吉(ji)林(lin)汪清嘎(ga)呀河(he)國(guo)家濕(shi)地(di)公(gong)園位(wei)于延邊州(zhou)汪清縣天橋(qiao)嶺林(lin)業(ye)局北部的(de)八(ba)人溝(gou)林(lin)場(chang)。北部與(yu)正在規劃的(de)吉(ji)林(lin)天橋(qiao)嶺東(dong)(dong)北虎保護區相鄰(lin)、南接天橋(qiao)嶺鎮(zhen)響(xiang)水村北部、東(dong)(dong)西主要(yao)以公(gong)路及農田等(deng)標志物為(wei)界,范(fan)圍包括八(ba)人溝(gou)林(lin)場(chang)的(de)6、10、11、26、18、38、23、48、49、64、63、71、72、77、81、84、85 南市林(lin)班部分區域。地(di)理(li)坐標為(wei)北緯(wei) 43°47′44″~43°54′47″N,東(dong)(dong)經129°48′33″ ~129°51′38″E,總(zong)面積(ji)1161.0hm2。主要(yao)分為(wei)河(he)流(liu)濕(shi)地(di)、沼(zhao)澤濕(shi)地(di)和人工濕(shi)地(di)3大類,森林(lin)沼(zhao)澤、灌叢沼(zhao)澤、草本沼(zhao)澤、沼(zhao)澤化(hua)草甸、水產養殖場(chang)、庫(ku)塘和稻田8個型。
濕地(di)公園(yuan)主(zhu)(zhu)體屬圖(tu)(tu)們江(jiang)(jiang)水系,其中嘎呀河(he)是公園(yuan)內主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)河(he)流(liu)(liu),起源于汪清北側草(cao)帽子頂山附近,流(liu)(liu)域面積為6242km2,與海蘭江(jiang)(jiang)匯合流(liu)(liu)入圖(tu)(tu)們江(jiang)(jiang),屬圖(tu)(tu)們江(jiang)(jiang)一(yi)級支流(liu)(liu),流(liu)(liu)長108.7km,寬(kuan)15~25m,河(he)深1.2m,流(liu)(liu)速每秒0.6m。公園(yuan)內嘎呀河(he)流(liu)(liu)長14.4km,流(liu)(liu)域多年平均地(di)表水資(zi)源總量為26.87×108m3。
根據濕地景(jing)觀的(de)異質(zhi)性,濕地公園內(nei)的(de)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)分(fen)(fen)為受淹(yan)(yan)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)和(he)非受淹(yan)(yan)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)兩大類(lei)型(xing)(xing)。(1)受淹(yan)(yan)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)類(lei)型(xing)(xing):一般可分(fen)(fen)為草甸土(tu)(tu)、草甸沼澤土(tu)(tu)和(he)水下沉積(ji)(ji)物三(san)種類(lei)型(xing)(xing)。(2)非受淹(yan)(yan)土(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)類(lei)型(xing)(xing):主要有(you)灰棕壤(rang)(rang)、沖積(ji)(ji)土(tu)(tu)和(he)水稻土(tu)(tu)等三(san)種類(lei)型(xing)(xing)。
本區植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)區系組(zu)成比較復雜,野(ye)生(sheng)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)資源十分豐富。據初步調查統計,濕(shi)地(di)公園內有野(ye)生(sheng)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)共計308種(zhong),其(qi)中濕(shi)地(di)蘚類植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)4科(ke)4屬12種(zhong);濕(shi)地(di)維管束植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)296種(zhong),隸屬于60科(ke),149屬,其(qi)中蕨類植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)6科(ke)8屬13種(zhong);種(zhong)子植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)54科(ke)141屬283種(zhong),其(qi)中裸(luo)子植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)1科(ke)4屬5種(zhong),被子植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)53科(ke)137屬278種(zhong)。
濕(shi)地(di)公園(yuan)內野生動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)資源豐富。縱向(xiang)穿過濕(shi)地(di)公園(yuan)的嘎呀河(he)流(liu)域(yu)水資源十分豐富,區(qu)域(yu)內形成大(da)面積草本沼澤(ze)、灌叢(cong)沼澤(ze)、森林(lin)沼澤(ze)和(he)沼澤(ze)化草甸(dian)。區(qu)域(yu)地(di)形特殊(shu),植(zhi)被類(lei)型(xing)多樣(yang),造就復雜多樣(yang)的生態環境,為野生動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)提供了適宜的繁衍、棲息生境。根據實(shi)地(di)考察和(he)資料查詢,該區(qu)域(yu)分布有脊椎(zhui)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)206種(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)吉(ji)林(lin)省(sheng)已知脊椎(zhui)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)總數(shu)(shu)的35.2%,分別(bie)(bie)隸(li)(li)屬(shu)(shu)于5綱30目71科(ke)。其中:魚類(lei)22種(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)吉(ji)林(lin)省(sheng)魚類(lei)總數(shu)(shu)的20.2%,分別(bie)(bie)隸(li)(li)屬(shu)(shu)5目6科(ke)。兩(liang)棲類(lei)10種(zhong)(zhong),分別(bie)(bie)隸(li)(li)屬(shu)(shu)2目5科(ke),占(zhan)吉(ji)林(lin)省(sheng)兩(liang)棲類(lei)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)總數(shu)(shu)的62.5%。爬行(xing)類(lei)11種(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)吉(ji)林(lin)省(sheng)爬行(xing)類(lei)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)總數(shu)(shu)的61.1%,分別(bie)(bie)隸(li)(li)屬(shu)(shu)2個亞目4科(ke)。鳥類(lei)132種(zhong)(zhong),分別(bie)(bie)隸(li)(li)屬(shu)(shu)16目41科(ke),占(zhan)吉(ji)林(lin)省(sheng)鳥類(lei)總數(shu)(shu)的37%。哺(bu)乳(ru)類(lei)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)32種(zhong)(zhong),分別(bie)(bie)隸(li)(li)屬(shu)(shu)6目15科(ke)。
在濕地公(gong)園分布的206種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)野(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)脊椎動(dong)(dong)物中(zhong),共有國家保護(hu)(hu)野(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)(dong)物26種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其(qi)中(zhong):國家一級保護(hu)(hu)野(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)(dong)物2種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),即金雕(diao)和(he)紫貂;國家II級保護(hu)(hu)動(dong)(dong)物24種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其(qi)中(zhong)鳥(niao)類20種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),包(bao)括(kuo)白(bai)額雁、鴛鴦、黑鳶、禿(tu)鷲、白(bai)頭鷂、鵲鷂、日本(ben)松雀鷹(ying)、雀鷹(ying)、蒼(cang)鷹(ying)、普通(tong)鵟(kuang)、大鵟(kuang)、紅隼(sun)、紅腳隼(sun)、花(hua)尾榛雞、領角鸮(xiao)(xiao)、紅角鸮(xiao)(xiao)、雕(diao)鸮(xiao)(xiao)、長尾林鸮(xiao)(xiao)、長耳鸮(xiao)(xiao)和(he)短耳鸮(xiao)(xiao),哺乳(ru)類3種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),即黑熊、水獺和(he)馬鹿;另有國家保護(hu)(hu)水生(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)(dong)物1種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),即細鱗魚(yu)。
吉林(lin)汪清嘎呀河國家濕(shi)(shi)地(di)公園以(yi)優美(mei)的(de)(de)濕(shi)(shi)地(di)自(zi)然(ran)景觀、豐富的(de)(de)生物(wu)多樣性(xing)以(yi)及深厚的(de)(de)文化底(di)蘊,成(cheng)為濕(shi)(shi)地(di)教學、科研及濕(shi)(shi)地(di)生態(tai)旅游的(de)(de)理(li)想場所,使游人(ren)在(zai)體驗優美(mei)濕(shi)(shi)地(di)、森林(lin)景觀的(de)(de)同(tong)時,感性(xing)化接(jie)受濕(shi)(shi)地(di)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)重大意義(yi)、濕(shi)(shi)地(di)科普知識等,可(ke)(ke)以(yi)促進全民(min)參與(yu)濕(shi)(shi)地(di)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)氛圍(wei)的(de)(de)逐步形(xing)成(cheng),對于推進濕(shi)(shi)地(di)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)事業的(de)(de)全面發展具有重要作(zuo)用和(he)意義(yi)。同(tong)時,可(ke)(ke)以(yi)讓更多人(ren)認(ren)識濕(shi)(shi)地(di),感受濕(shi)(shi)地(di)文化,了解保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)濕(shi)(shi)地(di)及其(qi)野生動植物(wu)、保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)自(zi)然(ran)生態(tai)環境(jing)的(de)(de)重要性(xing),培養(yang)人(ren)與(yu)自(zi)然(ran)和(he)諧的(de)(de)生態(tai)價值觀和(he)生態(tai)倫(lun)理(li)道德觀,增強人(ren)們愛(ai)護(hu)環境(jing)、保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)自(zi)然(ran)的(de)(de)自(zi)覺意識。促進企業與(yu)外界的(de)(de)交流(liu),進一步改善(shan)企業運行和(he)投融(rong)資(zi)環境(jing)以(yi)及提升企業良(liang)好的(de)(de)社會形(xing)象具有重要作(zuo)用。