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考古發掘

2010年9月，為配合(he)鄭(zheng)州(zhou)南出(chu)口暨鄭(zheng)新通道基本建設，經國家(jia)文(wen)物局(ju)批準，河南省文(wen)物局(ju)、鄭(zheng)州(zhou)市文(wen)物局(ju)組織鄭(zheng)州(zhou)市文(wen)物考古研究院(yuan)正(zheng)式對望京樓遺址遺址進行考古發掘。

2010年9月至12月，該(gai)院在對河南新鄭望(wang)京(jing)樓遺址(zhi)考古(gu)發掘中，發現了夏代和商代兩座城(cheng)址(zhi)，并(bing)發現了外廓城(cheng)，城(cheng)址(zhi)總面積達168萬(wan)平(ping)方米。

2011年1月12日，鄭(zheng)州市文(wen)物(wu)考古(gu)研(yan)究院對(dui)外(wai)公布(bu)了(le)一項考古(gu)發現(xian)，這是中(zhong)原(yuan)地區(qu)繼鄭(zheng)州商城、偃(yan)師二(er)里(li)頭、偃(yan)師商城和滎陽大師姑等之(zhi)后，在夏(xia)商大型城址方面(mian)的又一重(zhong)大發現(xian)，對(dui)我們研(yan)究中(zhong)原(yuan)地區(qu)早期(qi)城市群的發展演(yan)變和國家起源意義重(zhong)大。

遺址結構

望京樓商代城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址保存較(jiao)為完整。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址平面近方(fang)(fang)形，方(fang)(fang)向為北偏東(dong)(dong)15°。東(dong)(dong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻長約(yue)590米(mi)、北城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻長約(yue)602米(mi)、南城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻長約(yue)630米(mi)、西城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻長約(yue)560米(mi)，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻寬度為10～20米(mi)，整個城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址面積(ji)約(yue)為37萬平方(fang)(fang)米(mi)。 城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻外側(ce)為寬約(yue)15米(mi)的(de)護城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)河。

東(dong)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻偏南(nan)(nan)發(fa)現(xian)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)和道路，整座城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)占地2000平方米，是(shi)目前(qian)我國(guo)發(fa)現(xian)早期(qi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址中(zhong)(zhong)規(gui)模大(da)、形(xing)制完(wan)備的城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)。城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)寬4.5米，呈凹字形(xing)，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)兩側有立柱(zhu)柱(zhu)洞(dong)及附屬建筑(zhu)設施，從整個城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門(men)的結(jie)構來看，可謂是(shi)后期(qi)甕城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的雛形(xing)，這將(jiang)中(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)甕城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的出現(xian)向前(qian)推到了商代前(qian)期(qi)。道路為(wei)東(dong)西走向，目前(qian)發(fa)掘(jue)長度為(wei)40米，寬4～6米。在城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址中(zhong)(zhong)南(nan)(nan)部發(fa)現(xian)大(da)型夯土(tu)建筑(zhu)基址一處，目前(qian)發(fa)掘(jue)面積為(wei)900平方米，為(wei)大(da)型回廊(lang)式建筑(zhu)，北(bei)部為(wei)主體建筑(zhu)，西、南(nan)(nan)、東(dong)為(wei)配房，中(zhong)(zhong)部為(wei)庭院。

夏代城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址位(wei)于商(shang)代城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址外側，緊(jin)鄰(lin)商(shang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)外護城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)河。

目(mu)前已確定(ding)該城(cheng)址的(de)東城(cheng)墻(qiang)及(ji)東南、東北城(cheng)墻(qiang)轉(zhuan)角，其(qi)中東城(cheng)墻(qiang)長625米(mi)。城(cheng)址平面(mian)亦為方形，其(qi)護城(cheng)河緊貼城(cheng)墻(qiang)，寬約11米(mi)。

在距夏商城(cheng)(cheng)址城(cheng)(cheng)墻東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)北角約300米處(chu)的馬垌村東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)北部及南部鉆探時發(fa)現有夯土城(cheng)(cheng)墻，城(cheng)(cheng)墻外(wai)為一條人工開鑿的壕溝，為外(wai)廓城(cheng)(cheng)墻和護(hu)城(cheng)(cheng)河(he)。護(hu)城(cheng)(cheng)河(he)長(chang)約1100米，寬6～25米，深3～4米，經重點勘探，其東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)接(jie)黃(huang)(huang)溝水，西連黃(huang)(huang)水河(he)。總體來(lai)看，望(wang)(wang)京(jing)樓(lou)(lou)遺(yi)址西、南有黃(huang)(huang)水河(he)，東(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)有黃(huang)(huang)溝水，惟北邊與陸地(di)相(xiang)通，這樣，外(wai)廓城(cheng)(cheng)墻、護(hu)城(cheng)(cheng)河(he)與黃(huang)(huang)水河(he)、黃(huang)(huang)溝水一起(qi)形成一個封閉的城(cheng)(cheng)圈(quan)，望(wang)(wang)京(jing)樓(lou)(lou)遺(yi)址的夏、商二(er)城(cheng)(cheng)均在這個大(da)城(cheng)(cheng)圈(quan)之(zhi)內(nei)。

學術意義

望(wang)(wang)(wang)京(jing)(jing)(jing)樓夏(xia)(xia)商(shang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)(zhi)發現(xian)(xian)(xian)之(zhi)后(hou)，我(wo)國考(kao)(kao)(kao)(kao)古界(jie)專(zhuan)家(jia)嚴文(wen)明先(xian)生和(he)李(li)伯謙先(xian)生聞訊即親臨(lin)現(xian)(xian)(xian)場進行實地考(kao)(kao)(kao)(kao)察(cha)，指出(chu)(chu)望(wang)(wang)(wang)京(jing)(jing)(jing)樓夏(xia)(xia)商(shang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)十分重(zhong)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)考(kao)(kao)(kao)(kao)古發現(xian)(xian)(xian)。鑒于(yu)(yu)(yu)望(wang)(wang)(wang)京(jing)(jing)(jing)樓夏(xia)(xia)商(shang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)發現(xian)(xian)(xian)意義重(zhong)大(da)(da)，2011年1月5日(ri)，河(he)南(nan)省文(wen)物(wu)局(ju)邀(yao)請國家(jia)文(wen)物(wu)局(ju)、北京(jing)(jing)(jing)大(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)、中國社(she)會科(ke)學(xue)(xue)院考(kao)(kao)(kao)(kao)古研(yan)(yan)究所、首都(dou)師(shi)范大(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)、南(nan)京(jing)(jing)(jing)大(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)、山東大(da)(da)學(xue)(xue)等單位的(de)(de)夏(xia)(xia)商(shang)考(kao)(kao)(kao)(kao)古專(zhuan)家(jia)在新鄭(zheng)召開“河(he)南(nan)新鄭(zheng)望(wang)(wang)(wang)京(jing)(jing)(jing)樓遺址(zhi)(zhi)專(zhuan)家(jia)論證會”。與(yu)會專(zhuan)家(jia)聽取了(le)鄭(zheng)州市文(wen)物(wu)考(kao)(kao)(kao)(kao)古研(yan)(yan)究院對新鄭(zheng)望(wang)(wang)(wang)京(jing)(jing)(jing)樓遺址(zhi)(zhi)發掘情況的(de)(de)匯報，實地考(kao)(kao)(kao)(kao)察(cha)了(le)發掘現(xian)(xian)(xian)場和(he)出(chu)(chu)土文(wen)物(wu)標本(ben)，并進行了(le)科(ke)學(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)討和(he)論證。專(zhuan)家(jia)們指出(chu)(chu)：望(wang)(wang)(wang)京(jing)(jing)(jing)樓夏(xia)(xia)代(dai)(dai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)(zhi)面積僅次于(yu)(yu)(yu)夏(xia)(xia)代(dai)(dai)都(dou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)偃(yan)師(shi)二(er)里頭，其(qi)面積之(zhi)大(da)(da)在夏(xia)(xia)代(dai)(dai)聚(ju)落(luo)中是(shi)極為(wei)罕見的(de)(de)，初(chu)步推測其(qi)性質可(ke)能為(wei)夏(xia)(xia)之(zhi)某(mou)一(yi)方國都(dou)邑；望(wang)(wang)(wang)京(jing)(jing)(jing)樓商(shang)代(dai)(dai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)(zhi)是(shi)繼鄭(zheng)州商(shang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、偃(yan)師(shi)商(shang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)之(zhi)后(hou)河(he)南(nan)境內新發現(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)又一(yi)座商(shang)代(dai)(dai)前期城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)(zhi)，其(qi)規模雖(sui)遜(xun)于(yu)(yu)(yu)都(dou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，但遠(yuan)大(da)(da)于(yu)(yu)(yu)其(qi)他建于(yu)(yu)(yu)同(tong)時期的(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)(zhi)，此可(ke)彰顯出(chu)(chu)其(qi)高等級(ji)的(de)(de)聚(ju)落(luo)地位。望(wang)(wang)(wang)京(jing)(jing)(jing)樓商(shang)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)門設施突出(chu)(chu)體現(xian)(xian)(xian)了(le)濃厚的(de)(de)軍事防御(yu)色(se)彩，為(wei)我(wo)國較早(zao)形制較為(wei)完備的(de)(de)甕城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。望(wang)(wang)(wang)京(jing)(jing)(jing)樓夏(xia)(xia)代(dai)(dai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)(zhi)和(he)商(shang)代(dai)(dai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)址(zhi)(zhi)位于(yu)(yu)(yu)同(tong)一(yi)地點，對于(yu)(yu)(yu)探討夏(xia)(xia)商(shang)歷史、夏(xia)(xia)代(dai)(dai)晚期文(wen)化(hua)與(yu)商(shang)代(dai)(dai)早(zao)期文(wen)化(hua)更替及中國早(zao)期城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)池建設等問題(ti)都(dou)具有重(zhong)要(yao)意義，是(shi)極為(wei)重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)考(kao)(kao)(kao)(kao)古新發現(xian)(xian)(xian)。