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基本介紹

泉(quan)(quan)水灣濕地(di)公園位于(yu)阜陽市潁泉(quan)(quan)區，地(di)處(chu)沃野千里的(de)淮北(bei)平原腹地(di)，介于(yu)東經115°33′～115°55′、北(bei)緯32°54′～33°07′之間(jian)。泉(quan)(quan)水灣位于(yu)泉(quan)(quan)河(he)北(bei)畔，南臨泉(quan)(quan)河(he)，東起(qi)泉(quan)(quan)穎閘(zha)，西起(qi)坎河(he)溜閘(zha)，位于(yu)老(lao)泉(quan)(quan)河(he)河(he)道上，全長15千米，規(gui)劃總面積452公頃(qing)，其中濕地(di)總面積為288.47公頃(qing)，占濕地(di)公園土(tu)地(di)總面積的(de)63.82%。

根據(ju)《全國濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)資源調(diao)查技術規程（試(shi)行）》的分類系統，參照安徽(hui)省第(di)二次濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)資源調(diao)查結果，濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)公園內(nei)濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)主要為自然河流濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)（水面及河灘地(di)(di)），還有一小部分的庫塘濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)。

地理環境

水文氣候

潁泉泉水灣濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)公園(yuan)地(di)(di)(di)處亞熱(re)帶和(he)暖(nuan)溫(wen)(wen)帶的過(guo)渡(du)區(qu)域(yu)，屬暖(nuan)溫(wen)(wen)帶半(ban)濕(shi)(shi)潤(run)季(ji)(ji)(ji)風氣候(hou)，四季(ji)(ji)(ji)分明，關照充足，雨量(liang)充沛，氣候(hou)溫(wen)(wen)和(he)。年(nian)(nian)(nian)均(jun)氣溫(wen)(wen)14.9℃，無霜(shuang)期(qi)220天(tian)，年(nian)(nian)(nian)均(jun)降水910毫米左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)。年(nian)(nian)(nian)均(jun)氣溫(wen)(wen)14.5℃~15.0℃，1月(yue)(yue)(yue)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)氣溫(wen)(wen)1.0℃~1.2℃，7月(yue)(yue)(yue)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)氣溫(wen)(wen)28℃；常年(nian)(nian)(nian)月(yue)(yue)(yue)氣溫(wen)(wen)波動(dong)幅度以(yi)2月(yue)(yue)(yue)最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)大，可達9℃，以(yi)9月(yue)(yue)(yue)最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)小(xiao)，一(yi)般在(zai)3.5℃；極端最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)高氣溫(wen)(wen)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)值接近37℃，極端最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)低(di)溫(wen)(wen)度平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)值在(zai)—12℃左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)；年(nian)(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)無霜(shuang)期(qi)221天(tian)。年(nian)(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)降水量(liang)950mm左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)，最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)大降水量(liang)為(wei)1722mm，最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)小(xiao)降水量(liang)為(wei)389.6mm。地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)蒸發(fa)量(liang)1600~1930mm，隨季(ji)(ji)(ji)節變化而不等，以(yi)夏季(ji)(ji)(ji)蒸發(fa)量(liang)最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)大，冬季(ji)(ji)(ji)最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)小(xiao)，春季(ji)(ji)(ji)大于秋(qiu)季(ji)(ji)(ji)。一(yi)年(nian)(nian)(nian)之中，6月(yue)(yue)(yue)份蒸發(fa)量(liang)最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)大，1月(yue)(yue)(yue)份蒸發(fa)量(liang)最(zui)(zui)(zui)(zui)小(xiao)。泉水灣濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)公園(yuan)位于半(ban)濕(shi)(shi)潤(run)區(qu)域(yu)，相對濕(shi)(shi)度穩定。3~6月(yue)(yue)(yue)相對濕(shi)(shi)度較大，在(zai)82％以(yi)上；10月(yue)(yue)(yue)至翌年(nian)(nian)(nian)1月(yue)(yue)(yue)較小(xiao)，在(zai)78％以(yi)下；全年(nian)(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)相對濕(shi)(shi)度為(wei)80％。

榮譽及其他

濕地植物

經本次調(diao)查初步統計潁泉區泉水灣濕地公園共有(you)維(wei)管植(zhi)(zhi)物46科(ke)90屬(shu)102種(zhong)(zhong)（含種(zhong)(zhong)下(xia)分(fen)類單(dan)位(wei)，下(xia)同(tong)），其中蕨類植(zhi)(zhi)物有(you)3科(ke)3屬(shu)3種(zhong)(zhong)，裸子(zi)植(zhi)(zhi)物2科(ke)2屬(shu)2種(zhong)(zhong)，被子(zi)植(zhi)(zhi)物41科(ke)85屬(shu)97種(zhong)(zhong)。在被子(zi)植(zhi)(zhi)物中雙子(zi)葉植(zhi)(zhi)物34科(ke)69屬(shu)78種(zhong)(zhong)；單(dan)子(zi)葉植(zhi)(zhi)物7科(ke)16屬(shu)19種(zhong)(zhong)。

阜(fu)陽(yang)潁泉區泉水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)灣濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)公園的(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)維(wei)管植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)在皖北(bei)還(huan)算是比較豐富的(de)(de)，共有19科34屬(shu)40種。由于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)在濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)系統中的(de)(de)作用與水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)(ti)、水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)(ti)基質(zhi)、大氣、光(guang)照及其形態(tai)結構密切相關，因(yin)此濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活型可以(yi)分為以(yi)下5種：A.挺水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)：根系著生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)(ti)基質(zhi)，植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)株大部(bu)分挺出(chu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)面(mian)接受光(guang)照，缺水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)時可耐潮(chao)(chao)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)性陸生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)；B.浮(fu)(fu)葉植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)：根系懸(xuan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)(ti)，葉浮(fu)(fu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)面(mian)接受光(guang)照，葉柄(bing)長(chang)(chang)，或因(yin)變態(tai)莖上的(de)(de)葉生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)期不同(tong)而葉片浮(fu)(fu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)面(mian)，植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)株不耐干(gan)旱(han)；C.濕(shi)(shi)(shi)沼生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)：根系著生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)潮(chao)(chao)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)或水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)環(huan)境基質(zhi)，植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)株在水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)或沼澤(ze)環(huan)境中完成生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活周期，花序挺出(chu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)面(mian)，風媒(mei)或蟲媒(mei)；D.沉(chen)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)：根系著生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)(ti)基質(zhi)，植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)株沉(chen)入水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)(ti)，花序或花各部(bu)簡化，花期露出(chu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)面(mian)或于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)中，水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)媒(mei)或自花傳粉；E.耐濕(shi)(shi)(shi)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)：近水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)(ti)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)中生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活周期能(neng)適應階段性水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)與干(gan)旱(han)，往(wang)往(wang)花果期處于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)后種生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)境，為濕(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)(di)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)系統中的(de)(de)重要一員。

按上(shang)述(shu)不同(tong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活型劃分濕地公園內水生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)有挺水植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)6種(zhong)，浮葉植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)3種(zhong)，濕沼生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)19種(zhong)，沉水植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)3種(zhong)，耐(nai)濕植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)9種(zhong)。在皖北濕地生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態系統中(zhong)多(duo)樣(yang)性明顯(xian)，但以濕沼生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)與耐(nai)濕植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)較多(duo)。從生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)境(jing)條件來看，此兩類生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活型分布(bu)于水域(yu)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)境(jing)與中(zhong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)環境(jing)間的過(guo)渡帶。

根據1984年國務院環境(jing)保護(hu)(hu)委員會公布(bu)《中國珍(zhen)稀(xi)瀕危保護(hu)(hu)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)名錄》和1999年國務院批(pi)準(zhun)公布(bu)的(de)《國家(jia)(jia)(jia)重點保護(hu)(hu)野(ye)生植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)名錄(第一批(pi))》，濕地公園內現有(you)國家(jia)(jia)(jia)I級保護(hu)(hu)的(de)有(you)1種(zhong)，即銀(yin)杏，屬銀(yin)杏科、銀(yin)杏屬，單(dan)屬單(dan)種(zhong)落葉大喬木。屬國家(jia)(jia)(jia)Ⅱ級保護(hu)(hu)的(de)一種(zhong)，即蓮。

濕地動物

泉水灣濕(shi)地(di)擁有十分豐富(fu)的(de)動(dong)物(wu)資源，共記錄到野(ye)生脊椎(zhui)動(dong)物(wu)198種，隸屬(shu)于29目55科。

泉(quan)(quan)水(shui)灣(wan)(wan)濕(shi)地屬淮河(he)水(shui)系，淡水(shui)魚類(lei)資(zi)源豐(feng)富。經本次初(chu)步調查，在泉(quan)(quan)水(shui)灣(wan)(wan)濕(shi)地共(gong)發現有(you)41種(zhong)(zhong)魚類(lei)分布，以鯉形目(mu)為主(zhu)(zhu)。其中，鯉形目(mu)2科34種(zhong)(zhong)，非鯉形目(mu)7科7種(zhong)(zhong)；泉(quan)(quan)水(shui)灣(wan)(wan)濕(shi)地分布有(you)兩(liang)棲動(dong)物1目(mu)3科7種(zhong)(zhong)，分布有(you)爬行動(dong)物6種(zhong)(zhong)，隸屬于3目(mu)3科。泉(quan)(quan)水(shui)灣(wan)(wan)濕(shi)地內的(de)哺乳類(lei)已知有(you)5目(mu)7科14種(zhong)(zhong)，從種(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)看，以嚙齒目(mu)2科8種(zhong)(zhong)，食肉(rou)目(mu)2科2種(zhong)(zhong)為主(zhu)(zhu)（見表(biao)5），具有(you)明(ming)顯的(de)農田水(shui)域獸類(lei)特征(zheng)。

調查發現(xian)，泉水(shui)灣濕(shi)地(di)共(gong)分(fen)(fen)布有(you)鳥(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)130種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，隸屬(shu)于15目(mu)33科(ke)(ke)。在130種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)鳥(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)中(zhong)，雀形目(mu)計有(you)58種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，占(zhan)濕(shi)地(di)公園(yuan)(yuan)內分(fen)(fen)布的(de)(de)(de)鳥(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數的(de)(de)(de)44.6%，其(qi)中(zhong)僅鹟科(ke)(ke)就(jiu)有(you)19種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，是(shi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)科(ke)(ke)；另有(you)非(fei)雀形目(mu)鳥(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)72種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，共(gong)占(zhan)濕(shi)地(di)公園(yuan)(yuan)鳥(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數的(de)(de)(de)55.4%。從鳥(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)生態(tai)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)型(xing)上(shang)看(kan)，泉水(shui)灣濕(shi)地(di)公園(yuan)(yuan)分(fen)(fen)布有(you)游禽類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)、涉禽類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)、陸(lu)禽類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)、攀禽類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)、猛禽類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)、鳴禽類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)等。在130種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)鳥(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)中(zhong)，留(liu)鳥(niao)(niao)36種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，占(zhan)全部(bu)(bu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)(de)27.7%，夏候鳥(niao)(niao)24種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，占(zhan)全部(bu)(bu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)(de)18.5%，冬候鳥(niao)(niao)38種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，占(zhan)全部(bu)(bu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)(de)29.2%，旅鳥(niao)(niao)32種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，占(zhan)全部(bu)(bu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)(de)

泉(quan)水灣濕(shi)地內分布著多種國家級重點保(bao)護野生動物，這些國家級保(bao)護動物全部為(wei)鳥類，包(bao)括白(bai)琵鷺、白(bai)額雁、小天鵝、黑鳶、雀(que)鷹、普通(tong)鵟、白(bai)尾鷂、鵲鷂、紅隼(sun)(sun)、燕隼(sun)(sun)、阿穆(mu)爾隼(sun)(sun)、褐翅鴉鵑、鷹鸮、短(duan)耳(er)鸮等共計14種，占該濕(shi)地脊椎動物總數（198種）的(de)7.1％。

在(zai)泉水灣(wan)濕(shi)地內還分布有38種(zhong)(zhong)安徽(hui)省(sheng)(sheng)省(sheng)(sheng)級(ji)重點保護(hu)野生(sheng)脊(ji)椎動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)。其中(zhong)，兩棲類(lei)中(zhong)金(jin)線蛙(wa)(wa)、黑(hei)斑(ban)蛙(wa)(wa)、中(zhong)華(hua)蟾蜍(chu)、花背(bei)蟾蜍(chu)等(deng)4種(zhong)(zhong)為安徽(hui)省(sheng)(sheng)級(ji)重點保護(hu)野生(sheng)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)。爬行類(lei)中(zhong)，中(zhong)華(hua)鱉、烏梢蛇2種(zhong)(zhong)被(bei)列為安徽(hui)省(sheng)(sheng)重點保護(hu)野生(sheng)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)。獸類(lei)中(zhong)，有2種(zhong)(zhong)省(sheng)(sheng)級(ji)重點保護(hu)野生(sheng)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)，即豹貓和黃(huang)鼬。鳥類(lei)中(zhong)，含30種(zhong)(zhong)被(bei)列為省(sheng)(sheng)級(ji)重點保護(hu)的野生(sheng)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)，如綠頭鴨(ya)、花臉鴨(ya)、鴻雁、豆雁、大杜鵑、灰頭綠啄木鳥、金(jin)腰燕、棕背(bei)伯勞、黑(hei)枕(zhen)黃(huang)鸝、灰喜鵲、環頸(jing)雉等(deng)。