茈碧湖(hu)位于云(yun)南(nan)省大理(li)洱(er)源(yuan)縣(xian)(xian)東(dong)(dong)北(bei)(bei)部,距洱(er)源(yuan)縣(xian)(xian)城約3公(gong)里(li),距大理(li)以北(bei)(bei)73公(gong)里(li),距離劍川石寶山風景區以南(nan)58公(gong)里(li)。東(dong)(dong)、北(bei)(bei)靠山,西(xi)南(nan)連田,南(nan)北(bei)(bei)狹長(chang),是(shi)高(gao)原斷(duan)陷溶蝕洼地形成的(de)天然淡水(shui)湖(hu)泊(bo)(bo),是(shi)洱(er)海(hai)上游的(de)主(zhu)要湖(hu)泊(bo)(bo)之一,也是(shi)洱(er)海(hai)的(de)源(yuan)頭了(le),鄧川壩子(zi)的(de)灌溉水(shui)源(yuan)主(zhu)要靠它。
湖泊面(mian)(mian)積7.86平方公(gong)里(li),南北長(chang)6公(gong)里(li),東(dong)西寬最大2.5公(gong)里(li),湖岸線總長(chang)7公(gong)里(li),平均水(shui)深(shen)18米,最大水(shui)深(shen)32米,湖水(shui)碧綠透明(ming),湖中盛產的(de)茈碧花(hua)屬睡蓮科(ke),葉呈心臟形,浮于水(shui)面(mian)(mian),莖長(chang)七八尺,根(gen)扎在水(shui)底泥中,夏季開花(hua),類似(si)蓮蓬,多為黃(huang)白色(se),每(mei)天中午(wu)(wu)2時至下午(wu)(wu)4時開放,其(qi)余時間閉(bi)合為花(hua)蕾(lei)狀(zhuang),清(qing)香(xiang)撲鼻,湖也因此花(hua)而得名。
湖(hu)(hu)泊面(mian)(mian)積(ji)7.86平(ping)方(fang)(fang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(加西南(nan)側的(de)草(cao)海,則為(wei)8.46平(ping)方(fang)(fang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)里),南(nan)北(bei)(bei)長6.1公(gong)(gong)(gong)里,東(dong)西寬最(zui)大2.5公(gong)(gong)(gong)里,最(zui)小(xiao)0.75公(gong)(gong)(gong)里,湖(hu)(hu)岸線總長17公(gong)(gong)(gong)里,平(ping)均水(shui)(shui)深11米(mi)(mi),最(zui)大水(shui)(shui)深32米(mi)(mi),平(ping)均水(shui)(shui)溫14Yc湖(hu)(hu)面(mian)(mian)最(zui)低海拔2052.8米(mi)(mi),正常蓄(xu)水(shui)(shui)位(wei)2056.2米(mi)(mi),總庫容9322.4萬(wan)立方(fang)(fang)米(mi)(mi)(其(qi)中(zhong)灌溉庫容1877萬(wan)立方(fang)(fang)米(mi)(mi),徑流面(mian)(mian)積(ji)6如.1平(ping)方(fang)(fang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)里),湖(hu)(hu)水(shui)(shui)碧(bi)綠(lv)透明(ming),年(nian)產鮮魚近百(bai)噸(dun)。湖(hu)(hu)中(zhong)盛產芘(bi)碧(bi)花(hua),構成水(shui)(shui)花(hua)奇觀,“芘(bi)碧(bi)湖(hu)(hu)”由(you)此得名。茈(zi)碧(bi)花(hua)屬(shu)睡(shui)蓮科,葉呈心臟(zang)形,浮于水(shui)(shui)面(mian)(mian),莖長七八尺,扎(zha)在(zai)水(shui)(shui)底泥中(zhong),夏季開花(hua),類似蓮蓬,多為(wei)黃白色(se),每天中(zhong)午12時至下午4時開放(fang),其(qi)余(yu)時間閉合為(wei)花(hua)蕾狀,清(qing)香撲(pu)鼻。這種水(shui)(shui)生(sheng)花(hua)卉,在(zai)日(ri)本稱作“子(zi)午蓮”,屬(shu)珍(zhen)貴植(zhi)物(wu)。死碧(bi)湖(hu)(hu)背靠(kao)青(qing)山,面(mian)(mian)對壩子(zi),環境(jing)優美(mei)。湖(hu)(hu)北(bei)(bei)面(mian)(mian)有梨園,西而為(wei)黑谷山,山麓(lu)湖(hu)(hu)岸曾建澄碧(bi)樓和龍王廟,每年(nian)農歷七月二十(shi)三為(wei)廟會(hui)期(qi),沿湖(hu)(hu)群(qun)眾對歌放(fang)海燈,只見湖(hu)(hu)面(mian)(mian)海泛(fan)金波,爭奇競秀。湖(hu)(hu)內盛產的(de)茈(zi)碧(bi)花(hua),有“水(shui)(shui)花(hua)樹”奇觀,楊升底曾撰《泛(fan)湖(hu)(hu)窮源(yuan)碑》志其(qi)勝。
茈碧湖(hu)水源(yuan)(yuan)充沛,北有彌茨河,南有鳳羽河,還有鳳河和潛流源(yuan)(yuan)源(yuan)(yuan)匯入。
湖(hu)(hu)泊徑流(liu)區的(de)(de)(de)侵蝕基準面,除(chu)南(nan)端低洼為(wei)泄(xie)水(shui)(shui)道外(wai),四周地(di)表和地(di)下的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)在(zai)湖(hu)(hu)內匯集(ji)。輸(shu)水(shui)(shui)干渠??海(hai)尾(wei)河(he)長8.5公里(li),下泄(xie)彌苴河(he),注(zhu)入洱(er)海(hai)。清(qing)嘉慶(qing)十三年(nian)(公元1808年(nian))水(shui)(shui)淹洱(er)源(yuan)壩(ba)子(zi)時,湖(hu)(hu)面曾擴大到(dao)28.36平方公里(li)。建國后(hou),茈(zi)碧湖(hu)(hu)為(wei)縣(xian)內重點水(shui)(shui)利工程,幾經(jing)修建,筑堤(di)圍湖(hu)(hu),基本設施已經(jing)配套,成(cheng)了用于(yu)灌溉6萬多畝農田的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)庫。1955年(nian)3月(yue)至1956年(nian)9月(yue),將“南(nan)映(ying)山(shan)光(guang),北接海(hai)子(zi),有(you)(you)堤(di)界其(qi)中”的(de)(de)(de)湖(hu)(hu)泊縮小,建成(cheng)中型水(shui)(shui)庫。該(gai)湖(hu)(hu)水(shui)(shui)無色無味,透明,色度(du)(du)平均(jun)8.5度(du)(du),硬度(du)(du)69.7毫克(ke)(ke)/升,屬天然地(di)面軟水(shui)(shui),PH值(zhi)平均(jun)8.15,溶解氧(yang)平均(jun)7.歷(li)毫克(ke)(ke)/升,各(ge)種金屬含(han)量很(hen)低。有(you)(you)機污染(ran)評價為(wei)二級(ji)(尚(shang)清(qing)潔級(ji)),毒物污染(ran)指數評價為(wei)一級(ji)(清(qing)潔)。外(wai)湖(hu)(hu)已出現沼澤化。現環海(hai)公路岸(an)柳成(cheng)蔭,湖(hu)(hu)光(guang)山(shan)色相(xiang)映(ying)成(cheng)趣(qu),已成(cheng)為(wei)優美的(de)(de)(de)風景(jing)區和療養勝地(di)。
在(zai)茈碧(bi)湖中(zhong),還有(you)一種罕見的(de)(de)自然景觀,叫“水花樹”。每當風和日麗的(de)(de)日子(zi),如果乘船到湖心(xin),就(jiu)有(you)可能欣(xin)賞到這樣的(de)(de)奇景:在(zai)碧(bi)綠透(tou)明的(de)(de)深(shen)水中(zhong),從下而上,冒出一串(chuan)(chuan)串(chuan)(chuan)晶亮(liang)的(de)(de)水珠,在(zai)陽光的(de)(de)映照(zhao)下,就(jiu)像一株掛(gua)滿珍珠的(de)(de)玉樹。