據記載,始燒于(yu)唐武德(de)(618一626)間。建國(guo)后發現遺址多處,以(yi)楊梅亭、石(shi) 虎灣、黃泥(ni)頭(tou)早,均為(wei)五代時期,燒青瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)和白瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci),青瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)釉色偏灰,白瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)釉色純正,達70度。陶瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)窯爐的(de)(de)一種。亦稱“蛋形窯”。可能是從龍(long)窯和參考北方饅(man)頭(tou)窯,又根據燒松柴的(de)(de)特(te)點發展起來的(de)(de)。窯身如半個甕俯覆,又似半個蛋形覆置,也象一個前高后低(di)的(de)(de)隧道(dao)。在控制燒成氣氛和瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)器質量以(yi)及燃料(liao)消耗等方面,均較龍(long)窯、階級(ji)窯和饅(man)頭(tou)窯等為(wei)優(you)。明清以(yi)來景德(de)鎮制瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)所取得的(de)(de)成就,是和這(zhe)種窯的(de)(de)采用分不開的(de)(de)。
景(jing)(jing)(jing)德(de)(de)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)窯(yao)(yao)位于江西(xi)省(sheng)景(jing)(jing)(jing)德(de)(de)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)市。景(jing)(jing)(jing)德(de)(de)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)原名昌南鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen),因北宋(song)(song)景(jing)(jing)(jing)德(de)(de)年間燒制(zhi)的(de)精美瓷(ci)器(qi)而(er)稱今名。景(jing)(jing)(jing)德(de)(de)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)窯(yao)(yao)自唐(tang)代(dai)起(qi)即燒制(zhi)青(qing)(qing)(qing)瓷(ci),至北宋(song)(song)時以燒制(zhi)青(qing)(qing)(qing)白(bai)(bai)瓷(ci)為(wei)主(zhu)。其(qi)(qi)瓷(ci)釉(you)(you)色白(bai)(bai)而(er)略帶青(qing)(qing)(qing)味,這種(zhong)(zhong)白(bai)(bai)中泛(fan)青(qing)(qing)(qing)、青(qing)(qing)(qing)中見白(bai)(bai)的(de)色釉(you)(you),為(wei)景(jing)(jing)(jing)德(de)(de)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)窯(yao)(yao)的(de)新創,其(qi)(qi)色調給人(ren)以清新爽快(kuai)之(zhi)感。青(qing)(qing)(qing)白(bai)(bai)瓷(ci)以光(guang)素者(zhe)居多,亦間有(you)刻花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)者(zhe)。靖康之(zhi)變后,隨(sui)宋(song)(song)室南遷,北方(fang)定(ding)(ding)窯(yao)(yao)的(de)許多制(zhi)瓷(ci)工匠也隨(sui)之(zhi)南下(xia),他(ta)們帶來了定(ding)(ding)窯(yao)(yao)瓷(ci)器(qi)制(zhi)作技術(shu),在(zai)景(jing)(jing)(jing)德(de)(de)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)仿制(zhi)定(ding)(ding)窯(yao)(yao)瓷(ci)器(qi)。所(suo)產瓷(ci)器(qi),胎體(ti)(ti)釉(you)(you)色純白(bai)(bai)如粉,有(you)粉定(ding)(ding)之(zhi)稱。受其(qi)(qi)影響(xiang),景(jing)(jing)(jing)德(de)(de)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)窯(yao)(yao)所(suo)燒青(qing)(qing)(qing)白(bai)(bai)瓷(ci),裝飾逐漸為(wei)印(yin)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)所(suo)替代(dai)。青(qing)(qing)(qing)白(bai)(bai)釉(you)(you)瓷(ci)器(qi)的(de)釉(you)(you)質(zhi)透明如水,胎體(ti)(ti)質(zhi)薄輕巧(qiao),青(qing)(qing)(qing)白(bai)(bai)的(de)瓷(ci)釉(you)(you)罩在(zai)刻花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、印(yin)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)器(qi)皿上(shang),紋樣的(de)凹下(xia)處積釉(you)(you)稍(shao)厚而(er)較青(qing)(qing)(qing),胎薄的(de)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)紋在(zai)迎光(guang)下(xia)若隱若現,故又有(you)影青(qing)(qing)(qing)、映青(qing)(qing)(qing)、隱青(qing)(qing)(qing)、罩青(qing)(qing)(qing)之(zhi)稱。景(jing)(jing)(jing)德(de)(de)鎮(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)窯(yao)(yao)青(qing)(qing)(qing)白(bai)(bai)瓷(ci)曾作為(wei)貢瓷(ci),供(gong)御(yu)府使用,其(qi)(qi)品種(zhong)(zhong)有(you)碗(wan)、盒、盤、注子、瓶等。造型上(shang)常作成瓜棱口(kou)、花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)瓣(ban)等形(xing)狀,紋飾有(you)牡丹、 梅花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、芙(fu)蓉、 蓮花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、鴛鴦(yang)、魚(yu)、鴨及兒童形(xing)象等,其(qi)(qi)裝飾方(fang)法為(wei)刻花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、劃花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、印(yin)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)和貼(tie)花(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)等種(zhong)(zhong)類。
到了(le)元(yuan)代(dai)(dai),景(jing)德(de)(de)鎮窯(yao)(yao)(yao)繼(ji)續(xu)發(fa)展,已(yi)成(cheng)(cheng)功地燒制(zhi)(zhi)出了(le)青(qing)花、釉里紅(hong)(hong)、紅(hong)(hong)釉等(deng)品種,并逐漸成(cheng)(cheng)為全(quan)國的(de)制(zhi)(zhi)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)中(zhong)心。明清時(shi)(shi)期(qi),景(jing)德(de)(de)鎮窯(yao)(yao)(yao)獲(huo)得(de)了(le)空前發(fa)展,由于原材料的(de)豐富和(he)工匠技(ji)藝(yi)的(de)高超,使所制(zhi)(zhi)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)器在(zai)花色品種、器物類型,以(yi)及造型、裝(zhuang)飾(shi)等(deng)方面較之前代(dai)(dai),均有(you)極(ji)大(da)的(de)豐富、提高和(he)創(chuang)新,成(cheng)(cheng)為中(zhong)國古代(dai)(dai)制(zhi)(zhi)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)工藝(yi)的(de)鼎盛期(qi)。此一時(shi)(shi)期(qi)著名的(de)品種有(you):明代(dai)(dai)永(yong)樂(le)(1403~1424)、宣德(de)(de)(1426~1435)年(nian)(nian)間的(de)青(qing)花、紅(hong)(hong)釉、青(qing)釉等(deng),在(zai)元(yuan)代(dai)(dai)的(de)基礎上,又向前推進一步,成(cheng)(cheng)為當時(shi)(shi)及后(hou)(hou)來(lai)景(jing)德(de)(de)鎮窯(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)主(zhu)要(yao)品種。成(cheng)(cheng)化(1465~1487)年(nian)(nian)間的(de)斗(dou)彩(cai)、 正德(de)(de)(1506~1521)年(nian)(nian)間的(de)孔(kong)雀綠釉及嘉靖(jing)(1522~1566)、萬(wan)歷(li)(1573~1620)年(nian)(nian)間的(de)五彩(cai)等(deng)新品種, 也以(yi)胎(tai)質細(xi)膩、釉色晶(jing)瑩柔潤(run)、紋飾(shi)圖案精美,而風靡于世。清代(dai)(dai)康熙(1662~1722)、 雍正(1723~1735)、乾隆(1736~1795)年(nian)(nian)間的(de)青(qing)花、五彩(cai)、紅(hong)(hong)釉、天青(qing)釉、素三彩(cai)、粉彩(cai)、琺瑯彩(cai)、窯(yao)(yao)(yao)變(bian)釉、廣(guang)彩(cai)等(deng),更是絢(xuan)麗多彩(cai),競相爭輝,產品行(xing)銷全(quan)國,遠銷海外(wai),成(cheng)(cheng)為中(zhong)國瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)器的(de)主(zhu)要(yao)產地,有(you)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)都之稱(cheng)。清代(dai)(dai)后(hou)(hou)期(qi)至民(min)(min)國時(shi)(shi)期(qi),由于社會動蕩,景(jing)德(de)(de)鎮窯(yao)(yao)(yao)的(de)制(zhi)(zhi)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)業出現凋零或停滯狀態,中(zhong)華人民(min)(min)共(gong)和(he)國建立后(hou)(hou),又重獲(huo)發(fa)展。景(jing)德(de)(de)鎮窯(yao)(yao)(yao)在(zai)繼(ji)承(cheng)傳統工藝(yi),恢復傳統品種,創(chuang)造新的(de)品種樣式(shi)等(deng)方面,進行(xing)廣(guang)泛(fan)深入地探索,并已(yi)取得(de)了(le)突出成(cheng)(cheng)就。 五代(dai)(dai)燒制(zhi)(zhi)青(qing)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)和(he)白(bai)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci),產品以(yi)碗、盤類為主(zhu),青(qing)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)釉色青(qing)中(zhong)帶灰,白(bai)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)釉色較白(bai)。采用支(zhi)燒法(fa),碗、盤器內和(he)底有(you)一周長形(xing)支(zhi)燒痕(hen)。以(yi)勝梅亭,湘湖(hu)為主(zhu)。
宋(song)代(dai)時燒青白瓷為主,有(you)(you)名(ming)的湖田(tian)窯就在(zai)景德鎮的湖田(tian)村(cun),器(qi)型有(you)(you)碗、盤、合、瓶、壺、罐、枕等。裝飾上有(you)(you)刻花(hua)、劃花(hua)、印(yin)花(hua)、篦劃紋(wen)(wen)(wen)等技法。紋(wen)(wen)(wen)飾有(you)(you)龍(long)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)、鳳(feng)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)、嬰戲紋(wen)(wen)(wen)、海水紋(wen)(wen)(wen)、纏(chan)枝花(hua)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)等。
明萬(wan)(wan)歷景德鎮窯三(san)彩爐,形制(zhi)(zhi)為(wei)(wei)直(zhi)(zhi)口(kou),深(shen)腹,圜底,半圓(yuan)形直(zhi)(zhi)耳(er),三(san)螭(chi)足,為(wei)(wei)黃(huang)釉地飾(shi)紫(zi)、綠、藍三(san)色(se)(se)。爐的形制(zhi)(zhi)和(he)其他(ta)香爐基本相似,只(zhi)是(shi)上面裝飾(shi)比較新穎(ying)。爐的三(san)足由三(san)螭(chi)首構成(cheng),作仰視透(tou)(tou)雕(diao)式,二螭(chi)尾上卷形成(cheng)兩個爐耳(er),飾(shi)透(tou)(tou)雕(diao)靈芝紋(wen)。一螭(chi)尾部貼于爐腹形成(cheng)半浮雕(diao)式花紋(wen)。螭(chi)為(wei)(wei)紫(zi)色(se)(se),與(yu)爐腹的黃(huang)色(se)(se)形成(cheng)對比,一深(shen)一淺、一暗一明,醒目而且顯得張揚。整(zheng)件爐體(ti)設計新穎(ying),造(zao)型別致(zhi),蟠螭(chi)紋(wen)變得更加美觀和(he)惹人喜(xi)愛,早已成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)一種吉(ji)祥的傳統紋(wen)飾(shi)。在(zai)爐底外壁有(you)青花“大明萬(wan)(wan)歷年(nian)制(zhi)(zhi)”款,文分兩豎行(xing),外有(you)雙圈線。此(ci)爐出(chu)土(tu)萬(wan)(wan)歷帝(di)槨(guo)北側。
中(zhong)國傳(chuan)統(tong)的(de)陶瓷(ci)(ci)可(ke)分(fen)為三大(da)類:龍窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(傾(qing)斜式(shi)隧道(dao)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao))、階級窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(傾(qing)斜式(shi)冷(leng)底多(duo)(duo)室窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao))以及景(jing)(jing)德(de)(de)鎮(zhen)(zhen)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(平焰(yan)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao))。 景(jing)(jing)德(de)(de)鎮(zhen)(zhen)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)為我國傳(chuan)統(tong)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)爐中(zhong)獨具風格(ge)的(de)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)。它的(de)燒成(cheng)室型呈一頭大(da)一頭小的(de)長(chang)橢圓(yuan)形,近窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)門(men)處(chu)寬而(er)高(gao)(gao),靠近煙囪(cong)則逐漸狹(xia)窄矮小,故有"鴨蛋窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)"之稱(cheng),全長(chang)約15-20米(mi)(mi),容積為300-400立方(fang)(fang)米(mi)(mi),是以松柴(chai)為燃(ran)料,火焰(yan)長(chang)而(er)灰分(fen)少(shao)(shao),因(yin)(yin)不(bu)含硫黃或(huo)者(zhe)含量極少(shao)(shao),適(shi)(shi)宜燒還原焰(yan),對于白瓷(ci)(ci)、青(qing)花瓷(ci)(ci)、顏色釉(you)瓷(ci)(ci)等(deng)傳(chuan)統(tong)瓷(ci)(ci)的(de)釉(you)面(mian)(mian)呈色效果(guo)良(liang)好,可(ke)裝燒高(gao)(gao)火、中(zhong)火、低火的(de)瓷(ci)(ci)坯。因(yin)(yin)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)內(nei)腔較高(gao)(gao)(最高(gao)(gao)高(gao)(gao)度不(bu)超過6米(mi)(mi)),便于裝燒大(da)件(jian)制品,適(shi)(shi)合多(duo)(duo)品種(zhong)生產的(de)條件(jian)。因(yin)(yin)此,景(jing)(jing)德(de)(de)鎮(zhen)(zhen)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)(在景(jing)(jing)德(de)(de)鎮(zhen)(zhen)也叫柴(chai)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao))單(dan)位公斤瓷(ci)(ci)的(de)燃(ran)料消(xiao)耗量小。另(ling)外,其結構簡單(dan),鎮(zhen)(zhen)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)建(jian)筑速(su)度快(kuai),基建(jian)費用少(shao)(shao),產量大(da),周轉(zhuan)期(qi)快(kuai),可(ke)以快(kuai)速(su)燒成(cheng)和快(kuai)速(su)冷(leng)卻,適(shi)(shi)應(ying)于景(jing)(jing)德(de)(de)鎮(zhen)(zhen)附(fu)近制瓷(ci)(ci)原料的(de)特性和瓷(ci)(ci)器的(de)傳(chuan)統(tong)風格(ge)。對南方(fang)(fang)某些瓷(ci)(ci)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)來說,在控制燒成(cheng)氣氛和瓷(ci)(ci)器質量,以及燃(ran)料(松柴(chai))消(xiao)耗等(deng)方(fang)(fang)面(mian)(mian),鎮(zhen)(zhen)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)均較龍窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)、階級窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)和倒焰(yan)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)等(deng)優(you)點。據考(kao)證(zheng),古時景(jing)(jing)德(de)(de)鎮(zhen)(zhen)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)很(hen)多(duo)(duo)工人,都是從蕭窯(yao)(yao)(yao)(yao)遷入。
景德鎮(zhen)(zhen)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)窯(yao),據(ju)元蔣(jiang)祁(qi)《陶(tao)記(ji)略》記(ji)載(zai),南(nan)(nan)朝時(shi)期(qi)即(ji)已有瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)業,唐(tang)代(dai)已燒(shao)(shao)白(bai)(bai)(bai)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci),其(qi)時(shi)景德鎮(zhen)(zhen)名新平,又名昌南(nan)(nan)鎮(zhen)(zhen)。北宋(song)初年(nian)(nian),向(xiang)京師貢白(bai)(bai)(bai)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci),宋(song)真宗景德年(nian)(nian)間貢瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)得到賞識(shi),改鎮(zhen)(zhen)名為景德鎮(zhen)(zhen),并設置監(jian)鎮(zhen)(zhen),由官(guan)監(jian)民燒(shao)(shao),創燒(shao)(shao)出(chu)(chu)影青(qing)(qing)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)。元代(dai)在景德鎮(zhen)(zhen)設立“浮梁瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)局”,監(jian)燒(shao)(shao)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)器(qi)(qi)(qi),創燒(shao)(shao)出(chu)(chu)卵(luan)白(bai)(bai)(bai)色的(de)(de)“樞府”釉(you)(you)(you)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)及(ji)(ji)釉(you)(you)(you)下(xia)彩(cai)的(de)(de)青(qing)(qing)花、釉(you)(you)(you)里紅瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)器(qi)(qi)(qi)。明清(qing)時(shi)期(qi),景德鎮(zhen)(zhen)成為中國(guo)著名的(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)中心。明代(dai)在此設置御器(qi)(qi)(qi)廠(chang),專門(men)燒(shao)(shao)造(zao)宮廷用瓷(ci)(ci)(ci),御器(qi)(qi)(qi)廠(chang)控制(zhi)(zhi)了熟練的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)匠、壟斷(duan)優質瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)土和釉(you)(you)(you)料,對制(zhi)(zhi)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝過程(cheng)制(zhi)(zhi)定統一的(de)(de)、精細的(de)(de)分工(gong)(gong)(gong),規定了各(ge)道(dao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)序的(de)(de)規格(ge),使制(zhi)(zhi)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)水(shui)平大(da)為提高(gao)。明代(dai)主要燒(shao)(shao)造(zao)青(qing)(qing)花瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)器(qi)(qi)(qi),同時(shi)創燒(shao)(shao)出(chu)(chu)點彩(cai)、釉(you)(you)(you)下(xia)彩(cai)、釉(you)(you)(you)上彩(cai)、斗彩(cai)等多(duo)種(zhong)彩(cai)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)品(pin)種(zhong)。清(qing)代(dai)康熙(xi)、雍正(zheng)、乾隆時(shi)期(qi),由于(yu)帝(di)王對瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)奢(she)求(qiu),在仿制(zhi)(zhi)古代(dai)名窯(yao)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)器(qi)(qi)(qi),創造(zao)新品(pin)種(zhong),仿造(zao)其(qi)他(ta)手工(gong)(gong)(gong)業品(pin)及(ji)(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)作專供外銷的(de)(de)外國(guo)形(xing)式的(de)(de)“洋(yang)器(qi)(qi)(qi)”等方面都獲得成功。青(qing)(qing)花及(ji)(ji)多(duo)種(zhong)彩(cai)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)品(pin)種(zhong),聞名中外。清(qing)代(dai)御器(qi)(qi)(qi)廠(chang)的(de)(de)監(jian)窯(yao)官(guan)如臧應選、劉(liu)源、郎廷極、年(nian)(nian)希(xi)堯(yao)、唐(tang)英等對景德鎮(zhen)(zhen)制(zhi)(zhi)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)技(ji)術的(de)(de)提高(gao),起了促進(jin)的(de)(de)作用。他(ta)們(men)督制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)器(qi)(qi)(qi),被(bei)稱為“臧窯(yao)”、“郎窯(yao)”、“年(nian)(nian)窯(yao)”、“唐(tang)窯(yao)”等。其(qi)中尤(you)以唐(tang)英的(de)(de)貢獻(xian)大(da),他(ta)親自參與燒(shao)(shao)造(zao),并總結經驗,編(bian)寫出(chu)(chu)《陶(tao)成記(ji)事碑》和《陶(tao)冶圖說》兩部清(qing)代(dai)制(zhi)(zhi)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝史的(de)(de)重要資料。清(qing)末,景德鎮(zhen)(zhen)制(zhi)(zhi)瓷(ci)(ci)(ci)業已趨衰(shuai)落(luo)。
景德鎮的窯(yao)(yao)(yao)爐(lu)(lu)有重大(da)改進(jin),根據(ju)龍(long)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)與馬蹄形(xing)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)的優點(dian)及(ji)(ji)用(yong)(yong)(yong)松柴燒造的特(te)性修建(jian)(jian)成的窯(yao)(yao)(yao)爐(lu)(lu),外形(xing)象覆置的鴨蛋,稱為蛋形(xing)窯(yao)(yao)(yao),具有容積大(da)、裝燒量多等優點(dian)。煙囪頂(ding)部呈(cheng)尖(jian)狀,傾(qing)向窯(yao)(yao)(yao)頭,防止了(le)風向改變時抽力(li)波動或(huo)(huo)倒灌。由于(yu)(yu)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)底向上傾(qing)斜,窯(yao)(yao)(yao)頂(ding)逐(zhu)漸下降,窯(yao)(yao)(yao)的高(gao)(gao)度大(da)于(yu)(yu)寬度,煙囪高(gao)(gao)度等于(yu)(yu)或(huo)(huo)稍小于(yu)(yu)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)長(chang),加上注重裝砌(qi)匣缽(bo),采用(yong)(yong)(yong)各種(zhong)(zhong)投柴方法(fa),從而(er)使室內溫度及(ji)(ji)氣氛便于(yu)(yu)控制(zhi),并可充分利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)熱(re)量。這種(zhong)(zhong)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)爐(lu)(lu)可同時燒成多種(zhong)(zhong)產品,燃料消耗較少,在建(jian)(jian)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)的時間(jian)及(ji)(ji)費(fei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)上也較龍(long)窯(yao)(yao)(yao)節約,因而(er)延用(yong)(yong)(yong)了(le)很(hen)長(chang)時間(jian)。
初期的產品有(you)(you)碗(wan)、盤(pan)、壺(hu)等,薄沿、深(shen)腹、厚(hou)(hou)底(di)、高圈足。胎潔白(bai)細密,釉(you)色(se)白(bai)中稍泛黃,裝飾(shi)以素面居多(duo),僅少(shao)量(liang)器(qi)外有(you)(you)刻(ke)(ke)劃紋,有(you)(you)的內底(di)有(you)(you)印(yin)花或文字。北(bei)宋(song)中期除碗(wan)、盤(pan)外,盒、壺(hu)、罐(guan)等增多(duo),出現覆燒芒(mang)(mang)口(kou)(kou)器(qi),釉(you)為青(qing)白(bai)色(se)的影(ying)青(qing)釉(you),薄處泛白(bai),厚(hou)(hou)處呈青(qing)綠色(se),光澤透(tou)明。碗(wan)的形(xing)制多(duo)斜腹、薄壁(bi)(bi)、厚(hou)(hou)沿、厚(hou)(hou)底(di)、小低圈足,裝飾(shi)以刻(ke)(ke)劃為主(zhu),采(cai)用一(yi)邊(bian)(bian)深(shen)、一(yi)邊(bian)(bian)淺(qian)的“半(ban)刀泥(ni)”刻(ke)(ke)花法,刻(ke)(ke)線流利。在壺(hu)、罐(guan)類器(qi)肩(jian)部(bu)有(you)(you)牡(mu)丹、菊花、蓮花、飛(fei)鳳、水(shui)波(bo)等印(yin)花紋樣(yang)。北(bei)宋(song)晚期至南(nan)宋(song)器(qi)形(xing)品種多(duo)樣(yang),多(duo)直(zhi)口(kou)(kou)弧壁(bi)(bi)或撇口(kou)(kou)斜壁(bi)(bi)的芒(mang)(mang)口(kou)(kou)碗(wan),碗(wan)口(kou)(kou)、腹壁(bi)(bi)胎皆薄,仍以影(ying)青(qing)釉(you)為主(zhu),裝飾(shi)多(duo)為印(yin)花,題材(cai)更(geng)豐富,有(you)(you)花草蟲鳥(niao)、人物、動物,造型極生動。
產品中多折腰(yao)碗、小(xiao)圈(quan)足(zu)盤(pan),高(gao)足(zu)碗及(ji)大型的(de)盤(pan)、瓶等,釉(you)(you)色除(chu)影青(qing)(qing)外,創燒(shao)(shao)出(chu)印“樞府”銘記的(de)卵白釉(you)(you),以(yi)(yi)氧(yang)化鈷為(wei)著色劑(ji)的(de)釉(you)(you)下青(qing)(qing)花,以(yi)(yi)銅為(wei)著色劑(ji)的(de)釉(you)(you)里紅(hong),仿燒(shao)(shao)龍(long)泉窯的(de)青(qing)(qing)釉(you)(you)瓷(ci)(ci)、黑釉(you)(you)瓷(ci)(ci)等。元代青(qing)(qing)花瓷(ci)(ci)經測試(shi),為(wei)使用(yong)含錳量(liang)低、含鐵(tie)量(liang)高(gao)的(de)進(jin)口青(qing)(qing)花料(明清(qing)時期(qi)稱(cheng)為(wei)“蘇(su)麻離青(qing)(qing)”或“蘇(su)泥勃(bo)青(qing)(qing)”)燒(shao)(shao)制。裝飾(shi)仍(reng)以(yi)(yi)印花為(wei)主,刻(ke)劃紋(wen)較簡(jian)潔,刻(ke)痕(hen)深,紋(wen)飾(shi)題材(cai)豐富,喜(xi)用(yong)龍(long)紋(wen)。
北宋(song)后期(qi)在定(ding)窯(yao)的(de)影響下,采用覆燒法,提高了(le)(le)產量,也改進了(le)(le)質(zhi)量,有“南(nan)(nan)定(ding)”之稱(cheng)。其(qi)中湖(hu)田(tian)窯(yao)的(de)產品質(zhi)量好,釉色似湖(hu)水之淡綠,紋飾也精美(mei)。從南(nan)(nan)宋(song)起產品就遠銷海外,1976年南(nan)(nan)朝(chao)鮮(xian)新安海底發(fa)現一(yi)艘中國元(yuan)代(dai)沉(chen)船,打撈(lao)出(chu)元(yuan)代(dai)瓷(ci)器一(yi)萬七千(qian)余件,其(qi)中景德(de)鎮青白瓷(ci)五千(qian)余件。
元代時(shi)開始燒(shao)青花瓷、釉里紅和其他品種,成為全國的制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)瓷中心,同時(shi)還繼續(xu)燒(shao)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)青白(bai)瓷。產品有(you)梅瓶、玉壺春瓶、罐(guan)、碗、盤(pan)、匜(yi)、爐和高足杯等。元代著名(ming)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)品有(you)釉里紅、青花,所燒(shao)卵白(bai)釉器(qi),色白(bai)微青,器(qi)內有(you)“樞府”字(zi)號,人(ren)呼“樞府窯”。
明代時景德鎮已(yi)成為瓷都,青花瓷大大發(fa)展起來,被稱(cheng)為“國瓷”,同時還(huan)燒有釉上彩(cai)、斗彩(cai)、五(wu)彩(cai)、素(su)三彩(cai)和(he)各種單色釉瓷。
清代時燒瓷技(ji)術(shu)大大提高(gao),品種有(you)青(qing)花三(san)彩、粉(fen)彩、琺瑯彩,還有(you)各類象生瓷和仿玉石、木(mu)紋、漆(qi)、銅釉色等,都達到了(le)歷史高(gao)水(shui)平。