清涼寺汝官窯遺(yi)(yi)址位于寶豐(feng)縣大(da)營鎮清涼寺村,遺(yi)(yi)址保護范圍共計133.2萬平方米。該(gai)遺(yi)(yi)址1990年(nian)曾被評為(wei)“七(qi)五”期間十(shi)大(da)考古(gu)(gu)新發現;20世紀河南十(shi)項重(zhong)大(da)考古(gu)(gu)發現和2000年(nian)度全國(guo)十(shi)大(da)考古(gu)(gu)新發現;2001年(nian)6月(yue)被國(guo)務院(yuan)公布為(wei)第五批全國(guo)重(zhong)點(dian)文物保護單位;2005年(nian)列(lie)入(ru)全國(guo)100處重(zhong)要大(da)遺(yi)(yi)址保護項目(mu);2011年(nian)汝瓷燒制技藝被列(lie)入(ru)國(guo)家級非(fei)物質文化(hua)遺(yi)(yi)產(chan)名錄(lu);2016年(nian)入(ru)選國(guo)家大(da)遺(yi)(yi)址保護“十(shi)三(san)五”專項規劃。
汝(ru)(ru)窯(yao)(yao)位居(ju)“汝(ru)(ru)、官(guan)(guan)、哥(ge)、鈞、定”五(wu)大名窯(yao)(yao)之首,有(you)“汝(ru)(ru)窯(yao)(yao)為魁(kui)”之稱。從20世(shi)紀50年(nian)代至今,為尋訪(fang)汝(ru)(ru)窯(yao)(yao)遺址,我(wo)國(guo)幾代文博(bo)工作者付出(chu)(chu)了(le)(le)巨(ju)大努力。自1987年(nian)至2016年(nian),河南省文物考古(gu)研究院先后對寶豐(feng)縣清(qing)涼(liang)寺汝(ru)(ru)官(guan)(guan)窯(yao)(yao)遺址進行了(le)(le)十四次考古(gu)發(fa)(fa)掘,發(fa)(fa)現(xian)了(le)(le)20多座燒制御用(yong)汝(ru)(ru)瓷的(de)(de)(de)窯(yao)(yao)爐及作坊(fang)遺跡,獲(huo)得(de)了(le)(le)大量瓷器(qi)(qi)、瓷器(qi)(qi)、標本,出(chu)(chu)土了(le)(le)不少傳世(shi)品種未見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)新器(qi)(qi)形(xing),擴大了(le)(le)人們對汝(ru)(ru)窯(yao)(yao)瓷器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)認識。清(qing)涼(liang)寺汝(ru)(ru)官(guan)(guan)窯(yao)(yao)遺址的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)現(xian),揭(jie)開(kai)了(le)(le)千(qian)古(gu)之謎(mi),使中國(guo)陶(tao)瓷史上的(de)(de)(de)一大懸案了(le)(le)結。
汝(ru)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)是北(bei)宋五大(da)名(ming)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)之一,南(nan)(nan)宋前期九華人葉(xie)寘的(de)《坦齋筆(bi)衡》“本朝以定州白磁(ci)器有(you)芒,不(bu)堪用,遂命(ming)汝(ru)州燒青瓷,故(gu)河北(bei)、唐、鄧,耀州悉有(you)之,汝(ru)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)為魁(kui)。江(jiang)南(nan)(nan)則(ze)處州龍泉窯(yao)(yao)(yao),質頗粗厚。政和間(jian),京師自置窯(yao)(yao)(yao)燒造,名(ming)日官窯(yao)(yao)(yao)”的(de)記載。葉(xie)寘講的(de)“汝(ru)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)為魁(kui)”無疑是指(zhi)北(bei)宋后期前段汝(ru)官窯(yao)(yao)(yao)。而被后世稱為宋代五大(da)名(ming)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)“汝(ru)、官、哥、鈞、定”,亦將汝(ru)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)排在首位。
在(zai)已知的(de)(de)(de)65件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)汝(ru)窯傳(chuan)世品中(zhong)(zhong),除(chu)北京故宮(gong)博(bo)物院(yuan)11件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)未公開發表(biao)外,其(qi)余54件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)中(zhong)(zhong),洗類器(qi)(qi)占(zhan)16件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),盤14件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),另有(you)橢圓水仙盆5件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),尊2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、樽2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、碗(wan)3件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、3件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、碟3件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),紙追(zhui)瓶2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),蓮(lian)花(hua)式碗(wan)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),盞(zhan)托1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),深腹(fu)洗1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。器(qi)(qi)底有(you)三個(ge)支(zhi)釘(ding)的(de)(de)(de)占(zhan)18件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),5個(ge)支(zhi)釘(ding)的(de)(de)(de)14件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),6個(ge)支(zhi)釘(ding)的(de)(de)(de)3件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),殘存(cun)1個(ge)支(zhi)釘(ding)的(de)(de)(de)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),無支(zhi)釘(ding)的(de)(de)(de)18件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。在(zai)釉(you)色上,粉青(qing)27件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),天青(qing)12件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),卵(luan)青(qing)10件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),不明5件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。在(zai)這次汝(ru)官(guan)窯燒造區出(chu)(chu)土的(de)(de)(de)大量(liang)(liang)瓷器(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong),除(chu)包(bao)含以上所有(you)傳(chuan)世品外,還出(chu)(chu)土不少在(zai)傳(chuan)世品中(zhong)(zhong)不曾見到的(de)(de)(de)器(qi)(qi)形。如出(chu)(chu)土量(liang)(liang)較(jiao)大的(de)(de)(de)有(you)套盒,荷(he)花(hua)口平(ping)底盤、盞(zhan)等(deng),同出(chu)(chu)土的(de)(de)(de)還有(you)缽、罐、盂等(deng),工藝(yi)品鳥首,龍形器(qi)(qi)和仿早期青(qing)銅器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)方壺(hu)(hu),圓壺(hu)(hu)等(deng)等(deng)。
有(you)(you)(you)(you)幾個不(bu)可忽視的(de)問題,傳(chuan)世(shi)(shi)品中(zhong)(zhong)與(yu)發掘所獲得的(de)大量器(qi)物(wu)標本有(you)(you)(you)(you)所區別。其一,清(qing)涼(liang)寺(si)汝官窯出(chu)土(tu)的(de)所有(you)(you)(you)(you)器(qi)物(wu)開片絕(jue)大多數細密,開片好者(zhe)罕見(jian)。釉色粉青者(zhe)極少。其二,清(qing)涼(liang)寺(si)汝官窯出(chu)土(tu)的(de)洗(xi)類器(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)圈足洗(xi)占相(xiang)對(dui)多數,胎質(zhi)較傳(chuan)世(shi)(shi)品薄。器(qi)形的(de)大小差異較明(ming)顯,盡(jin)管如此,絕(jue)大多數采用五個支釘(ding)藝(yi)(yi),并且五個支釘(ding)往(wang)往(wang)緊貼于(yu)圈足內(nei)側四(si)周,這些皆與(yu)上海(hai)博物(wu)館藏傳(chuan)世(shi)(shi)品中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)4件和英(ying)國(guo)達(da)維德基金(jin)會的(de)1件留足洗(xi)工藝(yi)(yi)有(you)(you)(you)(you)所不(bu)同(tong)。其三(san),北京故(gu)宮博物(wu)院院藏的(de)1件粉青平(ping)底深腹洗(xi)和三(san)足洗(xi)其造型工藝(yi)(yi)也(ye)有(you)(you)(you)(you)別于(yu)清(qing)涼(liang)寺(si)窯址出(chu)土(tu)的(de)深腹平(ping)底洗(xi)、三(san)足洗(xi)。其四(si),目前所知(zhi),傳(chuan)世(shi)(shi)的(de)無紋汝窯器(qi),只有(you)(you)(you)(you)臺北故(gu)宮博物(wu)院的(de)1件“天青無紋橢圓水仙盆”。這些問題值得研究者(zhe)關(guan)注。
有關汝(ru)(ru)窯的文(wen)(wen)獻(xian)記載(zai)已經被(bei)今天的考古發(fa)掘所證實。即使如此,仍有人對汝(ru)(ru)官(guan)窯在寶(bao)豐(feng)清(qing)涼寺提出質(zhi)疑。今年6——10月,河南(nan)文(wen)(wen)物(wu)考古研(yan)究所對寶(bao)豐(feng)清(qing)涼寺汝(ru)(ru)官(guan)窯燒造區進行(xing)了(le)正式(shi)發(fa)掘,揭露面積475平方(fang)米,以其罕見的窯爐、配釉作坊和豐(feng)富的汝(ru)(ru)官(guan)瓷(ci)器(qi)被(bei)清(qing)理出來而引人注目。
清涼(liang)寺古(gu)窯(yao)(yao)址共(gong)分為四(si)個(ge)(ge)發掘區(qu),這(zhe)次發掘僅限(xian)于約4800平方(fang)米(mi)的(de)汝(ru)官窯(yao)(yao)燒造(zao)區(qu)的(de)西北(bei)部,清理出(chu)(chu)窯(yao)(yao)爐15座(zuo),作坊(fang)2座(zuo),大(da)型澄泥(ni)池2個(ge)(ge),排(pai)列有序大(da)型陶甕10余個(ge)(ge),灰(hui)坑22個(ge)(ge)等(deng)(deng)重要(yao)遺跡,出(chu)(chu)土遺物(wu)極為豐富,絕大(da)數為汝(ru)官窯(yao)(yao)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)器,這(zhe)與(yu)我們在(zai)(zai)第l、11、III燒造(zao)區(qu)內青(qing)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci),白瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)、黑瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)、三(san)彩等(deng)(deng)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)器同(tong)出(chu)(chu)絕然不(bu)同(tong)。重要(yao)的(de)是(shi)在(zai)(zai)汝(ru)官窯(yao)(yao)燒造(zao)區(qu)汝(ru)官瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)工藝達到(dao)成熟階段(duan)的(de)地層內出(chu)(chu)土1枚(mei)來神宗時(shi)(shi)期“元(yuan)(yuan)豐通寶”,有可能將汝(ru)官窯(yao)(yao)的(de)創燒時(shi)(shi)間(jian)提前(qian)到(dao)來神宗元(yuan)(yuan)豐(公元(yuan)(yuan)1078—一公元(yuan)(yuan)1085)年間(jian)。與(yu)陳萬(wan)里(li)先(xian)生(sheng)考證汝(ru)州燒造(zao)宮廷用瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)在(zai)(zai)哲宗元(yuan)(yuan)祐元(yuan)(yuan)年(108)到(dao)徽宗崇寧五年基本一致(zhi)。因此(ci),筆者認為汝(ru)官窯(yao)(yao)就在(zai)(zai)寶豐清涼(liang)寺是(shi)不(bu)可爭辯的(de)事實。《坦齋筆衡》中(zhong)記載“政和間(jian),京師自置窯(yao)(yao)燒造(zao),名日官窯(yao)(yao)”也(ye)是(shi)可信的(de)。