沅(yuan)水國家(jia)濕(shi)地公(gong)園(yuan)位于(yu)湖南省桃源縣境內,以保護中華秋沙鴨為(wei)(wei)主的(de)38種(zhong)鳥類越冬棲息地為(wei)(wei)目標,是集濕(shi)地保護與修復、文化展示、科普宣教、科研監測、濕(shi)地生態旅游為(wei)(wei)一體的(de)綜(zong)合性濕(shi)地公(gong)園(yuan),沅(yuan)水濕(shi)地公(gong)園(yuan)上至(zhi)張(zhang)家(jia)灣洞洲、下至(zhi)堯(yao)河渡口(kou),規劃(hua)總(zong)面積一萬余畝、總(zong)投資8000多(duo)萬元(yuan)。
前不(bu)久,國家林業局正式下發文(wen)件,同意開(kai)展桃源(yuan)沅水(shui)國家濕地(di)(di)公園試點(dian)工(gong)作,這是桃源(yuan)縣縣第一個國家濕地(di)(di)公園。
周邊交通方便。沅水桃源(yuan)縣(xian)境有港口3個,碼頭42座;省(sheng)道(dao)(dao)1848和(he)1801線縱橫桃源(yuan);319國道(dao)(dao)、杭瑞高速公(gong)(gong)(gong)路緊(jin)鄰公(gong)(gong)(gong)園東(dong)側(ce);桃花源(yuan)機場(chang)距(ju)公(gong)(gong)(gong)園15公(gong)(gong)(gong)里。內部(bu)交通,菱洲公(gong)(gong)(gong)路在西側(ce)穿過(guo)濕地(di)公(gong)(gong)(gong)園從桃源(yuan)縣(xian)城通往剪市鎮,大部(bu)分區(qu)域目前(qian)暫(zan)未開(kai)發,無水泥路和(he)碼頭等(deng)交通設施(shi),只有當地(di)村民自發形成漁船(chuan)航道(dao)(dao)。
濕(shi)地(di)(di)面(mian)積701.64公(gong)(gong)頃(qing),占總面(mian)積的93.33%。濕(shi)地(di)(di)類(lei)型為:永久性河流濕(shi)地(di)(di)530.62公(gong)(gong)頃(qing),洪泛濕(shi)地(di)(di)171.02公(gong)(gong)頃(qing)。
人(ren)(ren)(ren)文(wen)(wen)旅(lv)游(you)資(zi)源(yuan)豐富(fu)。優(you)良(liang)的(de)(de)水質、充沛(pei)的(de)(de)水量和(he)開闊的(de)(de)水域空間(jian),與(yu)兩(liang)岸綺麗的(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)光(guang),周(zhou)邊層巒疊嶂(zhang)的(de)(de)山體(ti)、古老懷舊的(de)(de)村(cun)屋(wu)組成良(liang)好的(de)(de)山水風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)景(jing)。其(qi)自身景(jing)觀資(zi)源(yuan)獨(du)特,歷史(shi)文(wen)(wen)化悠(you)久,又與(yu)桃(tao)(tao)花(hua)源(yuan)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)景(jing)區(qu)、武(wu)(wu)陵(ling)漁(yu)村(cun)、雙洲公(gong)園(yuan)等(deng)多處景(jing)點交相輝映,共同組成一(yi)個以濕(shi)地(di)公(gong)園(yuan)為核心,向沅江(jiang)上下游(you)輻射的(de)(de)沅江(jiang)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)光(guang)帶,為濕(shi)地(di)公(gong)園(yuan)建設(she)的(de)(de)科普宣傳(chuan)(chuan)和(he)生態旅(lv)游(you)提供良(liang)好基礎。相傳(chuan)(chuan)中(zhong)原隱(yin)(yin)士善卷(juan)歸隱(yin)(yin)德山,數次(ci)沿(yan)沅江(jiang)而上,教化萬(wan)民(min);兩(liang)千多年前,愛國詩(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)屈原曾溯沅江(jiang)南(nan)下,寫下不朽詩(shi)篇《涉(she)江(jiang)》。歷代(dai)文(wen)(wen)人(ren)(ren)(ren)墨客酈道元(yuan)、李白(bai)、劉禹錫、陸游(you)、黃庭堅、朱熹、王陽明、袁宏道,無不流(liu)連(lian)其(qi)中(zhong),暢抒胸臆(yi)。而今,訪古探(tan)幽,問津賞景(jing),亦(yi)然快哉。沅水一(yi)帶,有桃(tao)(tao)源(yuan)八景(jing)“桃(tao)(tao)川仙隱(yin)(yin)、潼舫古渡、漳江(jiang)夜月、梅溪煙雨、楚山春曉(xiao)、綠蘿晴(qing)畫、潯陽古寺、白(bai)馬雪濤(tao)”;更有瀟湘(xiang)八景(jing)之一(yi)“漁(yu)村(cun)夕(xi)照”,還有三(san)(san)塔(ta)三(san)(san)閣(ge)“白(bai)佛(fo)閣(ge),漳江(jiang)閣(ge),文(wen)(wen)昌閣(ge);楚望(wang)塔(ta),文(wen)(wen)星塔(ta),回(hui)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)塔(ta)”。一(yi)條夷(yi)望(wang)溪,如青(qing)羅帶串連(lian)了水心寨、鐘(zhong)鼓山、月亮巖、象山和(he)十萬(wan)畝竹海(hai),可感(gan)“清溪滌(di)塵,幽篁長嘯”。一(yi)處桃(tao)(tao)花(hua)源(yuan),歷經千年,沉淀了德文(wen)(wen)化、陶文(wen)(wen)化、儺文(wen)(wen)化、道教文(wen)(wen)化、佛(fo)教文(wen)(wen)化與(yu)隱(yin)(yin)逸文(wen)(wen)化,盡顯“桃(tao)(tao)花(hua)流(liu)水、福地(di)洞天”。每(mei)年3月28日(ri)桃(tao)(tao)花(hua)節,如織(zhi)游(you)人(ren)(ren)(ren),往(wang)來不絕(jue)。武(wu)(wu)陵(ling)漁(yu)村(cun)、桃(tao)(tao)源(yuan)人(ren)(ren)(ren)家屋(wu)舍(she)儼然,良(liang)田美地(di),桑(sang)梓竹林,回(hui)歸田園(yuan)、體(ti)驗農趣;“三(san)(san)棒(bang)鼓”、“九子(zi)鞭(bian)”、“草把龍(long)”等(deng)民(min)間(jian)藝(yi)術,在此傳(chuan)(chuan)承并發揚光(guang)大(da)。擂(lei)茶歷史(shi)悠(you)久、源(yuan)遠流(liu)長,成為濃郁的(de)(de)農家人(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)飲(yin)食文(wen)(wen)化。臺灣詩(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)余(yu)光(guang)中(zhong)品過擂(lei)茶,留(liu)下 “識得(de)擂(lei)茶味,更羨武(wu)(wu)陵(ling)人(ren)(ren)(ren)” 的(de)(de)詠嘆。
桃(tao)源(yuan)沅(yuan)水(shui)濕(shi)(shi)地(di)公園(yuan)分為(wei)四大功(gong)能區:濕(shi)(shi)地(di)保育(yu)區,是(shi)濕(shi)(shi)地(di)公園(yuan)的(de)主體(ti)和生態基質,也是(shi)濕(shi)(shi)地(di)公園(yuan)的(de)景觀載體(ti),主要為(wei)范圍(wei)內(nei)沅(yuan)江(jiang)水(shui)域,面(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)為(wei)530.62公頃,占(zhan)總面(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)70.58%。恢(hui)復(fu)重(zhong)建區,是(shi)濕(shi)(shi)地(di)公園(yuan)恢(hui)復(fu)和重(zhong)建濕(shi)(shi)地(di)系(xi)統(tong)的(de)典(dian)型示范區,主要包括沙洲、吳(wu)家洲北部和沅(yuan)江(jiang)西(xi)岸(an)張(zhang)家堰護堤灘林帶。該區總面(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)為(wei)131.39公頃,占(zhan)總面(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)17.48%。管(guan)理宣教(jiao)區,主要包括濕(shi)(shi)地(di)公園(yuan)的(de)管(guan)理服務機(ji)構設施和科普宣教(jiao)館。面(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)14.8公頃,占(zhan)總面(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)1.97%。生態旅游(you)區,是(shi)濕(shi)(shi)地(di)公園(yuan)開展濕(shi)(shi)地(di)休(xiu)閑和游(you)憩(qi)體(ti)驗的(de)場所,主要包括洞洲和吳(wu)家洲南部,面(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)為(wei)74.98公頃,占(zhan)總面(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)9.97%。
其結(jie)構布(bu)(bu)局為(wei)(wei) “一核(he)、兩軸(zhou)、四片(pian)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)”。 “一核(he)”:是(shi)(shi)指(zhi)以(yi)洞洲和(he)吳家洲南(nan)部濕(shi)地(di)(di)生態系統良好、濕(shi)地(di)(di)景觀(guan)資(zi)源較(jiao)為(wei)(wei)豐富的(de)(de)(de)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)域作為(wei)(wei)核(he)心依托,在陸(lu)(lu)地(di)(di)上聯(lian)系外部城(cheng)市,也(ye)是(shi)(shi)公園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)內部各(ge)個功能片(pian)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)連接紐帶和(he)輻射平(ping)臺。“兩軸(zhou)”:主軸(zhou)和(he)輔軸(zhou),主軸(zhou):以(yi)“一核(he)”為(wei)(wei)軸(zhou)心,在主河(he)道向(xiang)南(nan)北(bei)方向(xiang)延伸,串聯(lian)起公園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)各(ge)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)域,是(shi)(shi)公園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)進行日常管(guan)理巡護(hu)的(de)(de)(de)主要軸(zhou)線。輔軸(zhou):該(gai)軸(zhou)也(ye)是(shi)(shi)以(yi)“一核(he)”為(wei)(wei)輻射平(ping)臺,在輔河(he)道向(xiang)北(bei)延伸,是(shi)(shi)公園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)內部開(kai)(kai)展生態旅游和(he)科(ke)普宣(xuan)傳的(de)(de)(de)連接紐帶。“四片(pian)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)”:分別(bie)為(wei)(wei)水(shui)域區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)、洲灘區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)、林地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)和(he)河(he)堤(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)。水(shui)域區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)在濕(shi)地(di)(di)公園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)內分布(bu)(bu)廣,是(shi)(shi)整個濕(shi)地(di)(di)公園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)主體(ti)和(he)載體(ti);洲灘區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)植被茂盛,生物多樣性高(gao),是(shi)(shi)公園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)濕(shi)地(di)(di)生態系統的(de)(de)(de)“營(ying)養供體(ti)”;林地(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)是(shi)(shi)濕(shi)地(di)(di)公園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)陸(lu)(lu)路上與(yu)外界(jie)連通的(de)(de)(de)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)域,該(gai)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)域地(di)(di)勢較(jiao)高(gao),視野開(kai)(kai)闊,濕(shi)地(di)(di)景觀(guan)豐富,是(shi)(shi)公園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)管(guan)理核(he)心區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)域;河(he)堤(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)保護(hu)邊緣山體(ti)和(he)人工護(hu)堤(di),是(shi)(shi)濕(shi)地(di)(di)公園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)“保護(hu)傘”。