貴州(zhou)納(na)雍(yong)大坪箐國(guo)家濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)公(gong)園位于貴州(zhou)省納(na)雍(yong)縣(xian)、總面積1074公(gong)頃。距縣(xian)城約40公(gong)里,地(di)(di)理坐標東(dong)經105°26'19"~105°29'52",北(bei)緯(wei)26°40'01"~26°42'20"。地(di)(di)處烏(wu)(wu)江北(bei)源(yuan)(yuan)六沖河上(shang)游(you),山頂上(shang)的沼(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)澤(ze)(ze)濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)是烏(wu)(wu)江上(shang)游(you)的隱形水庫和(he)碳(tan)庫,它與大坪箐水庫、溝(gou)谷及山頂緩丘(qiu)上(shang)的中亞(ya)熱(re)帶(dai)常綠闊葉林(lin)互為補(bu)充,持續地(di)(di)為河流供給(gei)水源(yuan)(yuan),發揮(hui)著強(qiang)大的蓄水能(neng)(neng)力(li)和(he)碳(tan)匯功能(neng)(neng)。是一個(ge)蘚類(lei)沼(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)澤(ze)(ze)、草本沼(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)澤(ze)(ze)、灌(guan)叢沼(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)澤(ze)(ze)、森林(lin)沼(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)澤(ze)(ze)、庫塘組成的集合體,是典(dian)型的云貴高原(yuan)中山沼(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)澤(ze)(ze)濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)。
為了落(luo)實(shi)國家濕(shi)(shi)地(di)分(fen)(fen)類(lei)分(fen)(fen)級保(bao)護(hu)管理(li)措施(shi),有(you)效(xiao)保(bao)護(hu)濕(shi)(shi)地(di)資源,2013年,納(na)雍縣人民政府決定建設大坪(ping)箐國家濕(shi)(shi)地(di)公(gong)園(yuan)。濕(shi)(shi)地(di)公(gong)園(yuan)規(gui)劃總(zong)面積1074.0公(gong)頃,濕(shi)(shi)地(di)面積551.4公(gong)頃,濕(shi)(shi)地(di)率(lv)51.3%。所在地(di)土(tu)地(di)所有(you)權屬國有(you),由(you)國有(you)納(na)雍林(lin)場經營,沒有(you)村莊(zhuang)分(fen)(fen)布其中(zhong);氣候屬中(zhong)亞熱帶季風濕(shi)(shi)潤(run)氣候;土(tu)壤(rang)以黃棕壤(rang)為主,沼(zhao)澤(ze)分(fen)(fen)布區多發育形(xing)成(cheng)沼(zhao)澤(ze)土(tu)或(huo)草(cao)甸土(tu)。
大坪箐火山(shan)(shan)玄武巖山(shan)(shan)頂(ding)波狀起伏(fu)的(de)地(di)貌(mao),是海拔(ba)2000~2100米的(de)平頂(ding)山(shan)(shan)地(di)貌(mao),與山(shan)(shan)下(xia)地(di)形相對(dui)高(gao)差(cha)500~600米,整體(ti)屬侵蝕剝蝕中(zhong)山(shan)(shan)地(di)貌(mao)類型。濕(shi)地(di)墊面為(wei)大量的(de)飽水(shui)(shui)泥炭蘚或濕(shi)生(sheng)植(zhi)物,具有(you)水(shui)(shui)汽(qi)蒸發充分和熱(re)容量大的(de)特點。公園山(shan)(shan)頂(ding)常年云霧(wu)繚繞,形成(cheng)獨特的(de)局地(di)氣(qi)候,表現出明顯常年水(shui)(shui)霧(wu)氣(qi)候的(de)“水(shui)(shui)平降水(shui)(shui)”,匯合成(cheng)烏江(jiang)(jiang)源頭的(de)山(shan)(shan)頂(ding)濕(shi)地(di)水(shui)(shui)源,與大坪箐水(shui)(shui)庫互為(wei)補(bu)充,山(shan)(shan)體(ti)溝谷有(you)大量發育良好(hao)的(de)中(zhong)亞熱(re)帶(dai)常綠落葉、闊葉林有(you)強大的(de)蓄水(shui)(shui)能力,在(zai)保障烏江(jiang)(jiang)及其下(xia)游長江(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)(shui)系的(de)生(sheng)態安全(quan)和維持區域水(shui)(shui)平衡中(zhong)發揮(hui)了重要作用。
這里主要濕(shi)地植物植物群(qun)落(luo)(luo)有(you)多紋(wen)泥(ni)炭蘚群(qun)落(luo)(luo)、金(jin)發蘚群(qun)落(luo)(luo)、曲尾蘚群(qun)落(luo)(luo)、燈心草+通泉草—多紋(wen)泥(ni)炭蘚群(qun)落(luo)(luo)、棒頭草+大理苔草群(qun)落(luo)(luo)、桃葉杜鵑(juan)+小果南燭—曲尾蘚、小果南燭+山(shan)礬+西(xi)南山(shan)茶—曲尾蘚等(deng)。
據統計,濕地(di)公園分布有野生(sheng)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)780種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),有苔蘚(xian)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)43科(ke)75屬(shu)157種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),主要種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類有泥炭蘚(xian)、曲(qu)尾(wei)蘚(xian)、金發蘚(xian)等(deng);蕨類植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)25科(ke)44屬(shu)80種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);野生(sheng)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)543種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其(qi)中(zhong)裸子(zi)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)4科(ke)5屬(shu)7種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),被子(zi)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)111科(ke)331屬(shu)536種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。其(qi)中(zhong)受(shou)國(guo)家(jia)保護(hu)(hu)(hu)的(de)珍(zhen)稀瀕(bin)危(wei)野生(sheng)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)5科(ke)5屬(shu)5種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),國(guo)家(jia)Ⅰ級保護(hu)(hu)(hu)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)有光葉珙(gong)桐、云貴(gui)水韭(jiu)、紅豆杉3種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),濕地(di)公園為我國(guo)特(te)有瀕(bin)危(wei)水生(sheng)蕨類植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)云貴(gui)水韭(jiu)的(de)新分布地(di)。Ⅱ級保護(hu)(hu)(hu)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)有十齒(chi)花、香(xiang)果樹2種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。
濕地公園已知的脊椎動(dong)(dong)物有131種,隸屬45科(ke)98屬,其中獸類17科(ke)31屬38種,國(guo)家Ⅱ級(ji)重(zhong)點(dian)(dian)保(bao)護(hu)動(dong)(dong)物有穿山(shan)甲、斑靈貍等(deng)6種;鳥類20科(ke)51屬73種,國(guo)家Ⅱ級(ji)重(zhong)點(dian)(dian)保(bao)護(hu)動(dong)(dong)物有鳶、紅(hong)隼、白腹錦雞等(deng)4種;兩(liang)棲爬行動(dong)(dong)物8科(ke)16屬20種及亞種,受保(bao)護(hu)種類有3科(ke)3屬5種,國(guo)家Ⅱ級(ji)重(zhong)點(dian)(dian)保(bao)護(hu)動(dong)(dong)物有貴州疣螈。這里是白鷺等(deng)侯鳥的重(zhong)要遷徙路線。
納雍(yong)縣(xian)委縣(xian)政府高度重(zhong)視大(da)(da)(da)坪(ping)箐(qing)(qing)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)地公(gong)園(yuan)建設工作,成立了國家濕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)地公(gong)園(yuan)建設領導小組,并于2013年編制完成了《貴(gui)州納雍(yong)大(da)(da)(da)坪(ping)箐(qing)(qing)國家濕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)地公(gong)園(yuan)總體規劃(hua)》。2013年12月31日國家林(lin)業局同(tong)意貴(gui)州大(da)(da)(da)坪(ping)箐(qing)(qing)濕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)地公(gong)園(yuan)試點工作。《規劃(hua)》從(cong)功能上將濕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)地公(gong)園(yuan)劃(hua)分(fen)為保(bao)育區(qu)、恢復重(zhong)建區(qu)、宣(xuan)教展(zhan)示區(qu)、合理(li)利用區(qu)、管理(li)服務區(qu)五大(da)(da)(da)功能區(qu)。其中(zhong):
保(bao)育(yu)區(qu)面積951.4公頃,占公園(yuan)總面積88.6%;該區(qu)域以森林沼(zhao)澤(ze)保(bao)護與保(bao)育(yu)為核心,加(jia)強區(qu)域內(nei)林草植被(bei)的保(bao)護與恢復(fu);有(you)效保(bao)護獸類(lei)、鳥類(lei)等動物良好的棲息地(di)(di),維(wei)持(chi)濕(shi)地(di)(di)—森林復(fu)合生(sheng)(sheng)態系統結構和(he)功能(neng)的完整性,增(zeng)強恢復(fu)濕(shi)地(di)(di)生(sheng)(sheng)態功能(neng)和(he)生(sheng)(sheng)物多樣性。
恢復重建區面(mian)積29.2公(gong)頃,占(zhan)公(gong)園總面(mian)積的2.7%;通過濕(shi)(shi)地基(ji)底和植被恢復建設,全面(mian)恢復濕(shi)(shi)地生態系統。
宣教(jiao)展示區面(mian)積(ji)44.8公頃,占公園總面(mian)積(ji)4.2%;在該區域(yu)內充(chong)分利用(yong)濕(shi)地資源和景觀,通過科(ke)普宣教(jiao)和宣傳畫廊等工程(cheng)建(jian)設(she),全面(mian)宣傳濕(shi)地、介紹濕(shi)地,提高人們對濕(shi)地的(de)保護意識。是濕(shi)地教(jiao)育、宣傳展示的(de)場所(suo)。
合理(li)利用區面積29.4公頃,占公園總面積2.7%;;通過開展登山、攀巖等競(jing)技活(huo)(huo)動及(ji)生態觀光活(huo)(huo)動,發揮濕地(di)多重效益,保障公園可持(chi)續發展。
管理服務(wu)區(qu)(qu)面積19.2公頃,占公園總面積1.8%。是公園綜(zong)合管理、服務(wu)接待的區(qu)(qu)域。
大(da)坪(ping)箐濕(shi)地公園有獨特的(de)高中(zhong)山(shan)沼澤濕(shi)地,五(wu)彩繽(bin)紛的(de)四季野(ye)花(hua),涼爽宜人的(de)氣(qi)候條件,得(de)天獨厚的(de)民俗文(wen)(wen)化,其中(zhong)民族(zu)精粹“滾山(shan)珠”更是被文(wen)(wen)化部列入第一批(pi)國(guo)家級非物質文(wen)(wen)化遺產名錄。大(da)坪(ping)箐濕(shi)地是一個走近濕(shi)地、了解濕(shi)地、休閑(xian)旅游的(de)絕佳去(qu)處。