茈碧湖(hu)位于云南省大理洱源(yuan)縣東(dong)北部,距(ju)洱源(yuan)縣城約3公里,距(ju)大理以(yi)北73公里,距(ju)離劍川石寶山(shan)風(feng)景(jing)區以(yi)南58公里。東(dong)、北靠山(shan),西南連田,南北狹長,是(shi)(shi)高原(yuan)斷陷溶蝕(shi)洼地形成的天然(ran)淡水湖(hu)泊(bo),是(shi)(shi)洱海上游的主要湖(hu)泊(bo)之一,也是(shi)(shi)洱海的源(yuan)頭了,鄧川壩子的灌溉(gai)水源(yuan)主要靠它(ta)。
湖泊面(mian)積7.86平(ping)方公(gong)里(li),南北(bei)長6公(gong)里(li),東西寬最(zui)大2.5公(gong)里(li),湖岸(an)線總長7公(gong)里(li),平(ping)均水(shui)深(shen)18米,最(zui)大水(shui)深(shen)32米,湖水(shui)碧綠透(tou)明,湖中(zhong)(zhong)盛(sheng)產的茈碧花(hua)屬睡蓮(lian)科,葉呈(cheng)心臟形(xing),浮于水(shui)面(mian),莖長七八尺,根扎在(zai)水(shui)底泥(ni)中(zhong)(zhong),夏季開花(hua),類似蓮(lian)蓬,多(duo)為黃白色,每天(tian)中(zhong)(zhong)午(wu)2時(shi)至下午(wu)4時(shi)開放,其(qi)余時(shi)間閉合(he)為花(hua)蕾狀,清香撲鼻,湖也因此花(hua)而得名(ming)。
湖(hu)泊面積7.86平(ping)(ping)(ping)方(fang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)(li)(加(jia)西南(nan)側的草(cao)海(hai)(hai)(hai),則為(wei)8.46平(ping)(ping)(ping)方(fang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)(li)),南(nan)北長(chang)6.1公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)(li),東西寬(kuan)最(zui)(zui)(zui)大(da)2.5公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)(li),最(zui)(zui)(zui)小0.75公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)(li),湖(hu)岸(an)線總長(chang)17公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)(li),平(ping)(ping)(ping)均水深11米,最(zui)(zui)(zui)大(da)水深32米,平(ping)(ping)(ping)均水溫14Yc湖(hu)面最(zui)(zui)(zui)低海(hai)(hai)(hai)拔(ba)2052.8米,正常蓄水位(wei)2056.2米,總庫容9322.4萬立(li)方(fang)米(其中(zhong)(zhong)灌溉庫容1877萬立(li)方(fang)米,徑流面積6如.1平(ping)(ping)(ping)方(fang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(li)(li)(li)),湖(hu)水碧(bi)綠透明,年產鮮魚近百噸。湖(hu)中(zhong)(zhong)盛(sheng)產芘(bi)碧(bi)花,構成水花奇(qi)(qi)觀(guan),“芘(bi)碧(bi)湖(hu)”由此得(de)名。茈碧(bi)花屬睡蓮科,葉呈心臟形,浮于水面,莖長(chang)七八尺(chi),扎在(zai)水底泥中(zhong)(zhong),夏季開花,類似蓮蓬,多(duo)為(wei)黃白色,每(mei)(mei)天中(zhong)(zhong)午(wu)12時(shi)(shi)至下午(wu)4時(shi)(shi)開放,其余(yu)時(shi)(shi)間閉(bi)合為(wei)花蕾狀,清香撲鼻。這種水生花卉,在(zai)日本稱作“子午(wu)蓮”,屬珍貴植物(wu)。死碧(bi)湖(hu)背(bei)靠青山(shan),面對壩子,環境優美(mei)。湖(hu)北面有(you)梨園,西而為(wei)黑谷(gu)山(shan),山(shan)麓湖(hu)岸(an)曾建澄碧(bi)樓和龍王(wang)廟(miao)(miao),每(mei)(mei)年農歷七月二十三(san)為(wei)廟(miao)(miao)會期,沿(yan)湖(hu)群眾對歌放海(hai)(hai)(hai)燈(deng),只(zhi)見(jian)湖(hu)面海(hai)(hai)(hai)泛金波,爭奇(qi)(qi)競秀。湖(hu)內盛(sheng)產的茈碧(bi)花,有(you)“水花樹”奇(qi)(qi)觀(guan),楊升底曾撰《泛湖(hu)窮源碑》志其勝。
茈(zi)碧湖水(shui)源(yuan)充(chong)沛,北有彌茨河,南有鳳羽河,還有鳳河和潛流源(yuan)源(yuan)匯入。
湖(hu)(hu)(hu)泊(bo)徑流區的(de)(de)侵(qin)蝕基準面,除南端低洼(wa)為泄(xie)水(shui)(shui)道外(wai),四(si)周地表和(he)地下的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)在(zai)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)內匯集。輸水(shui)(shui)干渠??海尾河長(chang)8.5公(gong)里,下泄(xie)彌苴河,注入洱海。清(qing)嘉慶(qing)十三年(nian)(公(gong)元1808年(nian))水(shui)(shui)淹洱源壩子(zi)時,湖(hu)(hu)(hu)面曾(ceng)擴(kuo)大到28.36平(ping)方公(gong)里。建國后(hou),茈碧湖(hu)(hu)(hu)為縣(xian)內重點水(shui)(shui)利(li)工程,幾經(jing)修建,筑堤圍湖(hu)(hu)(hu),基本設施已經(jing)配套,成(cheng)了用(yong)于灌(guan)溉6萬多畝農田的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)庫。1955年(nian)3月(yue)至1956年(nian)9月(yue),將“南映山(shan)光(guang),北接海子(zi),有堤界(jie)其(qi)中”的(de)(de)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)泊(bo)縮小,建成(cheng)中型水(shui)(shui)庫。該湖(hu)(hu)(hu)水(shui)(shui)無色無味,透明(ming),色度平(ping)均8.5度,硬度69.7毫(hao)克(ke)/升(sheng),屬(shu)(shu)天然地面軟水(shui)(shui),PH值平(ping)均8.15,溶(rong)解氧平(ping)均7.歷毫(hao)克(ke)/升(sheng),各種金屬(shu)(shu)含(han)量很低。有機污(wu)染評(ping)價為二級(ji)(ji)(尚清(qing)潔級(ji)(ji)),毒物污(wu)染指數(shu)評(ping)價為一級(ji)(ji)(清(qing)潔)。外(wai)湖(hu)(hu)(hu)已出現沼澤(ze)化。現環海公(gong)路(lu)岸柳成(cheng)蔭(yin),湖(hu)(hu)(hu)光(guang)山(shan)色相映成(cheng)趣,已成(cheng)為優美(mei)的(de)(de)風景區和(he)療養勝(sheng)地。
在(zai)茈碧(bi)湖中(zhong),還有(you)一種罕見的自然景觀,叫“水(shui)花(hua)樹(shu)”。每(mei)當風和(he)日(ri)麗的日(ri)子,如果乘船(chuan)到湖心,就(jiu)有(you)可能欣賞到這樣的奇(qi)景:在(zai)碧(bi)綠透明(ming)的深水(shui)中(zhong),從下(xia)而上(shang),冒出一串(chuan)(chuan)串(chuan)(chuan)晶亮的水(shui)珠(zhu),在(zai)陽光的映照下(xia),就(jiu)像一株(zhu)掛(gua)滿珍珠(zhu)的玉樹(shu)。