吉(ji)林(lin)(lin)(lin)汪(wang)清嘎(ga)呀河(he)國(guo)家濕地公園位于延邊州汪(wang)清縣天橋(qiao)嶺(ling)林(lin)(lin)(lin)業局北(bei)部(bu)的八人(ren)溝(gou)(gou)林(lin)(lin)(lin)場。北(bei)部(bu)與正在規劃的吉(ji)林(lin)(lin)(lin)天橋(qiao)嶺(ling)東北(bei)虎保護區相(xiang)鄰、南接天橋(qiao)嶺(ling)鎮響(xiang)水村北(bei)部(bu)、東西主(zhu)要(yao)以公路及農田(tian)等標志物為(wei)界,范(fan)圍包括八人(ren)溝(gou)(gou)林(lin)(lin)(lin)場的6、10、11、26、18、38、23、48、49、64、63、71、72、77、81、84、85 南市林(lin)(lin)(lin)班部(bu)分區域。地理坐標為(wei)北(bei)緯 43°47′44″~43°54′47″N,東經129°48′33″ ~129°51′38″E,總面(mian)積1161.0hm2。主(zhu)要(yao)分為(wei)河(he)流濕地、沼(zhao)(zhao)澤濕地和(he)人(ren)工濕地3大類,森林(lin)(lin)(lin)沼(zhao)(zhao)澤、灌叢沼(zhao)(zhao)澤、草(cao)本沼(zhao)(zhao)澤、沼(zhao)(zhao)澤化草(cao)甸(dian)、水產養殖場、庫(ku)塘和(he)稻田(tian)8個型。
濕(shi)地公(gong)園主(zhu)(zhu)體屬(shu)圖們(men)(men)江水系,其中(zhong)嘎呀(ya)河(he)是公(gong)園內主(zhu)(zhu)要河(he)流(liu)(liu),起源于(yu)汪清(qing)北側草帽子頂山附近,流(liu)(liu)域面積(ji)為(wei)6242km2,與海蘭江匯合流(liu)(liu)入圖們(men)(men)江,屬(shu)圖們(men)(men)江一級(ji)支流(liu)(liu),流(liu)(liu)長(chang)108.7km,寬15~25m,河(he)深1.2m,流(liu)(liu)速每(mei)秒0.6m。公(gong)園內嘎呀(ya)河(he)流(liu)(liu)長(chang)14.4km,流(liu)(liu)域多(duo)年(nian)平(ping)均地表水資源總量為(wei)26.87×108m3。
根(gen)據(ju)濕(shi)地(di)景觀的(de)異(yi)質性,濕(shi)地(di)公園內的(de)土壤(rang)分(fen)為受淹土壤(rang)和非(fei)(fei)受淹土壤(rang)兩大類型(xing)。(1)受淹土壤(rang)類型(xing):一(yi)般可(ke)分(fen)為草(cao)甸(dian)土、草(cao)甸(dian)沼澤(ze)土和水(shui)下沉積物三種類型(xing)。(2)非(fei)(fei)受淹土壤(rang)類型(xing):主要有灰棕壤(rang)、沖(chong)積土和水(shui)稻土等三種類型(xing)。
本區植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)區系組成比(bi)較復雜,野(ye)生植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)資源十分豐富。據初(chu)步調查統計,濕(shi)地公園內有野(ye)生植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)共計308種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其中(zhong)濕(shi)地蘚類(lei)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)4科(ke)(ke)(ke)4屬(shu)(shu)(shu)12種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);濕(shi)地維管束植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)296種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),隸屬(shu)(shu)(shu)于60科(ke)(ke)(ke),149屬(shu)(shu)(shu),其中(zhong)蕨類(lei)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)6科(ke)(ke)(ke)8屬(shu)(shu)(shu)13種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)54科(ke)(ke)(ke)141屬(shu)(shu)(shu)283種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其中(zhong)裸子植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)1科(ke)(ke)(ke)4屬(shu)(shu)(shu)5種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),被子植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)53科(ke)(ke)(ke)137屬(shu)(shu)(shu)278種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。
濕地(di)公園(yuan)內(nei)(nei)野(ye)生(sheng)動物(wu)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)豐(feng)富。縱向穿(chuan)過濕地(di)公園(yuan)的(de)嘎(ga)呀河流域(yu)水資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)十分豐(feng)富,區(qu)域(yu)內(nei)(nei)形成(cheng)大面積草本沼澤、灌(guan)叢沼澤、森林(lin)沼澤和沼澤化草甸。區(qu)域(yu)地(di)形特殊,植(zhi)被類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)型多(duo)樣,造就復雜多(duo)樣的(de)生(sheng)態(tai)環境,為野(ye)生(sheng)動物(wu)提供(gong)了(le)適(shi)宜(yi)的(de)繁衍、棲息生(sheng)境。根據實地(di)考察(cha)和資(zi)(zi)料查詢,該區(qu)域(yu)分布有脊(ji)椎動物(wu)206種(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)吉(ji)(ji)林(lin)省(sheng)已(yi)知脊(ji)椎動物(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)總(zong)(zong)數(shu)的(de)35.2%,分別隸(li)屬(shu)于5綱30目(mu)71科(ke)(ke)。其(qi)中:魚類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)22種(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)吉(ji)(ji)林(lin)省(sheng)魚類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)總(zong)(zong)數(shu)的(de)20.2%,分別隸(li)屬(shu)5目(mu)6科(ke)(ke)。兩棲類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)10種(zhong)(zhong),分別隸(li)屬(shu)2目(mu)5科(ke)(ke),占(zhan)吉(ji)(ji)林(lin)省(sheng)兩棲類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)動物(wu)總(zong)(zong)數(shu)的(de)62.5%。爬行(xing)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)11種(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)吉(ji)(ji)林(lin)省(sheng)爬行(xing)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)動物(wu)總(zong)(zong)數(shu)的(de)61.1%,分別隸(li)屬(shu)2個亞(ya)目(mu)4科(ke)(ke)。鳥類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)132種(zhong)(zhong),分別隸(li)屬(shu)16目(mu)41科(ke)(ke),占(zhan)吉(ji)(ji)林(lin)省(sheng)鳥類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)總(zong)(zong)數(shu)的(de)37%。哺乳類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)動物(wu)32種(zhong)(zhong),分別隸(li)屬(shu)6目(mu)15科(ke)(ke)。
在濕(shi)地(di)公(gong)園(yuan)分布的206種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)野(ye)(ye)生(sheng)脊(ji)椎動物中(zhong),共有國家(jia)保護野(ye)(ye)生(sheng)動物26種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其中(zhong):國家(jia)一(yi)級(ji)保護野(ye)(ye)生(sheng)動物2種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),即金(jin)雕和紫貂;國家(jia)II級(ji)保護動物24種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其中(zhong)鳥類20種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),包(bao)括白(bai)額雁(yan)、鴛鴦、黑鳶、禿(tu)鷲、白(bai)頭鷂、鵲鷂、日本(ben)松雀鷹(ying)、雀鷹(ying)、蒼(cang)鷹(ying)、普通鵟、大鵟、紅隼(sun)(sun)、紅腳隼(sun)(sun)、花(hua)尾(wei)榛雞、領(ling)角鸮、紅角鸮、雕鸮、長尾(wei)林鸮、長耳(er)鸮和短耳(er)鸮,哺乳類3種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),即黑熊、水獺和馬鹿;另有國家(jia)保護水生(sheng)動物1種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),即細鱗(lin)魚。
吉林(lin)汪清嘎呀河國家(jia)濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)公園以優美的(de)(de)濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)自(zi)然(ran)景(jing)觀、豐富的(de)(de)生(sheng)物多樣(yang)性以及(ji)深(shen)厚的(de)(de)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)底蘊,成為濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)教學(xue)、科(ke)(ke)研及(ji)濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)生(sheng)態旅游的(de)(de)理想(xiang)場所,使游人(ren)(ren)在體驗(yan)優美濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)、森林(lin)景(jing)觀的(de)(de)同時,感性化(hua)(hua)接受濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)保護(hu)(hu)重大意(yi)(yi)義、濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)科(ke)(ke)普知(zhi)識等,可以促進(jin)(jin)全民(min)參與(yu)濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)保護(hu)(hu)氛圍的(de)(de)逐步(bu)形成,對于推進(jin)(jin)濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)保護(hu)(hu)事業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)全面發展(zhan)具(ju)有(you)重要作用和(he)(he)意(yi)(yi)義。同時,可以讓更多人(ren)(ren)認識濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di),感受濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)文(wen)化(hua)(hua),了解保護(hu)(hu)濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)及(ji)其野生(sheng)動植物、保護(hu)(hu)自(zi)然(ran)生(sheng)態環境(jing)的(de)(de)重要性,培(pei)養人(ren)(ren)與(yu)自(zi)然(ran)和(he)(he)諧的(de)(de)生(sheng)態價值觀和(he)(he)生(sheng)態倫理道德觀,增(zeng)強人(ren)(ren)們愛護(hu)(hu)環境(jing)、保護(hu)(hu)自(zi)然(ran)的(de)(de)自(zi)覺意(yi)(yi)識。促進(jin)(jin)企(qi)業(ye)(ye)與(yu)外(wai)界的(de)(de)交(jiao)流(liu),進(jin)(jin)一步(bu)改(gai)善企(qi)業(ye)(ye)運行和(he)(he)投融資(zi)環境(jing)以及(ji)提升企(qi)業(ye)(ye)良好(hao)的(de)(de)社(she)會(hui)形象具(ju)有(you)重要作用。