)窯(yao)排在(zai)首位。
在已(yi)知的(de)65件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)汝窯(yao)傳(chuan)世(shi)品中,除北京故(gu)宮(gong)博物院(yuan)11件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)未公開發表外,其余(yu)54件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)中,洗(xi)類器(qi)占(zhan)16件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),盤(pan)14件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),另有(you)橢(tuo)圓(yuan)水仙盆5件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),尊2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、樽2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、碗3件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、3件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、碟3件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),紙追瓶2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),蓮花式碗1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),盞(zhan)托(tuo)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),深腹洗(xi)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。器(qi)底有(you)三個支(zhi)(zhi)釘的(de)占(zhan)18件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),5個支(zhi)(zhi)釘的(de)14件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),6個支(zhi)(zhi)釘的(de)3件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),殘(can)存(cun)1個支(zhi)(zhi)釘的(de)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),無支(zhi)(zhi)釘的(de)18件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。在釉色上,粉(fen)青27件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),天(tian)青12件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),卵青10件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),不明5件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。在這次汝官窯(yao)燒造區出土的(de)大量(liang)瓷器(qi)中,除包含(han)以(yi)上所有(you)傳(chuan)世(shi)品外,還出土不少在傳(chuan)世(shi)品中不曾見到的(de)器(qi)形。如(ru)出土量(liang)較大的(de)有(you)套盒,荷花口平(ping)底盤(pan)、盞(zhan)等,同出土的(de)還有(you)缽(bo)、罐、盂等,工藝品鳥(niao)首,龍形器(qi)和仿早期青銅器(qi)的(de)方壺(hu),圓(yuan)壺(hu)等等。
有幾(ji)個(ge)不(bu)可忽視的(de)(de)問題,傳(chuan)(chuan)世(shi)(shi)品(pin)中與發(fa)掘(jue)所(suo)獲得的(de)(de)大量(liang)器(qi)物(wu)(wu)標本有所(suo)區別。其(qi)一,清涼寺汝官窯(yao)出(chu)土的(de)(de)所(suo)有器(qi)物(wu)(wu)開片(pian)(pian)絕(jue)大多(duo)(duo)數細密(mi),開片(pian)(pian)好者罕見。釉色粉(fen)青(qing)者極少。其(qi)二,清涼寺汝官窯(yao)出(chu)土的(de)(de)洗(xi)類器(qi)中圈足(zu)洗(xi)占相對多(duo)(duo)數,胎質較傳(chuan)(chuan)世(shi)(shi)品(pin)薄。器(qi)形(xing)的(de)(de)大小差(cha)異(yi)較明(ming)顯(xian),盡管如(ru)此(ci),絕(jue)大多(duo)(duo)數采用五個(ge)支釘(ding)藝(yi),并且五個(ge)支釘(ding)往往緊貼于(yu)圈足(zu)內(nei)側四周,這(zhe)些皆與上海博(bo)物(wu)(wu)館藏傳(chuan)(chuan)世(shi)(shi)品(pin)中的(de)(de)4件和(he)英國達維德基金會的(de)(de)1件留(liu)足(zu)洗(xi)工藝(yi)有所(suo)不(bu)同。其(qi)三,北(bei)京(jing)故宮博(bo)物(wu)(wu)院(yuan)院(yuan)藏的(de)(de)1件粉(fen)青(qing)平底(di)深(shen)腹洗(xi)和(he)三足(zu)洗(xi)其(qi)造型工藝(yi)也有別于(yu)清涼寺窯(yao)址出(chu)土的(de)(de)深(shen)腹平底(di)洗(xi)、三足(zu)洗(xi)。其(qi)四,目前(qian)所(suo)知,傳(chuan)(chuan)世(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)無(wu)紋(wen)汝窯(yao)器(qi),只有臺北(bei)故宮博(bo)物(wu)(wu)院(yuan)的(de)(de)1件“天青(qing)無(wu)紋(wen)橢圓(yuan)水仙盆(pen)”。這(zhe)些問題值得研究者關注。
有(you)關(guan)汝窯(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)文獻記載已(yi)經(jing)被(bei)今(jin)天的(de)(de)考(kao)古(gu)發(fa)掘所(suo)證實。即(ji)使如此,仍有(you)人對汝官(guan)窯(yao)(yao)在寶豐清(qing)涼寺(si)提(ti)出(chu)質疑。今(jin)年(nian)6——10月,河南文物考(kao)古(gu)研究(jiu)所(suo)對寶豐清(qing)涼寺(si)汝官(guan)窯(yao)(yao)燒造區進行了正式發(fa)掘,揭露(lu)面積(ji)475平方米,以其罕(han)見的(de)(de)窯(yao)(yao)爐、配釉作坊(fang)和豐富的(de)(de)汝官(guan)瓷器被(bei)清(qing)理出(chu)來(lai)而(er)引人注(zhu)目(mu)。
清涼(liang)寺古窯(yao)址共分(fen)為四個發掘(jue)區(qu),這(zhe)(zhe)次發掘(jue)僅限(xian)于約4800平方米的(de)(de)汝(ru)(ru)官窯(yao)燒(shao)(shao)(shao)造(zao)區(qu)的(de)(de)西北(bei)部,清理出(chu)窯(yao)爐15座,作坊2座,大(da)型(xing)(xing)澄泥(ni)池2個,排列有(you)序大(da)型(xing)(xing)陶甕10余個,灰坑(keng)22個等重要遺(yi)跡,出(chu)土(tu)遺(yi)物(wu)極為豐富,絕(jue)大(da)數為汝(ru)(ru)官窯(yao)瓷(ci)器,這(zhe)(zhe)與我(wo)們在第(di)l、11、III燒(shao)(shao)(shao)造(zao)區(qu)內青瓷(ci),白瓷(ci)、黑瓷(ci)、三彩等瓷(ci)器同出(chu)絕(jue)然(ran)不同。重要的(de)(de)是(shi)在汝(ru)(ru)官窯(yao)燒(shao)(shao)(shao)造(zao)區(qu)汝(ru)(ru)官瓷(ci)工(gong)藝(yi)達到(dao)成熟階段的(de)(de)地(di)層(ceng)內出(chu)土(tu)1枚來(lai)神宗時(shi)期(qi)“元豐通寶(bao)”,有(you)可(ke)能將(jiang)汝(ru)(ru)官窯(yao)的(de)(de)創燒(shao)(shao)(shao)時(shi)間提前(qian)到(dao)來(lai)神宗元豐(公元1078—一(yi)公元1085)年間。與陳萬里(li)先生考證汝(ru)(ru)州燒(shao)(shao)(shao)造(zao)宮廷用瓷(ci)時(shi)間在哲宗元祐元年(108)到(dao)徽宗崇寧五(wu)年基本(ben)一(yi)致。因此,筆者認(ren)為汝(ru)(ru)官窯(yao)就在寶(bao)豐清涼(liang)寺是(shi)不可(ke)爭辯(bian)的(de)(de)事實。《坦齋筆衡(heng)》中記載“政和間,京(jing)師(shi)自置(zhi)窯(yao)燒(shao)(shao)(shao)造(zao),名日(ri)官窯(yao)”也是(shi)可(ke)信的(de)(de)。