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基本介紹

泉(quan)(quan)水(shui)灣濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)公(gong)(gong)園位(wei)于(yu)阜陽市潁泉(quan)(quan)區，地(di)(di)(di)處沃野千里的淮北(bei)(bei)平原(yuan)腹地(di)(di)(di)，介(jie)于(yu)東經115°33′～115°55′、北(bei)(bei)緯32°54′～33°07′之(zhi)間。泉(quan)(quan)水(shui)灣位(wei)于(yu)泉(quan)(quan)河(he)北(bei)(bei)畔，南臨泉(quan)(quan)河(he)，東起泉(quan)(quan)穎閘(zha)，西起坎河(he)溜閘(zha)，位(wei)于(yu)老泉(quan)(quan)河(he)河(he)道(dao)上，全(quan)長15千米，規劃總面積(ji)452公(gong)(gong)頃，其中濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)總面積(ji)為288.47公(gong)(gong)頃，占濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)公(gong)(gong)園土地(di)(di)(di)總面積(ji)的63.82%。

根(gen)據《全(quan)國濕地(di)(di)資源調查(cha)技(ji)術規程(cheng)（試行）》的分(fen)類系統(tong)，參照安(an)徽省第二次濕地(di)(di)資源調查(cha)結果，濕地(di)(di)公園內濕地(di)(di)主要為自然河流濕地(di)(di)（水(shui)面及(ji)河灘地(di)(di)），還有一小部分(fen)的庫塘濕地(di)(di)。

地理環境

水文氣候

潁泉(quan)泉(quan)水(shui)灣(wan)(wan)濕(shi)地(di)(di)公園(yuan)地(di)(di)處亞熱帶和暖(nuan)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)帶的過渡(du)區(qu)(qu)域(yu)，屬暖(nuan)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)帶半濕(shi)潤季(ji)風氣候，四(si)季(ji)分明，關照充足，雨量(liang)充沛，氣候溫(wen)(wen)(wen)和。年(nian)(nian)均(jun)氣溫(wen)(wen)(wen)14.9℃，無霜(shuang)期(qi)220天(tian)，年(nian)(nian)均(jun)降水(shui)910毫米左右。年(nian)(nian)均(jun)氣溫(wen)(wen)(wen)14.5℃~15.0℃，1月(yue)(yue)平均(jun)氣溫(wen)(wen)(wen)1.0℃~1.2℃，7月(yue)(yue)平均(jun)氣溫(wen)(wen)(wen)28℃；常年(nian)(nian)月(yue)(yue)氣溫(wen)(wen)(wen)波動幅度(du)(du)以(yi)2月(yue)(yue)最(zui)(zui)大(da)，可達9℃，以(yi)9月(yue)(yue)最(zui)(zui)小(xiao)，一般在3.5℃；極端最(zui)(zui)高氣溫(wen)(wen)(wen)平均(jun)值(zhi)接(jie)近37℃，極端最(zui)(zui)低溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)平均(jun)值(zhi)在—12℃左右；年(nian)(nian)平均(jun)無霜(shuang)期(qi)221天(tian)。年(nian)(nian)平均(jun)降水(shui)量(liang)950mm左右，最(zui)(zui)大(da)降水(shui)量(liang)為1722mm，最(zui)(zui)小(xiao)降水(shui)量(liang)為389.6mm。地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)年(nian)(nian)蒸發(fa)(fa)量(liang)1600~1930mm，隨季(ji)節變(bian)化(hua)而不等，以(yi)夏季(ji)蒸發(fa)(fa)量(liang)最(zui)(zui)大(da)，冬季(ji)最(zui)(zui)小(xiao)，春季(ji)大(da)于秋季(ji)。一年(nian)(nian)之中，6月(yue)(yue)份蒸發(fa)(fa)量(liang)最(zui)(zui)大(da)，1月(yue)(yue)份蒸發(fa)(fa)量(liang)最(zui)(zui)小(xiao)。泉(quan)水(shui)灣(wan)(wan)濕(shi)地(di)(di)公園(yuan)位于半濕(shi)潤區(qu)(qu)域(yu)，相(xiang)對(dui)濕(shi)度(du)(du)穩定。3~6月(yue)(yue)相(xiang)對(dui)濕(shi)度(du)(du)較(jiao)大(da)，在82％以(yi)上；10月(yue)(yue)至(zhi)翌年(nian)(nian)1月(yue)(yue)較(jiao)小(xiao)，在78％以(yi)下(xia)；全年(nian)(nian)平均(jun)相(xiang)對(dui)濕(shi)度(du)(du)為80％。

榮譽及其他

濕地植物

經(jing)本次(ci)調查(cha)初(chu)步統計潁泉(quan)區泉(quan)水(shui)灣濕(shi)地公(gong)園共有維管植物(wu)46科(ke)90屬(shu)102種(zhong)（含(han)種(zhong)下(xia)分(fen)類單(dan)位，下(xia)同），其中蕨類植物(wu)有3科(ke)3屬(shu)3種(zhong)，裸子(zi)(zi)植物(wu)2科(ke)2屬(shu)2種(zhong)，被(bei)子(zi)(zi)植物(wu)41科(ke)85屬(shu)97種(zhong)。在(zai)被(bei)子(zi)(zi)植物(wu)中雙子(zi)(zi)葉植物(wu)34科(ke)69屬(shu)78種(zhong)；單(dan)子(zi)(zi)葉植物(wu)7科(ke)16屬(shu)19種(zhong)。

阜陽潁泉(quan)區泉(quan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)灣濕(shi)(shi)地公園的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)生(sheng)維管(guan)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)在(zai)皖(wan)北還(huan)算是比較豐(feng)富的(de)(de)(de)，共有19科(ke)34屬40種。由于(yu)濕(shi)(shi)地植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)在(zai)濕(shi)(shi)地生(sheng)態系(xi)統中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)與水(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)(ti)、水(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)(ti)基(ji)質(zhi)、大氣(qi)、光(guang)照(zhao)及其形態結構密切相關，因(yin)此濕(shi)(shi)地植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)活(huo)型可(ke)以分為以下(xia)5種：A.挺水(shui)(shui)(shui)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)：根(gen)系(xi)著生(sheng)于(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)(ti)基(ji)質(zhi)，植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)大部分挺出(chu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)面接受(shou)光(guang)照(zhao)，缺水(shui)(shui)(shui)時可(ke)耐潮濕(shi)(shi)性陸生(sheng)；B.浮葉(xie)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)：根(gen)系(xi)懸(xuan)生(sheng)于(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)(ti)，葉(xie)浮于(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)面接受(shou)光(guang)照(zhao)，葉(xie)柄長，或因(yin)變態莖上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)葉(xie)生(sheng)長期(qi)不同而葉(xie)片浮于(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)面，植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)不耐干旱；C.濕(shi)(shi)沼生(sheng)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)：根(gen)系(xi)著生(sheng)于(yu)潮濕(shi)(shi)或水(shui)(shui)(shui)環(huan)境基(ji)質(zhi)，植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)在(zai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)濕(shi)(shi)或沼澤(ze)環(huan)境中(zhong)(zhong)完成生(sheng)活(huo)周期(qi)，花(hua)序(xu)挺出(chu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)面，風媒(mei)(mei)或蟲(chong)媒(mei)(mei)；D.沉(chen)水(shui)(shui)(shui)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)：根(gen)系(xi)著生(sheng)于(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)(ti)基(ji)質(zhi)，植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)沉(chen)入水(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)(ti)，花(hua)序(xu)或花(hua)各部簡化，花(hua)期(qi)露出(chu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)面或于(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)，水(shui)(shui)(shui)媒(mei)(mei)或自(zi)花(hua)傳粉(fen)；E.耐濕(shi)(shi)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)：近水(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)(ti)生(sheng)長的(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)生(sheng)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)，生(sheng)活(huo)周期(qi)能適應階段(duan)性水(shui)(shui)(shui)濕(shi)(shi)與干旱，往往花(hua)果期(qi)處于(yu)后種生(sheng)境，為濕(shi)(shi)地生(sheng)態系(xi)統中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)重要一員。

按上述不(bu)同(tong)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)型劃分(fen)濕地公園內水(shui)生(sheng)(sheng)植(zhi)物有挺(ting)水(shui)植(zhi)物6種(zhong)，浮葉植(zhi)物3種(zhong)，濕沼生(sheng)(sheng)植(zhi)物19種(zhong)，沉水(shui)植(zhi)物3種(zhong)，耐濕植(zhi)物9種(zhong)。在皖北濕地生(sheng)(sheng)態系統中多樣性明顯，但以(yi)濕沼生(sheng)(sheng)與(yu)耐濕植(zhi)物較(jiao)多。從(cong)生(sheng)(sheng)境條件來看，此兩類(lei)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)型分(fen)布于(yu)水(shui)域生(sheng)(sheng)境與(yu)中生(sheng)(sheng)環境間的(de)過(guo)渡帶。

根據1984年(nian)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)務院環(huan)境保(bao)(bao)護(hu)委(wei)員會公布《中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)珍稀(xi)瀕危保(bao)(bao)護(hu)植物名(ming)錄》和1999年(nian)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)務院批(pi)(pi)準公布的(de)《國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)重點(dian)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)野生植物名(ming)錄(第一(yi)批(pi)(pi))》，濕(shi)地公園內(nei)現有國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)I級保(bao)(bao)護(hu)的(de)有1種，即(ji)銀杏(xing)，屬(shu)銀杏(xing)科(ke)、銀杏(xing)屬(shu)，單(dan)屬(shu)單(dan)種落葉大喬(qiao)木。屬(shu)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)Ⅱ級保(bao)(bao)護(hu)的(de)一(yi)種，即(ji)蓮。

濕地動物

泉水(shui)灣濕地擁有十分豐富的(de)動物資源，共記錄到野生脊椎動物198種(zhong)，隸(li)屬于29目55科(ke)。

泉(quan)水(shui)(shui)灣濕地(di)屬淮河水(shui)(shui)系，淡水(shui)(shui)魚類(lei)(lei)(lei)資源豐富。經本次初步(bu)調(diao)查，在泉(quan)水(shui)(shui)灣濕地(di)共(gong)發現有(you)41種(zhong)魚類(lei)(lei)(lei)分布，以(yi)鯉形目為主。其中，鯉形目2科(ke)(ke)34種(zhong)，非鯉形目7科(ke)(ke)7種(zhong)；泉(quan)水(shui)(shui)灣濕地(di)分布有(you)兩棲動(dong)物1目3科(ke)(ke)7種(zhong)，分布有(you)爬行動(dong)物6種(zhong)，隸屬于3目3科(ke)(ke)。泉(quan)水(shui)(shui)灣濕地(di)內(nei)的哺乳類(lei)(lei)(lei)已知有(you)5目7科(ke)(ke)14種(zhong)，從(cong)種(zhong)數(shu)看，以(yi)嚙齒目2科(ke)(ke)8種(zhong)，食肉目2科(ke)(ke)2種(zhong)為主（見表5），具有(you)明(ming)顯的農田水(shui)(shui)域獸類(lei)(lei)(lei)特(te)征。

調查發現，泉水(shui)灣(wan)濕(shi)地共分(fen)布有(you)鳥(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)130種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，隸屬(shu)于15目33科(ke)。在130種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)鳥(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)中，雀形(xing)目計有(you)58種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，占(zhan)濕(shi)地公(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)內分(fen)布的(de)鳥(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數的(de)44.6%，其中僅鹟科(ke)就(jiu)有(you)19種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，是種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)多的(de)一科(ke)；另有(you)非(fei)雀形(xing)目鳥(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)72種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，共占(zhan)濕(shi)地公(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)鳥(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數的(de)55.4%。從鳥(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)生態(tai)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)型(xing)上(shang)看，泉水(shui)灣(wan)濕(shi)地公(gong)園(yuan)(yuan)分(fen)布有(you)游(you)禽(qin)(qin)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)、涉禽(qin)(qin)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)、陸(lu)禽(qin)(qin)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)、攀禽(qin)(qin)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)、猛禽(qin)(qin)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)、鳴禽(qin)(qin)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)等。在130種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)鳥(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)中，留鳥(niao)(niao)36種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，占(zhan)全(quan)(quan)部(bu)(bu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)的(de)27.7%，夏候(hou)鳥(niao)(niao)24種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，占(zhan)全(quan)(quan)部(bu)(bu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)的(de)18.5%，冬候(hou)鳥(niao)(niao)38種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，占(zhan)全(quan)(quan)部(bu)(bu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)的(de)29.2%，旅鳥(niao)(niao)32種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，占(zhan)全(quan)(quan)部(bu)(bu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)的(de)

泉水灣濕(shi)(shi)地(di)內分(fen)布著多種國家(jia)級重點保護野生動(dong)(dong)物(wu)，這些國家(jia)級保護動(dong)(dong)物(wu)全部為鳥類，包(bao)括(kuo)白(bai)(bai)(bai)琵鷺(lu)、白(bai)(bai)(bai)額(e)雁(yan)、小天(tian)鵝(e)、黑(hei)鳶、雀(que)鷹(ying)、普通鵟、白(bai)(bai)(bai)尾鷂、鵲鷂、紅隼、燕隼、阿穆爾隼、褐(he)翅鴉鵑、鷹(ying)鸮(xiao)、短耳鸮(xiao)等共計(ji)14種，占(zhan)該濕(shi)(shi)地(di)脊椎(zhui)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)總數(shu)（198種）的7.1％。

在泉水灣濕地內還分布有38種安(an)徽(hui)(hui)省(sheng)(sheng)省(sheng)(sheng)級(ji)重(zhong)點(dian)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)野生(sheng)脊椎動(dong)物(wu)(wu)。其中(zhong)，兩棲類(lei)中(zhong)金(jin)線(xian)蛙、黑斑蛙、中(zhong)華(hua)蟾蜍(chu)、花背蟾蜍(chu)等4種為安(an)徽(hui)(hui)省(sheng)(sheng)級(ji)重(zhong)點(dian)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)野生(sheng)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)。爬行類(lei)中(zhong)，中(zhong)華(hua)鱉、烏梢(shao)蛇2種被(bei)列(lie)為安(an)徽(hui)(hui)省(sheng)(sheng)重(zhong)點(dian)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)野生(sheng)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)。獸(shou)類(lei)中(zhong)，有2種省(sheng)(sheng)級(ji)重(zhong)點(dian)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)野生(sheng)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)，即(ji)豹貓和黃(huang)鼬。鳥類(lei)中(zhong)，含(han)30種被(bei)列(lie)為省(sheng)(sheng)級(ji)重(zhong)點(dian)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)的野生(sheng)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)，如(ru)綠頭(tou)鴨、花臉鴨、鴻雁(yan)(yan)、豆雁(yan)(yan)、大杜鵑、灰頭(tou)綠啄(zhuo)木鳥、金(jin)腰燕、棕背伯勞、黑枕(zhen)黃(huang)鸝、灰喜鵲、環頸雉等。