茈(zi)碧湖位于云南(nan)省大(da)(da)理(li)洱源(yuan)縣東北部(bu),距洱源(yuan)縣城約(yue)3公(gong)里(li),距大(da)(da)理(li)以北73公(gong)里(li),距離劍川石(shi)寶山(shan)風(feng)景區以南(nan)58公(gong)里(li)。東、北靠山(shan),西南(nan)連田,南(nan)北狹長,是高原斷(duan)陷溶(rong)蝕洼地形(xing)成(cheng)的天然淡(dan)水(shui)湖泊,是洱海(hai)上游(you)的主要湖泊之一,也是洱海(hai)的源(yuan)頭了(le),鄧川壩子的灌溉水(shui)源(yuan)主要靠它。
湖(hu)(hu)泊面積7.86平方公(gong)里,南北(bei)長(chang)(chang)6公(gong)里,東西(xi)寬最大2.5公(gong)里,湖(hu)(hu)岸(an)線(xian)總(zong)長(chang)(chang)7公(gong)里,平均水(shui)(shui)(shui)深18米(mi)(mi),最大水(shui)(shui)(shui)深32米(mi)(mi),湖(hu)(hu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)碧綠透明,湖(hu)(hu)中盛產的(de)茈(zi)碧花(hua)屬睡蓮(lian)科,葉呈心(xin)臟形,浮(fu)于水(shui)(shui)(shui)面,莖長(chang)(chang)七八尺(chi),根扎在水(shui)(shui)(shui)底泥中,夏季(ji)開花(hua),類似蓮(lian)蓬,多為黃白色,每(mei)天(tian)中午2時(shi)至下午4時(shi)開放(fang),其余(yu)時(shi)間閉合為花(hua)蕾狀,清香撲鼻,湖(hu)(hu)也因此花(hua)而得名。
湖(hu)泊(bo)面(mian)(mian)積7.86平(ping)方(fang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)里(加西(xi)南(nan)側的草海,則為8.46平(ping)方(fang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)里),南(nan)北(bei)長(chang)6.1公(gong)(gong)(gong)里,東(dong)西(xi)寬(kuan)最(zui)大(da)2.5公(gong)(gong)(gong)里,最(zui)小0.75公(gong)(gong)(gong)里,湖(hu)岸(an)線總(zong)長(chang)17公(gong)(gong)(gong)里,平(ping)均水(shui)(shui)深11米(mi),最(zui)大(da)水(shui)(shui)深32米(mi),平(ping)均水(shui)(shui)溫14Yc湖(hu)面(mian)(mian)最(zui)低(di)海拔2052.8米(mi),正常(chang)蓄水(shui)(shui)位2056.2米(mi),總(zong)庫(ku)容9322.4萬立方(fang)米(mi)(其中(zhong)灌溉庫(ku)容1877萬立方(fang)米(mi),徑流面(mian)(mian)積6如.1平(ping)方(fang)公(gong)(gong)(gong)里),湖(hu)水(shui)(shui)碧(bi)(bi)綠透明,年(nian)產鮮魚近百噸。湖(hu)中(zhong)盛產芘碧(bi)(bi)花(hua)(hua),構成水(shui)(shui)花(hua)(hua)奇(qi)觀,“芘碧(bi)(bi)湖(hu)”由此得名。茈碧(bi)(bi)花(hua)(hua)屬睡蓮科,葉呈心臟形(xing),浮于水(shui)(shui)面(mian)(mian),莖長(chang)七(qi)八尺,扎在水(shui)(shui)底泥中(zhong),夏(xia)季開花(hua)(hua),類(lei)似蓮蓬(peng),多為黃(huang)白色,每(mei)天(tian)中(zhong)午(wu)12時至下午(wu)4時開放,其余時間閉(bi)合為花(hua)(hua)蕾狀,清香(xiang)撲(pu)鼻。這種水(shui)(shui)生花(hua)(hua)卉,在日本稱作“子午(wu)蓮”,屬珍貴植物。死碧(bi)(bi)湖(hu)背靠青(qing)山(shan),面(mian)(mian)對壩子,環境(jing)優美(mei)。湖(hu)北(bei)面(mian)(mian)有梨園,西(xi)而為黑谷山(shan),山(shan)麓(lu)湖(hu)岸(an)曾(ceng)建(jian)澄碧(bi)(bi)樓和(he)龍王(wang)廟,每(mei)年(nian)農歷七(qi)月二十三為廟會期,沿湖(hu)群眾(zhong)對歌放海燈(deng),只見湖(hu)面(mian)(mian)海泛金波,爭(zheng)奇(qi)競(jing)秀(xiu)。湖(hu)內盛產的茈碧(bi)(bi)花(hua)(hua),有“水(shui)(shui)花(hua)(hua)樹”奇(qi)觀,楊升底曾(ceng)撰《泛湖(hu)窮源(yuan)碑》志其勝。
茈(zi)碧湖水源(yuan)充沛(pei),北(bei)有彌(mi)茨(ci)河(he)(he),南(nan)有鳳(feng)羽河(he)(he),還(huan)有鳳(feng)河(he)(he)和潛流源(yuan)源(yuan)匯入。
湖(hu)(hu)泊徑流區的(de)侵蝕(shi)基(ji)準面(mian),除南(nan)端低洼(wa)為(wei)(wei)泄(xie)水(shui)(shui)道外,四(si)周地(di)表(biao)和(he)地(di)下的(de)水(shui)(shui)在湖(hu)(hu)內匯集。輸水(shui)(shui)干渠??海尾(wei)河長8.5公里,下泄(xie)彌苴河,注入(ru)洱海。清(qing)(qing)嘉慶十三(san)年(nian)(nian)(公元1808年(nian)(nian))水(shui)(shui)淹洱源壩(ba)子(zi)時,湖(hu)(hu)面(mian)曾(ceng)擴大到28.36平方公里。建國后,茈碧(bi)湖(hu)(hu)為(wei)(wei)縣內重點水(shui)(shui)利工程,幾經修建,筑(zhu)堤圍(wei)湖(hu)(hu),基(ji)本設施已經配套,成(cheng)了用于灌溉6萬多(duo)畝農田的(de)水(shui)(shui)庫(ku)。1955年(nian)(nian)3月(yue)至1956年(nian)(nian)9月(yue),將“南(nan)映(ying)山光,北接海子(zi),有(you)堤界其中(zhong)”的(de)湖(hu)(hu)泊縮小,建成(cheng)中(zhong)型水(shui)(shui)庫(ku)。該湖(hu)(hu)水(shui)(shui)無色(se)無味(wei),透明,色(se)度(du)平均(jun)8.5度(du),硬度(du)69.7毫克(ke)(ke)/升(sheng),屬(shu)(shu)天然地(di)面(mian)軟水(shui)(shui),PH值平均(jun)8.15,溶解氧平均(jun)7.歷毫克(ke)(ke)/升(sheng),各(ge)種金屬(shu)(shu)含量很低。有(you)機污染評價(jia)為(wei)(wei)二(er)級(尚清(qing)(qing)潔(jie)級),毒物污染指(zhi)數評價(jia)為(wei)(wei)一級(清(qing)(qing)潔(jie))。外湖(hu)(hu)已出現(xian)(xian)沼澤(ze)化。現(xian)(xian)環海公路(lu)岸柳成(cheng)蔭,湖(hu)(hu)光山色(se)相映(ying)成(cheng)趣,已成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)優(you)美的(de)風(feng)景區和(he)療養(yang)勝地(di)。
在茈碧(bi)湖中,還(huan)有一種(zhong)罕見的自然景(jing)觀,叫“水(shui)花樹”。每當風(feng)和日麗的日子(zi),如果乘船(chuan)到湖心(xin),就(jiu)(jiu)有可能欣(xin)賞到這樣的奇景(jing):在碧(bi)綠透明的深水(shui)中,從下而上,冒出一串串晶亮的水(shui)珠,在陽(yang)光的映照下,就(jiu)(jiu)像一株(zhu)掛滿珍珠的玉樹。