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位置

清涼寺汝(ru)官(guan)窯遺(yi)址(zhi)位(wei)于寶豐縣大(da)營鎮清涼寺村，遺(yi)址(zhi)保(bao)護范圍共計133.2萬平方米。該遺(yi)址(zhi)1990年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)曾被評為“七五”期間十(shi)大(da)考古新發(fa)現；20世紀河(he)南十(shi)項(xiang)(xiang)重(zhong)(zhong)大(da)考古發(fa)現和2000年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)度全國十(shi)大(da)考古新發(fa)現；2001年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)6月被國務院公布為第五批(pi)全國重(zhong)(zhong)點文(wen)物(wu)保(bao)護單位(wei)；2005年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)列入全國100處重(zhong)(zhong)要大(da)遺(yi)址(zhi)保(bao)護項(xiang)(xiang)目；2011年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)汝(ru)瓷燒(shao)制技藝被列入國家級非物(wu)質文(wen)化遺(yi)產名錄；2016年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)入選國家大(da)遺(yi)址(zhi)保(bao)護“十(shi)三五”專項(xiang)(xiang)規劃(hua)。

汝(ru)窯(yao)(yao)位(wei)居(ju)“汝(ru)、官(guan)(guan)、哥、鈞、定(ding)”五大(da)名窯(yao)(yao)之首，有“汝(ru)窯(yao)(yao)為魁”之稱。從20世紀(ji)50年代至今(jin)，為尋訪(fang)汝(ru)窯(yao)(yao)遺(yi)址，我國幾代文(wen)(wen)博(bo)工作者付出(chu)了(le)(le)巨大(da)努力。自(zi)1987年至2016年，河南(nan)省文(wen)(wen)物考古研究(jiu)院(yuan)先(xian)后(hou)對寶豐縣(xian)清(qing)涼寺汝(ru)官(guan)(guan)窯(yao)(yao)遺(yi)址進(jin)行了(le)(le)十四次考古發掘，發現(xian)了(le)(le)20多座燒制御用汝(ru)瓷(ci)的(de)(de)窯(yao)(yao)爐及作坊遺(yi)跡，獲得了(le)(le)大(da)量(liang)瓷(ci)器(qi)、瓷(ci)器(qi)、標本，出(chu)土了(le)(le)不少(shao)傳世品種(zhong)未見的(de)(de)新(xin)器(qi)形，擴大(da)了(le)(le)人們對汝(ru)窯(yao)(yao)瓷(ci)器(qi)的(de)(de)認識。清(qing)涼寺汝(ru)官(guan)(guan)窯(yao)(yao)遺(yi)址的(de)(de)發現(xian)，揭開了(le)(le)千(qian)古之謎(mi)，使中國陶瓷(ci)史(shi)上的(de)(de)一(yi)大(da)懸(xuan)案了(le)(le)結(jie)。

地位

汝窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)是(shi)北(bei)宋(song)五大名(ming)(ming)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)之一，南宋(song)前期九華人葉(xie)(xie)寘的(de)《坦(tan)齋筆衡》“本朝以(yi)定(ding)州白磁器有(you)芒，不堪(kan)用，遂命汝州燒青瓷(ci)，故河北(bei)、唐、鄧，耀州悉有(you)之，汝窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)為魁(kui)。江南則處州龍(long)泉窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)，質(zhi)頗粗厚。政(zheng)和間，京師自置窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)燒造(zao)，名(ming)(ming)日官窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)”的(de)記載。葉(xie)(xie)寘講的(de)“汝窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)為魁(kui)”無疑是(shi)指北(bei)宋(song)后(hou)期前段汝官窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)。而被后(hou)世(shi)稱(cheng)為宋(song)代五大名(ming)(ming)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)“汝、官、哥(ge)、鈞、定(ding)”，亦將汝窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)排(pai)在首位。

文物

在(zai)已知的(de)(de)65件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)汝窯傳(chuan)世(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)中(zhong)，除(chu)北京故(gu)宮博物(wu)院11件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)未公開發表外，其余54件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)中(zhong)，洗類(lei)器(qi)(qi)占(zhan)16件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，盤(pan)14件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，另(ling)有(you)橢圓(yuan)水仙盆5件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，尊2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、樽2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、碗(wan)3件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、3件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、碟3件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，紙追瓶2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，蓮花式碗(wan)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，盞托1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，深腹(fu)洗1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。器(qi)(qi)底(di)有(you)三個(ge)(ge)支釘(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)占(zhan)18件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，5個(ge)(ge)支釘(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)14件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，6個(ge)(ge)支釘(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)3件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，殘存1個(ge)(ge)支釘(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，無支釘(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)18件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。在(zai)釉(you)色上，粉(fen)青27件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，天青12件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，卵青10件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)，不(bu)(bu)明(ming)5件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。在(zai)這(zhe)次汝官窯燒造區出土(tu)的(de)(de)大量瓷器(qi)(qi)中(zhong)，除(chu)包含以上所有(you)傳(chuan)世(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)外，還出土(tu)不(bu)(bu)少(shao)在(zai)傳(chuan)世(shi)品(pin)(pin)(pin)中(zhong)不(bu)(bu)曾(ceng)見到的(de)(de)器(qi)(qi)形。如出土(tu)量較大的(de)(de)有(you)套盒，荷花口平底(di)盤(pan)、盞等，同出土(tu)的(de)(de)還有(you)缽、罐、盂等，工藝品(pin)(pin)(pin)鳥首(shou)，龍形器(qi)(qi)和(he)仿早期(qi)青銅器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)方壺(hu)，圓(yuan)壺(hu)等等。

區別

有(you)幾個(ge)不可(ke)忽視的(de)(de)問題，傳世(shi)品(pin)(pin)中(zhong)與發(fa)掘所(suo)獲得的(de)(de)大(da)量(liang)器物(wu)標本(ben)有(you)所(suo)區別。其(qi)一，清涼(liang)寺(si)汝官窯出(chu)土的(de)(de)所(suo)有(you)器物(wu)開片(pian)絕大(da)多(duo)(duo)數(shu)細(xi)密，開片(pian)好者(zhe)罕見。釉色粉(fen)青(qing)者(zhe)極少。其(qi)二，清涼(liang)寺(si)汝官窯出(chu)土的(de)(de)洗(xi)(xi)類器中(zhong)圈(quan)足(zu)洗(xi)(xi)占相對多(duo)(duo)數(shu)，胎質(zhi)較傳世(shi)品(pin)(pin)薄。器形(xing)的(de)(de)大(da)小差異(yi)較明(ming)顯，盡管如此，絕大(da)多(duo)(duo)數(shu)采用五(wu)個(ge)支釘(ding)藝(yi)，并且五(wu)個(ge)支釘(ding)往(wang)往(wang)緊貼于圈(quan)足(zu)內側四周，這些皆與上海博(bo)物(wu)館藏(zang)傳世(shi)品(pin)(pin)中(zhong)的(de)(de)4件(jian)和(he)英(ying)國(guo)達(da)維德基金會的(de)(de)1件(jian)留足(zu)洗(xi)(xi)工藝(yi)有(you)所(suo)不同。其(qi)三，北(bei)京故宮博(bo)物(wu)院院藏(zang)的(de)(de)1件(jian)粉(fen)青(qing)平底深腹洗(xi)(xi)和(he)三足(zu)洗(xi)(xi)其(qi)造(zao)型工藝(yi)也有(you)別于清涼(liang)寺(si)窯址出(chu)土的(de)(de)深腹平底洗(xi)(xi)、三足(zu)洗(xi)(xi)。其(qi)四，目前所(suo)知，傳世(shi)的(de)(de)無紋汝窯器，只有(you)臺北(bei)故宮博(bo)物(wu)院的(de)(de)1件(jian)“天青(qing)無紋橢圓(yuan)水仙盆”。這些問題值得研究者(zhe)關(guan)注。

有(you)關汝窯(yao)的(de)文獻記載已經被(bei)(bei)今(jin)天的(de)考(kao)(kao)古發掘所(suo)證實。即(ji)使如此，仍(reng)有(you)人(ren)(ren)對(dui)汝官(guan)窯(yao)在(zai)寶(bao)豐(feng)清涼(liang)寺(si)提(ti)出質疑。今(jin)年6——10月，河南(nan)文物考(kao)(kao)古研究所(suo)對(dui)寶(bao)豐(feng)清涼(liang)寺(si)汝官(guan)窯(yao)燒造區進行了正式(shi)發掘，揭露面積475平(ping)方(fang)米，以(yi)其罕見的(de)窯(yao)爐、配釉作坊和(he)豐(feng)富的(de)汝官(guan)瓷器被(bei)(bei)清理出來而(er)引人(ren)(ren)注目。

清涼寺(si)古窯(yao)址共分為(wei)四個(ge)發掘(jue)區，這次發掘(jue)僅(jin)限于約4800平方(fang)米(mi)的(de)汝(ru)(ru)官(guan)窯(yao)燒造區的(de)西北部，清理出窯(yao)爐15座，作坊2座，大(da)型澄泥池(chi)2個(ge)，排列有序大(da)型陶甕10余(yu)個(ge)，灰坑22個(ge)等(deng)重要遺跡，出土(tu)遺物極為(wei)豐富(fu)，絕大(da)數為(wei)汝(ru)(ru)官(guan)窯(yao)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)器，這與我們在(zai)(zai)第l、11、III燒造區內青瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)，白瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)、黑瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)、三彩等(deng)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)器同(tong)(tong)出絕然不同(tong)(tong)。重要的(de)是在(zai)(zai)汝(ru)(ru)官(guan)窯(yao)燒造區汝(ru)(ru)官(guan)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)工藝(yi)達到(dao)成熟階段的(de)地層內出土(tu)1枚來神宗(zong)時(shi)期(qi)“元豐通寶”，有可能(neng)將汝(ru)(ru)官(guan)窯(yao)的(de)創(chuang)燒時(shi)間(jian)提前到(dao)來神宗(zong)元豐（公(gong)元1078—一公(gong)元1085）年間(jian)。與陳萬里先生考(kao)證汝(ru)(ru)州燒造宮廷(ting)用瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)時(shi)間(jian)在(zai)(zai)哲(zhe)宗(zong)元祐元年（108）到(dao)徽宗(zong)崇寧五年基本一致。因此，筆者認為(wei)汝(ru)(ru)官(guan)窯(yao)就(jiu)在(zai)(zai)寶豐清涼寺(si)是不可爭辯的(de)事實。《坦齋筆衡》中記載“政和間(jian)，京師自置窯(yao)燒造，名日官(guan)窯(yao)”也是可信的(de)。