郟(jia)(jia)縣文(wen)廟又(you)(you)稱文(wen)宣(xuan)王廟、孔廟、夫子堂(tang),位于(yu)河南(nan)省郟(jia)(jia)縣老城南(nan)街中(zhong)部東側(ce),是典(dian)型的(de)(de)左學右廟建制(zhi),既是郟(jia)(jia)縣的(de)(de)學宮,又(you)(you)是郟(jia)(jia)縣古代官(guan)方、孔氏(shi)家族、社(she)會各界祭(ji)拜孔子的(de)(de)專祀(si)廟宇。是全國(guo)重(zhong)點文(wen)物保護單(dan)位。
郟(jia)縣是春(chun)秋時(shi)期的(de)思想(xiang)家、政治家、教育(yu)家孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)后(hou)(hou)裔(yi)的(de)聚居地(di)之一(yi),孔(kong)(kong)子(zi)后(hou)(hou)裔(yi)唐代時(shi)就(jiu)遷到郟(jia)縣,被稱作“郟(jia)縣派(pai)(pai)”。“郟(jia)縣派(pai)(pai)”是山東(dong)曲阜孔(kong)(kong)府十(shi)大支派(pai)(pai)之一(yi)。五代后(hou)(hou)周時(shi),孔(kong)(kong)姓族人(ren)在(zai)時(shi)任(ren)(ren)澤區令郭忠(zhong)恕(shu)的(de)支持下和“寧陵支派(pai)(pai)”、“魯山支派(pai)(pai)”遷郟(jia)的(de)宗親聯(lian)合(he),共同(tong)創建(jian)孔(kong)(kong)氏家廟,公元954年(后(hou)(hou)周世宗顯德元年)竣工。北宋末(mo)年毀于戰火。公元1206年(金泰(tai)和六年),時(shi)任(ren)(ren)知縣張志行(xing)在(zai)原(yuan)址(zhi)上重(zhong)建(jian)官方(fang)文廟,奉旨倡導民眾尊孔(kong)(kong)學(xue)儒(ru)。明(ming)清兩代大修(xiu)十(shi)次(ci),建(jian)國后(hou)(hou)又多次(ci)維(wei)修(xiu)。郟(jia)縣文廟是一(yi)組(zu)頗具東(dong)方(fang)建(jian)筑(zhu)色彩的(de)古代建(jian)筑(zhu)群,在(zai)規模、建(jian)制(zhi)、保(bao)存完好程度等方(fang)面,除了(le)(le)山東(dong)曲阜孔(kong)(kong)廟、南京夫子(zi)廟以(yi)外,超(chao)過(guo)了(le)(le)其他全國各(ge)地(di)的(de)文廟,具有極高的(de)文物價值和文化(hua)藝術價值。
郟(jia)縣(xian)文廟(miao)整體(ti)(ti)布局(ju)為坐北(bei)朝南,中(zhong)心(xin)廟(miao)區(qu)占(zhan)地9000多平方(fang)米,可控制面積16萬(wan)多平方(fang)米,保(bao)存建(jian)筑(zhu)22棟71間。整體(ti)(ti)布局(ju)由東(dong)、中(zhong)、西一主(zhu)兩次(ci)(ci)三條南北(bei)軸(zhou)(zhou)線(xian)貫穿,中(zhong)軸(zhou)(zhou)線(xian)以(yi)大成(cheng)殿為主(zhu)體(ti)(ti)建(jian)筑(zhu)。東(dong)軸(zhou)(zhou)線(xian)南北(bei)依(yi)次(ci)(ci)有節(jie)孝總(zong)坊、節(jie)孝祠(ci)、崇圣祠(ci)和古代儒學署,以(yi)崇圣祠(ci)和節(jie)孝祠(ci)為主(zhu)體(ti)(ti)建(jian)筑(zhu)。西軸(zhou)(zhou)線(xian)有忠義祠(ci)、土地祠(ci)等建(jian)筑(zhu)。三條軸(zhou)(zhou)線(xian)各(ge)自布局(ju)完整,但又相互依(yi)存,體(ti)(ti)現了曲阜孔廟(miao)和孔府兩大建(jian)筑(zhu)群既綜(zong)合(he)又取(qu)舍的建(jian)筑(zhu)格局(ju)。 [2] ?
保(bao)存的(de)大成殿、戟門、名宦祠(ci)、鄉賢祠(ci)、兩廡等均為(wei)清(qing)代木構建(jian)筑。該建(jian)筑占(zhan)地5萬平方(fang)米,具有明顯的(de)特點:創建(jian)年(nian)代久遠、規(gui)模宏大、氣勢雄偉(wei);保(bao)存完好;建(jian)筑規(gui)制是(shi)取法山東曲阜(fu)孔(kong)廟、孔(kong)府兩大建(jian)筑群(qun)的(de)精華而建(jian)成的(de)又一具有東方(fang)建(jian)筑色彩(cai)的(de)古代建(jian)筑群(qun)。
大成殿(dian)(dian)(dian)面(mian)(mian)闊五(wu)間(jian),進深(shen)三間(jian),單檐(yan)(yan)歇山(shan)式建筑,綠色(se)琉璃瓦覆蓋殿(dian)(dian)(dian)頂。檐(yan)(yan)下大額枋與平板枋透(tou)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)日月云氣、人物(wu)車馬、橋梁房(fang)舍、花(hua)鳥山(shan)水、臥榻桌椅等精美木(mu)(mu)(mu)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)圖案。前檐(yan)(yan)四根木(mu)(mu)(mu)檐(yan)(yan)柱柱頭鼓浮雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)形(xing)象(xiang)生(sheng)動的(de)(de)虎首(shou)。柱身的(de)(de)通體(ti)柱面(mian)(mian)透(tou)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)滾龍(long)(long)云氣,雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)刻精湛,栩栩如(ru)生(sheng)。這些絢(xuan)麗的(de)(de)浮雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)、透(tou)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)木(mu)(mu)(mu)刻畫面(mian)(mian),具有重要的(de)(de)歷(li)史和藝術價值。雖然(ran)不(bu)如(ru)山(shan)西晉祠圣母(mu)殿(dian)(dian)(dian)宋代(dai)木(mu)(mu)(mu)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)龍(long)(long)柱的(de)(de)時代(dai)早,但是在全國也(ye)是不(bu)多見的(de)(de),河南(nan)僅此一(yi)例(li),可謂(wei)清代(dai)木(mu)(mu)(mu)雕(diao)(diao)(diao)(diao)龍(long)(long)柱的(de)(de)佼(jiao)佼(jiao)者。
大成(cheng)殿外檐(yan)斗拱、檁枋等(deng)(deng)處保(bao)留有(you)部分原(yuan)構(gou)彩(cai)畫(hua)(hua)(hua),具有(you)非常重要的(de)(de)研究價(jia)值。因為(wei)這(zhe)里彩(cai)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)色調、畫(hua)(hua)(hua)技、風格(ge)和(he)繪畫(hua)(hua)(hua)內(nei)容(rong)等(deng)(deng)既不同于通行(xing)于北(bei)京(jing)、承德等(deng)(deng)地(di)(di)(di)區的(de)(de)“殿式(shi)”彩(cai)畫(hua)(hua)(hua),又不同于流行(xing)于蘇杭等(deng)(deng)地(di)(di)(di)區的(de)(de)“蘇式(shi)”彩(cai)畫(hua)(hua)(hua),而獨具濃(nong)郁的(de)(de)中(zhong)原(yuan)地(di)(di)(di)區地(di)(di)(di)方特征。鑒于彩(cai)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)不易保(bao)存等(deng)(deng)原(yuan)因,河南等(deng)(deng)中(zhong)原(yuan)地(di)(di)(di)區此(ci)類原(yuan)構(gou)彩(cai)畫(hua)(hua)(hua)已(yi)經(jing)不多見(jian),所(suo)以尤為(wei)珍貴。
文(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)前(qian)的柏(bo)樹行街,是(shi)創建(jian)文(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)時設置的神(shen)道,長400米(mi)(mi)。神(shen)道北段住(zhu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)孔(kong)姓守(shou)廟(miao)(miao)戶,至今尚在(zai)。以柏(bo)樹行街為(wei)主(zhu)軸線,往北是(shi)文(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)屏垣(yuan)(即照(zhao)壁)和玉(yu)帶街透花圍墻,屏垣(yuan)以北仿皇宮之制,建(jian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)半(ban)圓形泮池(chi)(chi),池(chi)(chi)上(shang)建(jian)石拱(gong)(gong)泮水橋(qiao),俗稱狀元橋(qiao)。中(zhong)軸線東(dong)側(ce)為(wei)圣域門(men),西(xi)側(ce)為(wei)賢(xian)關門(men)。欞星門(men)為(wei)牌坊式,是(shi)文(wen)(wen)廟(miao)(miao)正門(men),其后(hou)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)戟門(men),戟門(men)東(dong)側(ce)是(shi)名宦祠和御碑院(yuan),名宦祠內(nei)奉有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)自漢代(dai)后(hou)曾在(zai)郟縣(xian)任職(zhi)、造福一方的19位(wei)縣(xian)令,西(xi)側(ce)是(shi)鄉賢(xian)祠,祠內(nei)敬奉有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)郟縣(xian)籍歷代(dai)先(xian)賢(xian)。過戟門(men)是(shi)祭拜庭院(yuan),有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)東(dong)西(xi)廊廡和耳房(fang)。主(zhu)體(ti)(ti)建(jian)筑(zhu)大成殿高15.5米(mi)(mi),面(mian)闊19.7米(mi)(mi),進深1.76米(mi)(mi),廟(miao)(miao)制五(wu)間,為(wei)九脊(ji)歇山廡殿式建(jian)筑(zhu)。室內(nei)藝(yi)術裝(zhuang)飾華貴、富麗堂皇。殿內(nei)三梁起(qi)架,梁上(shang)彩繪采(cai)(cai)用(yong)中(zhong)原民間手法(fa),保存完好。殿前(qian)明柱8根(gen),粗圍1.85米(mi)(mi),高4.6米(mi)(mi)。迎面(mian)4根(gen)檐(yan)柱,通體(ti)(ti)深浮雕騰(teng)龍(long)(long),柱頂(ding)刻(ke)制獠(liao)牙(ya)虎面(mian),俯視騰(teng)龍(long)(long),龍(long)(long)虎相(xiang)戲。柱礎八面(mian)浮雕。中(zhong)間二礎于正面(mian)刻(ke)河圖(tu)和洛書(shu),其他分(fen)別刻(ke)魚躍龍(long)(long)門(men)、一品當(dang)朝(chao)、封侯摘印等吉祥故事,雕刻(ke)精巧。所用(yong)斗(dou)拱(gong)(gong)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)了透雕手法(fa),對斗(dou)、拱(gong)(gong)、昂(ang)、翹(qiao)、枋(fang)、雀替等都作(zuo)了藝(yi)術加工。檐(yan)下的斗(dou)拱(gong)(gong)昂(ang)翹(qiao),上(shang)層(ceng)(ceng)為(wei)五(wu)彩龍(long)(long)頭,中(zhong)下層(ceng)(ceng)為(wei)象首,其后(hou)點綴透雕云(yun)海波濤(tao)。斗(dou)拱(gong)(gong)下的額枋(fang)上(shang)繪有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)祥龍(long)(long)飛云(yun)。
郟縣(xian)文廟(miao)(miao)的(de)古(gu)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)有(you)以(yi)下獨特(te)之處(chu):一、它(ta)創建(jian)年代(dai)久(jiu)遠(yuan),規(gui)模宏大,氣(qi)勢雄偉(wei),保存完好,木、石雕刻藝(yi)術(shu)和(he)彩繪藝(yi)術(shu)在全國各縣(xian)級文廟(miao)(miao)中好。二、它(ta)的(de)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)規(gui)制是山(shan)東(dong)曲阜孔(kong)廟(miao)(miao)、孔(kong)府兩大建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)群(qun)經過綜合(he)和(he)取舍后建(jian)成(cheng)的(de)又一具有(you)東(dong)方(fang)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)色(se)彩的(de)古(gu)代(dai)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)群(qun)。三、它(ta)與正統(tong)孔(kong)子(zi)后裔密切(qie)相關,既是孔(kong)子(zi)家(jia)廟(miao)(miao),又是官方(fang)文廟(miao)(miao),受到了國家(jia)文物專家(jia)、古(gu)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)專家(jia)和(he)社會各界的(de)高度贊評和(he)關注。