泉(quan)(quan)水(shui)灣濕(shi)(shi)地公(gong)園位于阜陽市潁泉(quan)(quan)區,地處沃野(ye)千里(li)的(de)淮北(bei)平原腹地,介于東經115°33′~115°55′、北(bei)緯32°54′~33°07′之間。泉(quan)(quan)水(shui)灣位于泉(quan)(quan)河(he)北(bei)畔,南臨(lin)泉(quan)(quan)河(he),東起泉(quan)(quan)穎閘,西起坎(kan)河(he)溜閘,位于老泉(quan)(quan)河(he)河(he)道上(shang),全長15千米,規(gui)劃總(zong)面(mian)積452公(gong)頃,其中濕(shi)(shi)地總(zong)面(mian)積為288.47公(gong)頃,占濕(shi)(shi)地公(gong)園土(tu)地總(zong)面(mian)積的(de)63.82%。
根(gen)據《全國濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)資源(yuan)調查技術規程(試行)》的(de)分類系統,參照安徽省(sheng)第二次濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)資源(yuan)調查結果,濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)公園內濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)主要為(wei)自然河(he)流濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(水面及河(he)灘(tan)地(di)(di)(di)),還有一小(xiao)部分的(de)庫塘濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)。
潁泉(quan)泉(quan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)灣濕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)公(gong)園(yuan)地(di)處亞熱帶(dai)和暖(nuan)溫(wen)帶(dai)的過渡區域,屬暖(nuan)溫(wen)帶(dai)半(ban)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)潤季(ji)風氣(qi)(qi)候,四(si)季(ji)分明,關(guan)照充足,雨量(liang)(liang)充沛,氣(qi)(qi)候溫(wen)和。年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)均(jun)氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)14.9℃,無霜(shuang)期220天,年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)均(jun)降水(shui)(shui)(shui)910毫米左(zuo)右(you)。年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)均(jun)氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)14.5℃~15.0℃,1月(yue)平(ping)均(jun)氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)1.0℃~1.2℃,7月(yue)平(ping)均(jun)氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)28℃;常年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)月(yue)氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)波動幅(fu)度以(yi)2月(yue)最(zui)(zui)(zui)大(da),可達9℃,以(yi)9月(yue)最(zui)(zui)(zui)小,一般在(zai)3.5℃;極端(duan)最(zui)(zui)(zui)高氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)平(ping)均(jun)值(zhi)接近37℃,極端(duan)最(zui)(zui)(zui)低溫(wen)度平(ping)均(jun)值(zhi)在(zai)—12℃左(zuo)右(you);年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)平(ping)均(jun)無霜(shuang)期221天。年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)平(ping)均(jun)降水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)950mm左(zuo)右(you),最(zui)(zui)(zui)大(da)降水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)為1722mm,最(zui)(zui)(zui)小降水(shui)(shui)(shui)量(liang)(liang)為389.6mm。地(di)區年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)蒸(zheng)(zheng)發(fa)(fa)(fa)量(liang)(liang)1600~1930mm,隨季(ji)節變化(hua)而不等,以(yi)夏季(ji)蒸(zheng)(zheng)發(fa)(fa)(fa)量(liang)(liang)最(zui)(zui)(zui)大(da),冬季(ji)最(zui)(zui)(zui)小,春季(ji)大(da)于秋(qiu)季(ji)。一年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)之中(zhong),6月(yue)份蒸(zheng)(zheng)發(fa)(fa)(fa)量(liang)(liang)最(zui)(zui)(zui)大(da),1月(yue)份蒸(zheng)(zheng)發(fa)(fa)(fa)量(liang)(liang)最(zui)(zui)(zui)小。泉(quan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)灣濕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)地(di)公(gong)園(yuan)位(wei)于半(ban)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)潤區域,相(xiang)對(dui)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)度穩(wen)定。3~6月(yue)相(xiang)對(dui)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)度較大(da),在(zai)82%以(yi)上;10月(yue)至翌年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)1月(yue)較小,在(zai)78%以(yi)下;全年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)平(ping)均(jun)相(xiang)對(dui)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)度為80%。
經本次調查初步統(tong)計潁泉(quan)區泉(quan)水灣濕地公園共有(you)維管植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)46科(ke)(ke)(ke)90屬(shu)102種(zhong)(含種(zhong)下(xia)分類(lei)單(dan)位(wei),下(xia)同),其中(zhong)蕨類(lei)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)有(you)3科(ke)(ke)(ke)3屬(shu)3種(zhong),裸子植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)2科(ke)(ke)(ke)2屬(shu)2種(zhong),被(bei)子植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)41科(ke)(ke)(ke)85屬(shu)97種(zhong)。在被(bei)子植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)中(zhong)雙子葉植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)34科(ke)(ke)(ke)69屬(shu)78種(zhong);單(dan)子葉植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)7科(ke)(ke)(ke)16屬(shu)19種(zhong)。
阜陽(yang)潁(ying)泉(quan)區泉(quan)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)灣濕(shi)(shi)地(di)公園的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)生維管植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)在皖北還(huan)算是比(bi)較豐富(fu)的(de)(de)(de),共有19科34屬(shu)40種(zhong)。由(you)于(yu)(yu)(yu)濕(shi)(shi)地(di)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)在濕(shi)(shi)地(di)生態(tai)(tai)系統中的(de)(de)(de)作用與水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)、水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)基(ji)(ji)質(zhi)(zhi)、大氣(qi)、光(guang)照及其(qi)形態(tai)(tai)結構(gou)密切相關,因此濕(shi)(shi)地(di)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)生活型可(ke)以(yi)分為以(yi)下5種(zhong):A.挺水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu):根(gen)系著(zhu)生于(yu)(yu)(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)基(ji)(ji)質(zhi)(zhi),植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)株大部分挺出水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)面(mian)(mian)接受光(guang)照,缺水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)時可(ke)耐潮(chao)濕(shi)(shi)性陸生;B.浮葉(xie)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu):根(gen)系懸生于(yu)(yu)(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti),葉(xie)浮于(yu)(yu)(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)面(mian)(mian)接受光(guang)照,葉(xie)柄長,或(huo)因變態(tai)(tai)莖上的(de)(de)(de)葉(xie)生長期(qi)不同而葉(xie)片(pian)浮于(yu)(yu)(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)面(mian)(mian),植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)株不耐干(gan)旱(han);C.濕(shi)(shi)沼生植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu):根(gen)系著(zhu)生于(yu)(yu)(yu)潮(chao)濕(shi)(shi)或(huo)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)環(huan)境基(ji)(ji)質(zhi)(zhi),植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)株在水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)濕(shi)(shi)或(huo)沼澤環(huan)境中完(wan)成生活周期(qi),花(hua)序挺出水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)面(mian)(mian),風媒(mei)或(huo)蟲媒(mei);D.沉(chen)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu):根(gen)系著(zhu)生于(yu)(yu)(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)基(ji)(ji)質(zhi)(zhi),植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)株沉(chen)入水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti),花(hua)序或(huo)花(hua)各部簡化,花(hua)期(qi)露出水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)面(mian)(mian)或(huo)于(yu)(yu)(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)中,水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)媒(mei)或(huo)自花(hua)傳粉;E.耐濕(shi)(shi)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu):近(jin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)生長的(de)(de)(de)中生植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu),生活周期(qi)能(neng)適應(ying)階段性水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)濕(shi)(shi)與干(gan)旱(han),往往花(hua)果期(qi)處(chu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)后(hou)種(zhong)生境,為濕(shi)(shi)地(di)生態(tai)(tai)系統中的(de)(de)(de)重要一員。
按上述(shu)不同生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活型(xing)劃分濕地公園內水生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)植物有挺(ting)水植物6種,浮葉植物3種,濕沼生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)植物19種,沉(chen)水植物3種,耐濕植物9種。在(zai)皖(wan)北濕地生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)系統中(zhong)多(duo)樣性(xing)明(ming)顯,但以濕沼生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)與耐濕植物較多(duo)。從生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)境條件來看,此兩類生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活型(xing)分布于水域生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)境與中(zhong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)環境間的過(guo)渡帶。
根據1984年(nian)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)務院環境保(bao)(bao)護委員會公(gong)布(bu)《中國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)珍(zhen)稀瀕危保(bao)(bao)護植物名(ming)錄》和1999年(nian)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)務院批準(zhun)公(gong)布(bu)的《國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)重點保(bao)(bao)護野(ye)生植物名(ming)錄(第一(yi)批)》,濕地(di)公(gong)園(yuan)內(nei)現(xian)有國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)I級(ji)保(bao)(bao)護的有1種,即(ji)銀(yin)杏(xing),屬銀(yin)杏(xing)科、銀(yin)杏(xing)屬,單(dan)屬單(dan)種落葉大喬木。屬國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)Ⅱ級(ji)保(bao)(bao)護的一(yi)種,即(ji)蓮(lian)。
泉水灣濕(shi)地擁有(you)十分豐富的動物(wu)資源,共(gong)記錄(lu)到野生脊椎(zhui)動物(wu)198種,隸屬于29目55科。
泉水(shui)(shui)灣濕地屬(shu)淮河水(shui)(shui)系(xi),淡水(shui)(shui)魚(yu)類資源豐(feng)富(fu)。經本次初步調(diao)查,在泉水(shui)(shui)灣濕地共(gong)發現有41種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)魚(yu)類分布(bu)(bu),以(yi)鯉(li)形(xing)目(mu)(mu)為(wei)主(zhu)。其(qi)中,鯉(li)形(xing)目(mu)(mu)2科(ke)(ke)34種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),非鯉(li)形(xing)目(mu)(mu)7科(ke)(ke)7種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);泉水(shui)(shui)灣濕地分布(bu)(bu)有兩棲動物(wu)1目(mu)(mu)3科(ke)(ke)7種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),分布(bu)(bu)有爬行(xing)動物(wu)6種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),隸屬(shu)于3目(mu)(mu)3科(ke)(ke)。泉水(shui)(shui)灣濕地內的哺乳類已知有5目(mu)(mu)7科(ke)(ke)14種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),從(cong)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數看,以(yi)嚙齒(chi)目(mu)(mu)2科(ke)(ke)8種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),食肉目(mu)(mu)2科(ke)(ke)2種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)為(wei)主(zhu)(見表(biao)5),具有明顯的農田(tian)水(shui)(shui)域(yu)獸類特征。
調(diao)查發(fa)現,泉水灣(wan)濕地(di)共(gong)分(fen)布(bu)有鳥(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)130種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),隸屬于(yu)15目(mu)33科。在130種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)鳥(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)中,雀(que)形(xing)目(mu)計(ji)有58種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)(zhan)濕地(di)公(gong)園內分(fen)布(bu)的(de)(de)(de)鳥(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)的(de)(de)(de)44.6%,其中僅鹟科就有19種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),是種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)多的(de)(de)(de)一科;另有非(fei)雀(que)形(xing)目(mu)鳥(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)72種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),共(gong)占(zhan)(zhan)濕地(di)公(gong)園鳥(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)的(de)(de)(de)55.4%。從(cong)鳥(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)生態(tai)類(lei)(lei)(lei)型(xing)上看,泉水灣(wan)濕地(di)公(gong)園分(fen)布(bu)有游禽(qin)類(lei)(lei)(lei)、涉禽(qin)類(lei)(lei)(lei)、陸禽(qin)類(lei)(lei)(lei)、攀禽(qin)類(lei)(lei)(lei)、猛禽(qin)類(lei)(lei)(lei)、鳴禽(qin)類(lei)(lei)(lei)等。在130種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)鳥(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)中,留(liu)鳥(niao)(niao)36種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)(zhan)全部種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)(de)27.7%,夏候(hou)鳥(niao)(niao)24種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)(zhan)全部種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)(de)18.5%,冬候(hou)鳥(niao)(niao)38種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)(zhan)全部種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)(de)29.2%,旅鳥(niao)(niao)32種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)(zhan)全部種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)(de)
泉水灣濕地內(nei)分布著(zhu)多種(zhong)國(guo)家(jia)級(ji)重點保護(hu)野生(sheng)動(dong)物,這(zhe)些國(guo)家(jia)級(ji)保護(hu)動(dong)物全部為鳥類,包括白琵鷺、白額(e)雁、小天鵝、黑鳶、雀(que)鷹、普通(tong)鵟、白尾(wei)鷂、鵲(que)鷂、紅隼、燕(yan)隼、阿(a)穆(mu)爾隼、褐(he)翅鴉鵑、鷹鸮(xiao)、短耳鸮(xiao)等共計(ji)14種(zhong),占(zhan)該(gai)濕地脊椎(zhui)動(dong)物總數(198種(zhong))的7.1%。
在泉水灣濕地內還分(fen)布有(you)38種安徽(hui)(hui)省(sheng)省(sheng)級(ji)重點保護(hu)野(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)脊椎動(dong)(dong)物(wu)。其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong),兩棲類(lei)(lei)中(zhong)(zhong)金(jin)線蛙、黑斑蛙、中(zhong)(zhong)華(hua)蟾(chan)蜍(chu)、花背蟾(chan)蜍(chu)等4種為安徽(hui)(hui)省(sheng)級(ji)重點保護(hu)野(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)。爬行類(lei)(lei)中(zhong)(zhong),中(zhong)(zhong)華(hua)鱉、烏梢蛇(she)2種被列為安徽(hui)(hui)省(sheng)重點保護(hu)野(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)。獸(shou)類(lei)(lei)中(zhong)(zhong),有(you)2種省(sheng)級(ji)重點保護(hu)野(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)(dong)物(wu),即(ji)豹(bao)貓和黃(huang)鼬(you)。鳥類(lei)(lei)中(zhong)(zhong),含30種被列為省(sheng)級(ji)重點保護(hu)的(de)野(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)(dong)物(wu),如(ru)綠(lv)頭鴨、花臉鴨、鴻(hong)雁、豆雁、大(da)杜鵑、灰頭綠(lv)啄(zhuo)木鳥、金(jin)腰燕(yan)、棕背伯勞(lao)、黑枕黃(huang)鸝(li)、灰喜鵲(que)、環(huan)頸雉等。