生平經歷
襲爵為官
元(yuan)恭,廣(guang)陵(ling)惠王元(yuan)羽之子(zi),太和二十(shi)二年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(498年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian))生于河南郡洛陽。年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)幼時端莊謹(jin)慎(shen),有(you)志(zhi)向氣度。長(chang)大后(hou)喜愛(ai)學習,侍(shi)(shi)(shi)奉(feng)祖母(mu)、嫡母(mu)以孝順聞名(ming)。正(zheng)始年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)間(504年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)—508年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),繼(ji)承其(qi)父廣(guang)陵(ling)王的爵位。延昌年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)間(512年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)—515年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),被(bei)任命為通直散騎(qi)常(chang)(chang)侍(shi)(shi)(shi)。神龜年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)間(518年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)—520年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),升任兼散騎(qi)常(chang)(chang)侍(shi)(shi)(shi)。正(zheng)光(guang)(guang)二年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(521年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),任正(zheng)常(chang)(chang)侍(shi)(shi)(shi),兼領(ling)給事(shi)黃門侍(shi)(shi)(shi)郎。元(yuan)恭因京兆王元(yuan)叉專(zhuan)擅朝政,就稱(cheng)說有(you)病(bing)不(bu)任職。過了很久,借機會(hui)托(tuo)稱(cheng)啞病(bing)。正(zheng)光(guang)(guang)五年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(524年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),授(shou)任金紫(zi)光(guang)(guang)祿大夫(fu),加授(shou)散騎(qi)常(chang)(chang)侍(shi)(shi)(shi)。建義元(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(528年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)),授(shou)任儀同三司(si)。
繼承帝位
元恭不說(shuo)(shuo)話,將近(jin)八年(《魏書(shu)》誤作十二年),住在龍花寺(si),不與入(ru)交往(wang)。永安末年,有(you)人稟報(bao)孝莊帝元子(zi)攸,說(shuo)(shuo)元恭不說(shuo)(shuo)話將有(you)反叛的(de)圖(tu)謀;民(min)間傳言,又說(shuo)(shuo)他有(you)天子(zi)的(de)氣象。元恭畏(wei)懼禍(huo)患,逃到(dao)(dao)上洛躲藏,不久被跟蹤追(zhui)擊,捉(zhuo)住后送(song)到(dao)(dao)京城,拘禁了(le)多日,因無罪狀得以(yi)赦免。
永安三年(nian)(530年(nian),建(jian)(jian)明二(er)年(nian))十二(er)月(yue),孝莊帝(di)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)子(zi)攸被廢(fei)(fei)弒,元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)曄繼位,爾朱世隆(long)等(deng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)因元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)曄在宗室(shi)中(zhong)族屬(shu)疏遠,又不(bu)是人(ren)(ren)(ren)們愿(yuan)望(wang)所推舉(ju),因元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)恭(gong)沉潛藏匿(ni),有(you)超過常人(ren)(ren)(ren)的器(qi)量,打算再(zai)行廢(fei)(fei)立,又擔心元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)恭(gong)真的不(bu)會說話,就派親信表達意向,而且帶有(you)逼迫。元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)恭(gong)于是回答(da)說:“天哪里說話呢?”爾朱世隆(long)等(deng)人(ren)(ren)(ren)大(da)喜。于是廢(fei)(fei)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)曄立元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)恭(gong)為(wei)帝(di)。即(ji)位后改(gai)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)普(pu)(pu)泰(tai),改(gai)國(guo)號魏為(wei)大(da)魏,時為(wei)普(pu)(pu)泰(tai)元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(531年(nian),建(jian)(jian)明二(er)年(nian))二(er)月(yue)。
普泰(tai)元年(531年),罷稅(shui)市及稅(shui)鹽之官。庚午(wu),詔曰:“自秦之末競(jing)為皇帝(di),忘負乘之深(shen)殃,垂(chui)貪鄙于(yu)萬(wan)葉。予今稱帝(di),已(yi)為褒矣!可(ke)普告令知。”
被廢而死
普(pu)泰元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)年(nian)(nian)(531年(nian)(nian))六月(yue),高(gao)歡起兵于(yu)信都。普(pu)泰二年(nian)(nian)(532年(nian)(nian))閏(run)二月(yue),高(gao)歡敗爾朱天光等于(yu)韓陵。夏四(si)月(yue)辛巳,高(gao)歡至芒山,派魏蘭根(gen)慰喻洛邑,且觀元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)恭之為(wei)人(ren)。蘭根(gen)忌元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)恭雅德,還致(zhi)毀(hui)謗,高(gao)歡最后聽從崔陵建議,廢元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)恭于(yu)崇訓(xun)佛寺,而(er)立(li)平陽(yang)王元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)修,是為(wei)孝(xiao)武帝(di)(出帝(di))。元(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)恭既失帝(di)位,乃賦詩(shi)曰:"朱門(men)久可患(huan),紫極非情玩。顛覆(fu)立(li)可待,一(yi)年(nian)(nian)三易換。時運(yun)正如此(ci),唯有(you)修真(zhen)觀。"
關(guan)于(yu)元恭之死,北齊所修(xiu)的《魏書》只模糊記載(zai)他(ta)在太(tai)昌初的某(mou)日(太(tai)昌元年(nian)五(wu)月(yue)丙申)“殂于(yu)門(men)(men)下外省(sheng)”,時(shi)年(nian)三(san)十五(wu)歲。出(chu)帝(di)元修(xiu)詔(zhao)令百官(guan)赴(fu)會(hui),大鴻臚督察(cha)喪(sang)事,安(an)葬用王的禮(li)儀,加上九旒的旗幟、皇帝(di)的車駕、黃繒車蓋、車衡左邊帶裝飾物的旗幟,儀仗(zhang)一百二(er)十人(ren),二(er)衛、羽林的預備儀仗(zhang)衛隊。據(ju)唐代所修(xiu)的《北史(shi)》記載(zai),元恭在太(tai)昌元年(nian)(532年(nian))五(wu)月(yue)丙申“遇弒(shi)殂于(yu)門(men)(men)下外省(sheng)”,時(shi)年(nian)三(san)十五(wu),后西魏追(zhui)謚他(ta)為節閔皇帝(di)。
歷史評價
魏收《魏書》:“少端(duan)謹(jin),有志度。長而好學(xue),事祖母、嫡母以(yi)孝聞。”
李(li)延壽(shou)《北史》:“雖以節(jie)閔之明,孝武之長,祗(zhi)以速(su)是(shi)奔(ben)波。”
個人作品編輯
《詩》:朱門久可(ke)患,紫(zi)極非情(qing)玩。顛覆立可(ke)待,一年三易換。時運(yun)正如(ru)此,惟有(you)修真觀。
《聯(lian)句詩(shi)》:既(ji)逢堯舜君(jun),愿上(shang)萬(wan)(wan)年(nian)壽(薛(xue)孝通(tong))。平(ping)生好玄(xuan)默,慚為萬(wan)(wan)國首(元恭(gong))。圣主臨(lin)萬(wan)(wan)機,享世永無(wu)窮(元翙)。豈唯被豐草,方亦及昆蟲(chong)(薛(xue)孝通(tong))。朝賢既(ji)濟濟,野苗又芃(peng)(peng)芃(peng)(peng)(元翌(yi))。君(jun)臣體魚水(shui),書(shu)軌一華戎(元恭(gong))。微臣信(xin)慶渥,何以答(da)華嵩(song)(薛(xue)孝通(tong))。