吉(ji)林(lin)(lin)(lin)汪清(qing)嘎呀河國家濕地公園(yuan)位(wei)于延邊州(zhou)汪清(qing)縣天橋嶺林(lin)(lin)(lin)業局北部(bu)(bu)的(de)八人溝(gou)林(lin)(lin)(lin)場(chang)。北部(bu)(bu)與正在規(gui)劃的(de)吉(ji)林(lin)(lin)(lin)天橋嶺東北虎(hu)保(bao)護區(qu)(qu)相鄰、南接(jie)天橋嶺鎮(zhen)響(xiang)水村北部(bu)(bu)、東西主要以公路及農(nong)田(tian)等標(biao)志(zhi)物為(wei)(wei)界,范圍包括八人溝(gou)林(lin)(lin)(lin)場(chang)的(de)6、10、11、26、18、38、23、48、49、64、63、71、72、77、81、84、85 南市林(lin)(lin)(lin)班部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)區(qu)(qu)域。地理坐標(biao)為(wei)(wei)北緯(wei) 43°47′44″~43°54′47″N,東經129°48′33″ ~129°51′38″E,總(zong)面積1161.0hm2。主要分(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)河流濕地、沼(zhao)澤(ze)(ze)濕地和人工濕地3大類,森林(lin)(lin)(lin)沼(zhao)澤(ze)(ze)、灌叢沼(zhao)澤(ze)(ze)、草本(ben)沼(zhao)澤(ze)(ze)、沼(zhao)澤(ze)(ze)化(hua)草甸(dian)、水產(chan)養殖場(chang)、庫塘和稻(dao)田(tian)8個(ge)型(xing)。
濕地公(gong)園(yuan)主體屬(shu)圖(tu)們江(jiang)水系,其中嘎呀河是公(gong)園(yuan)內主要河流(liu)(liu),起源于(yu)汪(wang)清北側草帽子頂山附近,流(liu)(liu)域面積為6242km2,與海蘭江(jiang)匯合流(liu)(liu)入圖(tu)們江(jiang),屬(shu)圖(tu)們江(jiang)一級支(zhi)流(liu)(liu),流(liu)(liu)長(chang)108.7km,寬15~25m,河深1.2m,流(liu)(liu)速每秒0.6m。公(gong)園(yuan)內嘎呀河流(liu)(liu)長(chang)14.4km,流(liu)(liu)域多年平均地表水資源總量為26.87×108m3。
根據濕(shi)地景觀的(de)(de)異質(zhi)性,濕(shi)地公園內的(de)(de)土壤分為受(shou)淹(yan)(yan)土壤和非受(shou)淹(yan)(yan)土壤兩大類(lei)型(xing)。(1)受(shou)淹(yan)(yan)土壤類(lei)型(xing):一般可分為草甸土、草甸沼(zhao)澤土和水下沉(chen)積(ji)物(wu)三種類(lei)型(xing)。(2)非受(shou)淹(yan)(yan)土壤類(lei)型(xing):主要有灰(hui)棕壤、沖(chong)積(ji)土和水稻土等三種類(lei)型(xing)。
本區植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)區系組成比較復雜,野生(sheng)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)資源十分豐富。據初(chu)步調查統計(ji),濕(shi)(shi)地(di)公園內有野生(sheng)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)共(gong)計(ji)308種,其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)濕(shi)(shi)地(di)蘚類植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)4科(ke)(ke)4屬(shu)(shu)(shu)12種;濕(shi)(shi)地(di)維管束植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)296種,隸屬(shu)(shu)(shu)于60科(ke)(ke),149屬(shu)(shu)(shu),其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)蕨類植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)6科(ke)(ke)8屬(shu)(shu)(shu)13種;種子(zi)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)54科(ke)(ke)141屬(shu)(shu)(shu)283種,其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)裸子(zi)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)1科(ke)(ke)4屬(shu)(shu)(shu)5種,被子(zi)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)53科(ke)(ke)137屬(shu)(shu)(shu)278種。
濕地公園內(nei)野生(sheng)動(dong)物(wu)資(zi)源豐富。縱向穿過濕地公園的(de)嘎呀(ya)河(he)流(liu)域水資(zi)源十(shi)分(fen)(fen)豐富,區(qu)域內(nei)形成大(da)面積草本沼澤、灌叢沼澤、森林沼澤和沼澤化草甸(dian)。區(qu)域地形特殊,植被類(lei)(lei)型多(duo)樣,造就復(fu)雜(za)多(duo)樣的(de)生(sheng)態環境,為野生(sheng)動(dong)物(wu)提(ti)供了(le)適宜的(de)繁(fan)衍、棲息生(sheng)境。根據實地考察和資(zi)料查詢,該區(qu)域分(fen)(fen)布有脊椎動(dong)物(wu)206種(zhong),占(zhan)吉(ji)(ji)林省已(yi)知脊椎動(dong)物(wu)種(zhong)類(lei)(lei)總(zong)數(shu)的(de)35.2%,分(fen)(fen)別隸屬(shu)(shu)于5綱30目71科(ke)。其中:魚類(lei)(lei)22種(zhong),占(zhan)吉(ji)(ji)林省魚類(lei)(lei)總(zong)數(shu)的(de)20.2%,分(fen)(fen)別隸屬(shu)(shu)5目6科(ke)。兩(liang)棲類(lei)(lei)10種(zhong),分(fen)(fen)別隸屬(shu)(shu)2目5科(ke),占(zhan)吉(ji)(ji)林省兩(liang)棲類(lei)(lei)動(dong)物(wu)總(zong)數(shu)的(de)62.5%。爬行類(lei)(lei)11種(zhong),占(zhan)吉(ji)(ji)林省爬行類(lei)(lei)動(dong)物(wu)總(zong)數(shu)的(de)61.1%,分(fen)(fen)別隸屬(shu)(shu)2個亞目4科(ke)。鳥(niao)類(lei)(lei)132種(zhong),分(fen)(fen)別隸屬(shu)(shu)16目41科(ke),占(zhan)吉(ji)(ji)林省鳥(niao)類(lei)(lei)總(zong)數(shu)的(de)37%。哺乳類(lei)(lei)動(dong)物(wu)32種(zhong),分(fen)(fen)別隸屬(shu)(shu)6目15科(ke)。
在濕地公園分布的206種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)野(ye)生(sheng)脊椎動(dong)物(wu)中,共有(you)國家(jia)(jia)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)野(ye)生(sheng)動(dong)物(wu)26種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其中:國家(jia)(jia)一級保(bao)(bao)護(hu)野(ye)生(sheng)動(dong)物(wu)2種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),即金雕和(he)紫貂(diao);國家(jia)(jia)II級保(bao)(bao)護(hu)動(dong)物(wu)24種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其中鳥類(lei)20種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),包括白額雁、鴛鴦、黑鳶、禿鷲、白頭鷂、鵲(que)鷂、日(ri)本松(song)雀(que)鷹(ying)、雀(que)鷹(ying)、蒼鷹(ying)、普通鵟(kuang)、大(da)鵟(kuang)、紅(hong)隼(sun)、紅(hong)腳隼(sun)、花尾榛(zhen)雞、領角(jiao)鸮(xiao)、紅(hong)角(jiao)鸮(xiao)、雕鸮(xiao)、長尾林鸮(xiao)、長耳(er)鸮(xiao)和(he)短耳(er)鸮(xiao),哺乳(ru)類(lei)3種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),即黑熊(xiong)、水獺和(he)馬鹿(lu);另有(you)國家(jia)(jia)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)水生(sheng)動(dong)物(wu)1種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),即細鱗魚。
吉林(lin)汪(wang)清嘎呀河國家濕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)公園以(yi)(yi)(yi)優美的(de)(de)(de)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)自然(ran)(ran)景(jing)觀(guan)、豐富的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)物多樣(yang)性(xing)以(yi)(yi)(yi)及(ji)深厚的(de)(de)(de)文化(hua)底蘊,成(cheng)為濕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)教學、科研及(ji)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)生(sheng)(sheng)態旅游(you)的(de)(de)(de)理(li)想(xiang)場所,使游(you)人在體驗優美濕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)、森林(lin)景(jing)觀(guan)的(de)(de)(de)同時,感(gan)性(xing)化(hua)接(jie)受濕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)重(zhong)(zhong)大意義(yi)、濕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)科普知識等,可以(yi)(yi)(yi)促進(jin)全(quan)民參與(yu)(yu)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)氛圍的(de)(de)(de)逐步(bu)形(xing)成(cheng),對于推進(jin)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)事業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)全(quan)面發展具有重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)作(zuo)用和(he)意義(yi)。同時,可以(yi)(yi)(yi)讓更多人認(ren)識濕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di),感(gan)受濕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)文化(hua),了(le)解保(bao)護(hu)(hu)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)及(ji)其野生(sheng)(sheng)動植物、保(bao)護(hu)(hu)自然(ran)(ran)生(sheng)(sheng)態環境的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)性(xing),培養人與(yu)(yu)自然(ran)(ran)和(he)諧的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)態價值觀(guan)和(he)生(sheng)(sheng)態倫理(li)道(dao)德觀(guan),增強(qiang)人們愛護(hu)(hu)環境、保(bao)護(hu)(hu)自然(ran)(ran)的(de)(de)(de)自覺意識。促進(jin)企業(ye)與(yu)(yu)外(wai)界的(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)流(liu),進(jin)一步(bu)改(gai)善企業(ye)運行(xing)和(he)投融資環境以(yi)(yi)(yi)及(ji)提(ti)升(sheng)企業(ye)良好的(de)(de)(de)社會形(xing)象具有重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)作(zuo)用。