清(qing)涼寺汝官窯遺(yi)址(zhi)位于(yu)寶豐(feng)縣(xian)大(da)(da)營鎮清(qing)涼寺村,遺(yi)址(zhi)保護范圍共計133.2萬平方米。該遺(yi)址(zhi)1990年(nian)(nian)曾被評為“七五(wu)”期間(jian)十(shi)(shi)大(da)(da)考(kao)古(gu)新(xin)發(fa)現(xian);20世紀河南十(shi)(shi)項(xiang)(xiang)重(zhong)大(da)(da)考(kao)古(gu)發(fa)現(xian)和(he)2000年(nian)(nian)度全國(guo)十(shi)(shi)大(da)(da)考(kao)古(gu)新(xin)發(fa)現(xian);2001年(nian)(nian)6月被國(guo)務院公布(bu)為第五(wu)批全國(guo)重(zhong)點文物保護單位;2005年(nian)(nian)列(lie)入全國(guo)100處(chu)重(zhong)要(yao)大(da)(da)遺(yi)址(zhi)保護項(xiang)(xiang)目;2011年(nian)(nian)汝瓷燒制技藝(yi)被列(lie)入國(guo)家級(ji)非物質(zhi)文化遺(yi)產名(ming)錄;2016年(nian)(nian)入選國(guo)家大(da)(da)遺(yi)址(zhi)保護“十(shi)(shi)三五(wu)”專(zhuan)項(xiang)(xiang)規(gui)劃。
汝(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)窯(yao)位居(ju)“汝(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)、官(guan)(guan)、哥、鈞、定”五大名窯(yao)之首,有“汝(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)窯(yao)為魁”之稱。從20世紀(ji)50年(nian)代至今,為尋訪汝(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)窯(yao)遺址(zhi)(zhi),我國(guo)幾代文博工作(zuo)者付(fu)出了(le)(le)巨大努力。自1987年(nian)至2016年(nian),河南省文物考(kao)古研究(jiu)院先后(hou)對寶豐縣清(qing)(qing)涼(liang)寺汝(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)官(guan)(guan)窯(yao)遺址(zhi)(zhi)進(jin)行(xing)了(le)(le)十四次(ci)考(kao)古發掘,發現了(le)(le)20多座燒制(zhi)御用(yong)汝(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)瓷(ci)的窯(yao)爐及作(zuo)坊遺跡,獲得(de)了(le)(le)大量(liang)瓷(ci)器、瓷(ci)器、標本(ben),出土了(le)(le)不少傳世品種(zhong)未(wei)見(jian)的新器形(xing),擴大了(le)(le)人(ren)們對汝(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)窯(yao)瓷(ci)器的認識。清(qing)(qing)涼(liang)寺汝(ru)(ru)(ru)(ru)官(guan)(guan)窯(yao)遺址(zhi)(zhi)的發現,揭開了(le)(le)千古之謎,使中國(guo)陶(tao)瓷(ci)史(shi)上(shang)的一大懸案了(le)(le)結。
汝(ru)(ru)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)是(shi)(shi)北(bei)宋(song)五大名(ming)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)之一,南宋(song)前(qian)期九華人(ren)葉寘的(de)《坦齋筆(bi)衡》“本朝以定州白磁(ci)器(qi)有芒,不堪用,遂命汝(ru)(ru)州燒青瓷,故(gu)河北(bei)、唐、鄧,耀州悉有之,汝(ru)(ru)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)為(wei)(wei)魁。江南則處州龍(long)泉窯(yao)(yao)(yao),質頗粗(cu)厚。政和間,京師自置窯(yao)(yao)(yao)燒造,名(ming)日官(guan)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)”的(de)記(ji)載(zai)。葉寘講(jiang)的(de)“汝(ru)(ru)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)為(wei)(wei)魁”無(wu)疑是(shi)(shi)指北(bei)宋(song)后期前(qian)段汝(ru)(ru)官(guan)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)。而被后世稱為(wei)(wei)宋(song)代五大名(ming)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)“汝(ru)(ru)、官(guan)、哥、鈞、定”,亦(yi)將汝(ru)(ru)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)排在(zai)首位。
在(zai)(zai)已知的(de)(de)(de)65件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)汝窯傳世品(pin)中(zhong),除北京故宮博物院11件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)未公開(kai)發表外,其余54件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)中(zhong),洗類(lei)器占(zhan)16件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),盤(pan)14件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),另有橢(tuo)圓水(shui)仙盆5件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),尊2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、樽2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、碗3件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、3件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)、碟3件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),紙追瓶2件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),蓮花式碗1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),盞托1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),深腹洗1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。器底有三個(ge)支(zhi)釘(ding)的(de)(de)(de)占(zhan)18件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),5個(ge)支(zhi)釘(ding)的(de)(de)(de)14件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),6個(ge)支(zhi)釘(ding)的(de)(de)(de)3件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),殘存1個(ge)支(zhi)釘(ding)的(de)(de)(de)1件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),無支(zhi)釘(ding)的(de)(de)(de)18件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。在(zai)(zai)釉色上,粉(fen)青(qing)(qing)27件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),天青(qing)(qing)12件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),卵(luan)青(qing)(qing)10件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian),不明5件(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)。在(zai)(zai)這次(ci)汝官窯燒造區出土(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)大量(liang)(liang)瓷(ci)器中(zhong),除包含(han)以上所(suo)有傳世品(pin)外,還出土(tu)(tu)(tu)不少在(zai)(zai)傳世品(pin)中(zhong)不曾見到(dao)的(de)(de)(de)器形(xing)。如出土(tu)(tu)(tu)量(liang)(liang)較大的(de)(de)(de)有套盒,荷花口平底盤(pan)、盞等(deng),同出土(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)還有缽、罐、盂等(deng),工藝品(pin)鳥首,龍形(xing)器和仿早期青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)器的(de)(de)(de)方壺(hu),圓壺(hu)等(deng)等(deng)。
有(you)幾個(ge)(ge)不(bu)可(ke)忽視的(de)(de)(de)問題,傳世(shi)(shi)品中(zhong)與發掘所(suo)(suo)獲得的(de)(de)(de)大(da)量器物標(biao)本(ben)有(you)所(suo)(suo)區別。其一,清(qing)涼(liang)(liang)寺汝官窯出土的(de)(de)(de)所(suo)(suo)有(you)器物開(kai)片(pian)絕大(da)多(duo)(duo)數(shu)細密(mi),開(kai)片(pian)好者罕見(jian)。釉色粉(fen)青(qing)(qing)者極少。其二,清(qing)涼(liang)(liang)寺汝官窯出土的(de)(de)(de)洗(xi)(xi)(xi)類(lei)器中(zhong)圈(quan)足(zu)洗(xi)(xi)(xi)占相(xiang)對多(duo)(duo)數(shu),胎質較(jiao)傳世(shi)(shi)品薄。器形(xing)的(de)(de)(de)大(da)小差異較(jiao)明顯,盡管如此,絕大(da)多(duo)(duo)數(shu)采用五個(ge)(ge)支釘(ding)藝,并且(qie)五個(ge)(ge)支釘(ding)往往緊貼于圈(quan)足(zu)內側(ce)四(si)周(zhou),這(zhe)些皆與上海博物館藏(zang)(zang)傳世(shi)(shi)品中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)4件和英國達(da)維(wei)德基(ji)金會的(de)(de)(de)1件留足(zu)洗(xi)(xi)(xi)工藝有(you)所(suo)(suo)不(bu)同。其三,北京故(gu)宮博物院院藏(zang)(zang)的(de)(de)(de)1件粉(fen)青(qing)(qing)平底深腹(fu)洗(xi)(xi)(xi)和三足(zu)洗(xi)(xi)(xi)其造(zao)型工藝也有(you)別于清(qing)涼(liang)(liang)寺窯址出土的(de)(de)(de)深腹(fu)平底洗(xi)(xi)(xi)、三足(zu)洗(xi)(xi)(xi)。其四(si),目(mu)前(qian)所(suo)(suo)知(zhi),傳世(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)無紋(wen)汝窯器,只有(you)臺北故(gu)宮博物院的(de)(de)(de)1件“天青(qing)(qing)無紋(wen)橢圓水仙盆(pen)”。這(zhe)些問題值得研究者關注。
有關汝窯(yao)(yao)的(de)文獻記(ji)載已(yi)經被今天的(de)考(kao)古(gu)發掘所(suo)證實。即使如此,仍有人(ren)對(dui)(dui)汝官(guan)窯(yao)(yao)在寶豐(feng)(feng)清涼(liang)寺提出質(zhi)疑。今年6——10月,河南文物考(kao)古(gu)研究所(suo)對(dui)(dui)寶豐(feng)(feng)清涼(liang)寺汝官(guan)窯(yao)(yao)燒造區進行了正式發掘,揭(jie)露面(mian)積475平方米,以其(qi)罕見的(de)窯(yao)(yao)爐、配釉作坊和豐(feng)(feng)富的(de)汝官(guan)瓷器(qi)被清理出來而引人(ren)注目。
清涼(liang)寺(si)古窯(yao)(yao)(yao)址共分為四個發(fa)掘區(qu),這(zhe)次發(fa)掘僅(jin)限于約(yue)4800平方米(mi)的汝(ru)官(guan)(guan)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)燒(shao)造(zao)(zao)區(qu)的西(xi)北部,清理出窯(yao)(yao)(yao)爐15座,作坊2座,大型澄泥池2個,排(pai)列有序大型陶甕10余個,灰坑22個等重要遺跡,出土遺物極為豐(feng)(feng)富,絕(jue)大數為汝(ru)官(guan)(guan)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)瓷器,這(zhe)與我們在第l、11、III燒(shao)造(zao)(zao)區(qu)內青瓷,白瓷、黑(hei)瓷、三(san)彩等瓷器同出絕(jue)然不同。重要的是在汝(ru)官(guan)(guan)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)燒(shao)造(zao)(zao)區(qu)汝(ru)官(guan)(guan)瓷工(gong)藝達到成(cheng)熟階段的地層內出土1枚來(lai)神(shen)(shen)宗(zong)(zong)時期“元豐(feng)(feng)通寶(bao)(bao)”,有可(ke)能(neng)將汝(ru)官(guan)(guan)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)的創燒(shao)時間(jian)(jian)(jian)提(ti)前到來(lai)神(shen)(shen)宗(zong)(zong)元豐(feng)(feng)(公(gong)元1078—一公(gong)元1085)年(nian)間(jian)(jian)(jian)。與陳萬里先生考證汝(ru)州燒(shao)造(zao)(zao)宮廷用瓷時間(jian)(jian)(jian)在哲宗(zong)(zong)元祐元年(nian)(108)到徽宗(zong)(zong)崇寧(ning)五(wu)年(nian)基本(ben)一致。因此,筆(bi)者認為汝(ru)官(guan)(guan)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)就在寶(bao)(bao)豐(feng)(feng)清涼(liang)寺(si)是不可(ke)爭辯的事(shi)實。《坦齋(zhai)筆(bi)衡》中記(ji)載“政(zheng)和間(jian)(jian)(jian),京師自置窯(yao)(yao)(yao)燒(shao)造(zao)(zao),名(ming)日官(guan)(guan)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)”也是可(ke)信(xin)的。