地理
福(fu)建漳(zhang)(zhang)江口紅樹林(lin)國家級自然(ran)保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)位于(yu)福(fu)建省漳(zhang)(zhang)州(zhou)市(shi)云霄縣漳(zhang)(zhang)江入海口,地(di)(di)理位置為(wei)東經117°24′07″~117°30′00″,北緯23°53′45″~23°56′00″,保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)總面積(ji)2360hm2,為(wei)福(fu)建省最重要(yao)的濕地(di)(di)生(sheng)(sheng)態系統類型的國家級自然(ran)保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)。區(qu)內豐富的浮游動植物(wu)(wu)(wu)為(wei)150多(duo)種(zhong)鳥類、240多(duo)種(zhong)水生(sheng)(sheng)動物(wu)(wu)(wu)和(he)近(jin)400種(zhong)水生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)提供了棲息和(he)覓食的理想場所(suo)。
漳江口保護區位于臺風(feng)多發區,1955 ~ 1980 年(nian)間(jian)影(ying)響(xiang)云霄的臺風(feng)達 150次, 年(nian)平均臺風(feng)影(ying)響(xiang) 5.8 次。紅樹(shu)林濕地(di)是(shi)該區域(yu)的保護者,在穩固海岸、抵抗臺風(feng)侵蝕方面有(you)重要作(zuo)用。
景區概況
漳(zhang)江口紅樹(shu)林保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)于1992年(nian)元(yuan)月成立,1997年(nian)7月經省政府批準(zhun)成為省級(ji)(ji)自(zi)然保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu),2003年(nian)6月經國(guo)務院(yuan)批準(zhun)升格為國(guo)家級(ji)(ji)自(zi)然保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)。保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)成立“漳(zhang)江口紅樹(shu)林國(guo)家級(ji)(ji)自(zi)然保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)管理(li)局”,內設(she)辦公室、計財(cai)與項(xiang)目(mu)建設(she)科、資源(yuan)保(bao)護(hu)科,行政上隸屬于云霄(xiao)縣(xian)人(ren)民(min)政府,機構(gou)級(ji)(ji)別(bie)為相(xiang)當于副處級(ji)(ji)的事業單位,編制數為35名,現有工作人(ren)員15人(ren)。
漳江(jiang)口(kou)保護(hu)區內(nei)有紅樹林、蘆(lu)葦、卡開蘆(lu)沼澤、短葉茳(jiang)芏(du)鹽沼、江(jiang)河、灘(tan)(tan)涂、河灘(tan)(tan)、魚塘、水田等(deng)多種天然及人(ren)工濕(shi)地(di)、灘(tan)(tan)涂底(di)質有泥灘(tan)(tan)、泥沙灘(tan)(tan)、沙灘(tan)(tan)等(deng)各種類型,河網密布,濕(shi)地(di)環(huan)境多樣。
保(bao)護(hu)區內紅樹(shu)(shu)林(lin)(lin)植物(wu)主要分布有(you)(you)秋茄、木欖等(deng)紅樹(shu)(shu)科植物(wu),還有(you)(you)紫金牛科的(de)(de)(de)桐花(hua)樹(shu)(shu)、馬(ma)鞭科的(de)(de)(de)白骨壤、大(da)戟科的(de)(de)(de)海漆、爵(jue)床科的(de)(de)(de)老鼠簕(le)以及伴生(sheng)植物(wu)三(san)葉魚(yu)藤等(deng),保(bao)存(cun)了(le)福建省(sheng)面積最大(da)、中國天(tian)然(ran)分布最北大(da)面積天(tian)然(ran)紅樹(shu)(shu)林(lin)(lin),具有(you)(you)較高的(de)(de)(de)自然(ran)屬性和(he)典(dian)型的(de)(de)(de)紅樹(shu)(shu)林(lin)(lin)群落特征,具有(you)(you)很高的(de)(de)(de)保(bao)護(hu)研究(jiu)價值(zhi),是濕地(di)生(sheng)物(wu)多樣性的(de)(de)(de)寶庫之(zhi)一,是活的(de)(de)(de)自然(ran)博(bo)物(wu)館;是進行生(sheng)態(tai)、林(lin)(lin)業等(deng)研究(jiu)的(de)(de)(de)天(tian)然(ran)實(shi)驗(yan)室;是向青少年普及科學知(zhi)識和(he)宣傳自然(ran)保(bao)護(hu)的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要場所(suo);有(you)(you)助于保(bao)護(hu)生(sheng)態(tai)、保(bao)持地(di)區生(sheng)態(tai)平衡,也是開展生(sheng)態(tai)旅游的(de)(de)(de)理想場所(suo)。
主要物種
漳(zhang)江口(kou)紅(hong)(hong)樹(shu)林國(guo)(guo)家級自然(ran)保(bao)護區是東(dong)亞(ya)水鳥(niao)遷(qian)徙的(de)重要驛站,每年均有(you)大(da)(da)量的(de)濕地鳥(niao)類途經(jing)保(bao)護區。據調查(cha),有(you)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)及日本兩(liang)國(guo)(guo)政府協定保(bao)護候鳥(niao)綠鷺(lu)、夜鷺(lu)、大(da)(da)白鷺(lu)、中(zhong)白鷺(lu)、黃斑葦開(kai)鳥(niao)、及小鸊鷉(ti)、針尾鴨(ya)、綠翅鴨(ya)、綠頭(tou)鴨(ya)、琵嘴鴨(ya)、金斑鸻(heng)、大(da)(da)杓(shao)鷸、中(zhong)杓(shao)鷸、白腰(yao)杓(shao)鷸、磯(ji)鷸、反嘴鷸、紅(hong)(hong)腹(fu)濱鷸、紅(hong)(hong)嘴鷗(ou)、家燕(yan)、金腰(yao)燕(yan)、白鹡鸰等77種(zhong);有(you)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)及澳(ao)大(da)(da)利亞(ya)兩(liang)國(guo)(guo)政府協定保(bao)護候鳥(niao)紅(hong)(hong)腳(jiao)鷸、青腳(jiao)鷸、磯(ji)鷸、灰鷸、牛背(bei)鷺(lu)、小軍(jun)艦鳥(niao)、金眶鸻(heng)、金斑鸻(heng)、紅(hong)(hong)嘴巨鷗(ou)、普通燕(yan)鷗(ou)等41種(zhong)。
每年(nian)均有大量的(de)鸻鷸類及雁鴨類候鳥在保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)內停留覓食,補充體力,繼續(xu)遷徙(xi),是(shi)鳥類遷徙(xi)的(de)重要(yao)補給站(zhan)和加油(you)站(zhan),具有國(guo)際(ji)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)意義。同時包括池鷺、白鷺、綠鷺、夜(ye)鷺等(deng)各種鷺科鳥類混群營巢于紅樹林中,形成壯觀的(de)景象,這(zhe)些鳥類與(yu)紅樹林一起為保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)提供了寶貴的(de)觀賞(shang)資源。
地質地貌
保護區(qu)所在的福建省云(yun)霄縣地貌(mao)屬閩粵(yue)花崗巖丘陵亞區(qu),整個地勢(shi)自西北向東(dong)南表現(xian)出明(ming)顯的階梯狀降落,東(dong)、北、西三面高,中(zhong)部及南部地勢(shi)平坦開闊,構成了(le)向東(dong)南開口(kou)的馬蹄形(xing)的地貌(mao)。
漳江口(kou)是云(yun)霄縣(xian)最大的河(he)流(liu)出海口(kou)。漳江下游地(di)帶母質為(wei)第四紀殘積(ji)物質沉積(ji),由古(gu)老沖積(ji)物、近代河(he)流(liu)沖積(ji)、海積(ji)和風(feng)積(ji)形成。漳江是云(yun)霄縣(xian)的主要河(he)流(liu),全(quan)(quan)長(chang)58km,流(liu)域面積(ji)855km2,徑(jing)流(liu)總(zong)量(liang)1.011×109m3(包括客水1.53×108m3),全(quan)(quan)年(nian)全(quan)(quan)縣(xian)平均徑(jing)流(liu)量(liang)為(wei)6.35×108m3。
氣候特征
該區屬(shu)亞熱帶海洋性季(ji)風(feng)氣(qi)候,根據縣氣(qi)象臺歷(li)史觀(guan)測資料統計,年(nian)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)氣(qi)溫(wen)(wen)21.2℃,1月(yue)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)溫(wen)(wen)13.3℃,7月(yue)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)溫(wen)(wen)28.2℃,極端最(zui)高氣(qi)溫(wen)(wen)38.1℃,極端最(zui)低氣(qi)溫(wen)(wen)0.2℃,年(nian)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)風(feng)速2.7m/h,秋冬(dong)季(ji)多偏北風(feng),春夏季(ji)多偏南(nan)風(feng)。年(nian)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)降雨量(liang)(liang)為(wei)1714.5mm,年(nian)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)蒸發量(liang)(liang)1718.4mm,年(nian)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)雷(lei)暴雨日數(shu)50.5d,年(nian)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)日照(zhao)時數(shu)為(wei)2152.1h,年(nian)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)霜(shuang)日數(shu)2.3d。
區(qu)內土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)為(wei)濱海(hai)灘(tan)涂淤泥(ni)和沙(sha)質淤泥(ni),厚達2m以上。紅(hong)樹林土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)在(zai)國(guo)內外學術界稱為(wei)酸(suan)性硫酸(suan)鹽土(tu)(tu)(tu),也(ye)稱紅(hong)樹林沼(zhao)澤土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)。土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)含(han)鹽量高(一般10‰以上),具鹽漬化特征;土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)的(de)PH值(zhi)在(zai)3.5~7.5之(zhi)間,土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)含(han)有豐富的(de)植物殘體和有機質。
重要意義
漳江口紅樹林國家級自然保(bao)護區(qu)是以紅樹林濕(shi)地生態(tai)系統(tong)、瀕危動植物物種和東南沿海優質、水產種質資源(yuan)為主要保(bao)護對象的(de)濕(shi)地生態(tai)系統(tong)類(lei)型保(bao)護區(qu)。是中國北回(hui)歸線北側種類(lei)最(zui)(zui)多,生長最(zui)(zui)好的(de)紅樹林天然群落。
漳江口保護區保護價值高。包括以下幾個方面:
(1)多(duo)(duo)(duo)樣性(xing)。保護(hu)區(qu)位于漳江(jiang)入(ru)海口,為河(he)口灘涂濕(shi)地,周邊(bian)為農耕地,氣溫較(jiao)高,雨水較(jiao)多(duo)(duo)(duo),濕(shi)度中等,氣候適(shi)(shi)宜,為各種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)野(ye)生(sheng)動植(zhi)物(wu)提供了(le)多(duo)(duo)(duo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)生(sheng)境,形(xing)成了(le)多(duo)(duo)(duo)樣化的(de)(de)生(sheng)態(tai)系(xi)(xi)統。由于生(sheng)態(tai)系(xi)(xi)統的(de)(de)多(duo)(duo)(duo)樣性(xing),與之(zhi)相適(shi)(shi)應的(de)(de)就形(xing)成了(le)物(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)多(duo)(duo)(duo)樣性(xing)。據統計(ji),保護(hu)區(qu)內已(yi)定名的(de)(de)維管束植(zhi)物(wu)80科(ke)185屬(shu)224種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。野(ye)生(sheng)脊椎動物(wu)有359種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其中哺乳動物(wu)4目9科(ke)14種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);鳥(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)15目38科(ke)154種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);爬行(xing)類(lei)(lei)(lei)3目11科(ke)37種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);兩棲類(lei)(lei)(lei)1目5科(ke)13種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);魚類(lei)(lei)(lei)141種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。甲殼(ke)類(lei)(lei)(lei)30種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),頭足類(lei)(lei)(lei)11種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),浮游(you)動物(wu)180種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),浮游(you)植(zhi)物(wu)201種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),微生(sheng)物(wu)45種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。因(yin)而有豐(feng)富的(de)(de)物(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)多(duo)(duo)(duo)樣性(xing)和遺傳(chuan)多(duo)(duo)(duo)樣性(xing)。保護(hu)區(qu)有3個植(zhi)被型13個群(qun)系(xi)(xi)22個群(qun)叢。
(2)稀有(you)(you)(you)性。保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)區不但有(you)(you)(you)豐富的(de)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)資源,還分布有(you)(you)(you)許多具有(you)(you)(you)重要科研、經濟、文(wen)化價值的(de)珍稀、瀕(bin)危(wei)野生(sheng)(sheng)動植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)。據統計(ji),區內有(you)(you)(you)屬(shu)于國(guo)家(jia)重點保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)的(de)野生(sheng)(sheng)動物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)21種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其中國(guo)家(jia)一級保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)動物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)2種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),國(guo)家(jia)二(er)級保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)動物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)19種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);“三有(you)(you)(you)”動物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)162種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);國(guo)際(ji)自然和自然資源保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)聯盟(meng)(IUCN)(1996)名單中的(de)極危(wei)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(CR)1種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、瀕(bin)危(wei)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(EN)6種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、易危(wei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(VU)2種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);屬(shu)于瀕(bin)危(wei)野生(sheng)(sheng)動植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)際(ji)貿易公(gong)約(CITES)(1995)附(fu)錄Ⅰ的(de)有(you)(you)(you)10種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、附(fu)錄Ⅱ的(de)有(you)(you)(you)14種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、附(fu)錄Ⅲ的(de)有(you)(you)(you)6種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);屬(shu)于國(guo)際(ji)候(hou)鳥保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)協(xie)定(ding)中日、中澳候(hou)鳥保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)協(xie)定(ding)分別為(wei)77種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和41種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。同時(shi)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)區內還分布有(you)(you)(you)6種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)紅樹(shu)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu),特別是(shi)成(cheng)片分布的(de)20hm2的(de)白骨壤林。此外,區內還有(you)(you)(you)大(da)面積(ji)的(de)桐花樹(shu)林和一定(ding)面積(ji)的(de)秋茄林。
(3)典型性(xing)。保護區紅(hong)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)林(lin)是中國(guo)紅(hong)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)林(lin)自然分(fen)布(bu)北(bei)界的(de)(de)(de)大面積重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)紅(hong)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)林(lin)區域,紅(hong)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)林(lin)生(sheng)長繁(fan)茂,區內的(de)(de)(de)白骨(gu)壤(rang)林(lin)、秋(qiu)茄林(lin)、桐花樹(shu)(shu)(shu)林(lin)都(dou)具有代表性(xing),在一(yi)定程度上反映出我(wo)國(guo)紅(hong)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)林(lin)北(bei)緣分(fen)布(bu)區紅(hong)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)林(lin)的(de)(de)(de)原貌,具有重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)物地理(li)學意義。
(4)過(guo)渡性。從(cong)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)區(qu)系(xi)(xi)看,植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)屬于泛北極植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)區(qu)與(yu)古熱帶(dai)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)區(qu)兩個(ge)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)區(qu)系(xi)(xi)的過(guo)渡地帶(dai),這里成為木欖、海漆、鹵蕨的分布北界。從(cong)動物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)區(qu)系(xi)(xi)看,保護(hu)區(qu)的脊椎動物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)組成以東洋界種類(lei)(lei)為主,而在東洋界種類(lei)(lei)中,表現為華南(nan)區(qu)的種類(lei)(lei)占優勢,華中區(qu)的種類(lei)(lei)其次。古北界物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)種較少。因而具有過(guo)渡性。
(5)天(tian)(tian)然(ran)性。保護區內擁有(you)中國天(tian)(tian)然(ran)分布(bu)最北的大面積的紅樹林,面積達117.9hm2,占福建省天(tian)(tian)然(ran)紅樹林面積的48%。
自然資源
植(zhi)物資(zi)源 保護區內植(zhi)物資(zi)源豐富,已初步查明維(wei)管束植(zhi)物種(zhong)類(lei)有80科(ke)(ke)185屬(shu)(shu)224種(zhong)(含亞種(zhong)和變種(zhong)),灘涂上生長(chang)著秋(qiu)茄(qie)、白骨(gu)壤、桐花樹(shu)、木欖、海(hai)漆、老鼠勒等5科(ke)(ke)6屬(shu)(shu)6種(zhong)紅(hong)樹(shu)林植(zhi)物,屬(shu)(shu)東方類(lei)群(qun)的紅(hong)樹(shu)植(zhi)物;16科(ke)(ke)27屬(shu)(shu)29種(zhong)1變種(zhong)鹽(yan)沼植(zhi)物;59科(ke)(ke)152屬(shu)(shu)184種(zhong)3變種(zhong)1亞種(zhong)濱海(hai)植(zhi)物。
植物資源
按照<中國植被>的劃分方法,福建漳(zhang)江(jiang)口紅(hong)樹林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)濕地自然保(bao)護區(qu)主要植被類型可以(yi)分為紅(hong)樹林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)、濱海(hai)鹽(yan)沼、濱海(hai)沙生植物被3個植被型;有白骨壤林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)、桐(tong)花(hua)樹林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)、白骨壤林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)+桐(tong)花(hua)樹林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)、秋茄林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)、秋茄+桐(tong)花(hua)樹林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)、木欖林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)、蘆葦鹽(yan)沼、卡開(kai)蘆鹽(yan)沼、短葉茳(jiang)芏(du)鹽(yan)沼、鋪地黍(shu)鹽(yan)沼、厚藤群(qun)落、苦藍盤群(qun)落、露(lu)兜樹群(qun)落共13個群(qun)系(xi);有秋茄——老鼠勒等(deng)22個群(qun)叢。
動(dong)(dong)物(wu)資(zi)源 保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區野(ye)(ye)生動(dong)(dong)物(wu)資(zi)源豐富,動(dong)(dong)物(wu)區系屬(shu)東洋界中(zhong)印亞界的(de)(de)華南區閩廣沿海(hai)亞區。已查明野(ye)(ye)生脊椎動(dong)(dong)物(wu)共23目63科(ke)218種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(不含魚類)。列入國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家一(yi)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)有(you)中(zhong)華白海(hai)豚(tun)(Dugongdugon)和蟒蛇(Pythonmolurus)共2種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家二級保(bao)護(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)有(you)寬吻海(hai)豚(tun)、偽(wei)虎(hu)鯨(jing)、江豚(tun)、黃嘴白鷺、鳶(yuan)、黑翅(chi)鳶(yuan)、普(pu)通鵟、白腹鷂、紅隼、游隼、小杓鷸、小青腳鷸、褐翅(chi)鴉鵑、蠵龜(gui)、(綠)海(hai)龜(gui)、玳(dai)瑁、太平洋麗龜(gui)、棱皮(pi)龜(gui)、虎(hu)紋蛙等19種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)家保(bao)護(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)有(you)益的(de)(de)或(huo)者有(you)重(zhong)要(yao)經濟、科(ke)學研究價值的(de)(de)野(ye)(ye)生動(dong)(dong)物(wu)162種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),省重(zhong)點保(bao)護(hu)(hu)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)24種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區鳥(niao)(niao)類中(zhong)具有(you)眾多的(de)(de)雙邊國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)際性協定(ding)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)候鳥(niao)(niao),中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)及日(ri)本兩國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)政府(fu)協定(ding)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)候鳥(niao)(niao)77種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)及澳大(da)利亞兩國(guo)(guo)(guo)(guo)政府(fu)協定(ding)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)候鳥(niao)(niao)41種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。
動物資源
保護區紅樹林(lin)區潮間帶(dai)底(di)棲動(dong)物(wu)28種(zhong)(zhong)。潮下(xia)帶(dai)底(di)棲生物(wu)181種(zhong)(zhong)。海區浮游(you)植物(wu)201種(zhong)(zhong),其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)硅藻165種(zhong)(zhong)。浮游(you)動(dong)物(wu)180種(zhong)(zhong),其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)水母類(lei)(lei)(lei)59種(zhong)(zhong),橈(rao)足類(lei)(lei)(lei)71種(zhong)(zhong)。游(you)泳(yong)動(dong)物(wu)182種(zhong)(zhong),其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)魚(yu)類(lei)(lei)(lei)141種(zhong)(zhong)、甲殼類(lei)(lei)(lei)30種(zhong)(zhong)、頭(tou)足類(lei)(lei)(lei)11種(zhong)(zhong)。還有(you)10目12科27屬45種(zhong)(zhong)的微生物(wu)。
發展狀況
漳(zhang)江(jiang)口紅樹(shu)林國(guo)(guo)家級(ji)自然(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)位于福建省漳(zhang)州云霄縣漳(zhang)江(jiang)入海口,總面積2360公頃,是中國(guo)(guo)北回歸線北側(ce)種類最多(duo)、生長最好的紅樹(shu)林天然(ran)群落。該(gai)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)成立(li)于1992年(nian)(nian)1月(yue),1997年(nian)(nian)經(jing)福建省人民政府(fu)批準成立(li)省級(ji)自然(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu),2003年(nian)(nian)6月(yue)經(jing)國(guo)(guo)務(wu)院批準升格為國(guo)(guo)家級(ji)自然(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu),2008年(nian)(nian)2月(yue)被(bei)列入國(guo)(guo)際(ji)重要濕(shi)地名錄。保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)成立(li)以來,建立(li)健(jian)全管(guan)理機構,增加(jia)資金(jin)收入,強(qiang)化保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)措(cuo)施,統籌兼顧生態、經(jing)濟、社會三大(da)效(xiao)益,取(qu)得良好成效(xiao):
一是生(sheng)物多樣性明(ming)顯增加(jia)。紅樹林具有(you)(you)凈(jing)化水質的(de)作(zuo)用,海水水質、棲(qi)息環境的(de)優化為(wei)鳥(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)、魚(yu)類(lei)(lei)(lei)、貝(bei)(bei)類(lei)(lei)(lei)、爬行類(lei)(lei)(lei)水生(sheng)動(dong)物提供良好的(de)生(sheng)長繁(fan)殖環境。據(ju)不完全(quan)統計,目前區(qu)內有(you)(you)鳥(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)154種(zhong),其中(zhong)屬于國(guo)(guo)際候鳥(niao)保護協(xie)定和中(zhong)日、中(zhong)澳候鳥(niao)保護協(xie)定種(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)分別(bie)為(wei)77種(zhong)、41種(zhong)。2007年12月,有(you)(you)5只全(quan)球瀕危物種(zhong)“黑臉琵鷺”到保護區(qu)棲(qi)息;有(you)(you)包括綠海龜、棱皮龜等(deng)在內的(de)“三(san)有(you)(you)”(受國(guo)(guo)家保護的(de)有(you)(you)益、有(you)(you)重(zhong)要經濟價(jia)值、有(you)(you)科(ke)學研(yan)究(jiu)價(jia)值)動(dong)物162種(zhong);還(huan)有(you)(you)許(xu)多重(zhong)要水產資源如魚(yu)類(lei)(lei)(lei)的(de)斑鰶、黃(huang)鰭鯛,貝(bei)(bei)殼類(lei)(lei)(lei)的(de)泥(ni)蚶、多紋巴非蛤、長竹蟶、縊(yi)蟶和軟體(ti)動(dong)物二色(se)桌片參(can)、黑斑口(kou)蝦蛄、方格星蟲等(deng)等(deng)。
二是經濟效(xiao)益明顯提高。隨著保護(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)生態環境的改善,促進了(le)當地(di)養(yang)殖業的發(fa)展。保護(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)內的水(shui)產(chan)(chan)品的產(chan)(chan)量、品質明顯提高,尤其是泥蚶、巴非蛤、長竹蟶、縊蟶、鋸緣青(qing)蟹的產(chan)(chan)量激(ji)增,品質提升,成為(wei)當地(di)知名(ming)度很高的水(shui)產(chan)(chan)品品牌,周(zhou)邊群眾(zhong)僅水(shui)產(chan)(chan)養(yang)殖每年人均可增加收入800元(yuan)。隨著保護(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)知名(ming)度的提高,每年吸引(yin)游(you)(you)客(ke)2萬多人,帶(dai)動周(zhou)邊餐飲業和旅游(you)(you)業發(fa)展,實(shi)現(xian)保護(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)與當地(di)群眾(zhong)利益雙贏(ying),解(jie)決了(le)保護(hu)(hu)(hu)與發(fa)展的矛(mao)盾。
三是社會效益開始凸顯。紅(hong)樹(shu)林(lin)具(ju)有削浪固岸作用(yong),在(zai)臺風襲擊中保(bao)護(hu)了周邊(bian)人民群眾的生命財產;保(bao)護(hu)區采用(yong)多種形式(shi)加強與中小學校合(he)作,成為生態(tai)文明傳播基(ji)(ji)地、綠(lv)色生態(tai)的教育和實(shi)踐基(ji)(ji)地;加強對外(wai)合(he)作交流,與世界自然(ran)基(ji)(ji)金會香港分會、香港米埔紅(hong)樹(shu)林(lin)自然(ran)保(bao)護(hu)區開展合(he)作,與沃(wo)爾(er)瑪等著名企(qi)業共同建設示范林(lin)。
特色景點
紅樹林(lin)素有(you)“海底森林(lin)”的美(mei)譽,有(you)板(ban)狀(zhuang)、拱形(xing)撐托蟲系,包括寬大的有(you)板(ban)狀(zhuang)、拱形(xing)撐托、蛇形(xing)匍匐(fu)、筍狀(zhuang)根(gen)、指(zhi)狀(zhuang)等各種造型的樹根(gen),有(you)“胎生”現象,胚軸可長達20—40cm,琳瑯滿目懸掛在樹冠(guan)叢中,把樹林(lin)裝扮得格外美(mei)麗。
紅(hong)樹(shu)林(lin)(lin)海(hai)(hai)岸更具(ju)(ju)有一種(zhong)動(dong)態的(de)(de)美,高潮(chao)(chao)時,海(hai)(hai)水浸(jin)淹灘涂,紅(hong)樹(shu)林(lin)(lin)僅有各叢樹(shu)冠露出海(hai)(hai)面(mian),如同碧波蕩漾中的(de)(de)一座(zuo)座(zuo)“綠(lv)島”,在(zai)水中飄(piao)浮搖擺(bai)。低潮(chao)(chao)時,植株猶(you)如巨(ju)人(ren)挺(ting)立在(zai)海(hai)(hai)灘。各種(zhong)水鳥或(huo)集群飛翔,或(huo)分(fen)棲樹(shu)梢,或(huo)獨自漫步淺灘,或(huo)成(cheng)群在(zai)水面(mian)游嬉。同時,潮(chao)(chao)間帶各種(zhong)海(hai)(hai)洋動(dong)物頻繁活(huo)動(dong),彈涂魚(yu)蹦(beng)跳林(lin)(lin)下(xia),招(zhao)潮(chao)(chao)蟹神(shen)出鬼沒。漁(yu)民們利用各種(zhong)漁(yu)具(ju)(ju)捕撈海(hai)(hai)產品(pin),整個紅(hong)樹(shu)林(lin)(lin)海(hai)(hai)岸呈現一派生機勃勃的(de)(de)動(dong)態景(jing)象。
紅樹林(lin)海(hai)岸(an)旅游(you)具有觀賞、娛樂(le)(le)、知識和教育(yu)等多(duo)方面多(duo)層次的功能。紅樹林(lin)海(hai)岸(an)神奇幽靜、秀麗(li)的景觀美學(xue)價值(zhi),使其(qi)成為游(you)客觀賞、娛樂(le)(le)的適宜場所,人們可以在此從事劃船、釣魚、觀鳥、野(ye)炊、品嘗(chang)特(te)產海(hai)鮮和熱帶水果等各(ge)種娛樂(le)(le)活動,在優(you)美的環境中享受自然(ran),親近(jin)自然(ran)。
影響
以漳江口紅(hong)(hong)樹(shu)林(lin)(lin)國家(jia)(jia)級自(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)為例,研究周邊(bian)社(she)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)對(dui)(dui)自(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)依(yi)(yi)賴(lai)程度。選擇竹塔村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)和船場(chang)(chang)(chang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)為研究對(dui)(dui)象(xiang),按灘(tan)涂(tu)承(cheng)包(bao)戶(hu)、魚塘(tang)養殖戶(hu)及(ji)農戶(hu)3大類(lei)隨(sui)機分層(ceng)抽(chou)樣的(de)(de)方(fang)式選擇適當數(shu)(shu)(shu)量的(de)(de)樣本(ben)(ben)進(jin)行入(ru)戶(hu)調查(cha)。調查(cha)結果表明,社(she)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)對(dui)(dui)紅(hong)(hong)樹(shu)林(lin)(lin)自(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)依(yi)(yi)賴(lai)方(fang)式主要(yao)有(you)灘(tan)涂(tu)承(cheng)包(bao)、討小海、受雇撿拾海產品(pin)及(ji)魚塘(tang)養殖。用(yong)依(yi)(yi)賴(lai)系(xi)數(shu)(shu)(shu)作為衡量社(she)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)對(dui)(dui)自(zi)然(ran)(ran)(ran)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)依(yi)(yi)賴(lai)程度的(de)(de)指(zhi)標,從3個層(ceng)面來分析依(yi)(yi)賴(lai)系(xi)數(shu)(shu)(shu),一是(shi)以村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)為基本(ben)(ben)單位的(de)(de)層(ceng)面,竹塔村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)、船場(chang)(chang)(chang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)兩村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)依(yi)(yi)賴(lai)于(yu)(yu)紅(hong)(hong)樹(shu)林(lin)(lin)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)收入(ru)成份分別為48.4%和51%;二是(shi)以戶(hu)為單位的(de)(de)層(ceng)面,竹塔村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)調查(cha)樣本(ben)(ben)依(yi)(yi)賴(lai)系(xi)數(shu)(shu)(shu)D〉50%的(de)(de)占總樣本(ben)(ben)數(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)46%,船場(chang)(chang)(chang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)為41%;三(san)是(shi)以不同調查(cha)群體為單位的(de)(de)層(ceng)面,灘(tan)涂(tu)承(cheng)包(bao)戶(hu)及(ji)魚塘(tang)養殖戶(hu)對(dui)(dui)紅(hong)(hong)樹(shu)林(lin)(lin)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)依(yi)(yi)賴(lai)系(xi)數(shu)(shu)(shu)非(fei)常高,接近于(yu)(yu)100%,而對(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)農戶(hu)來說,對(dui)(dui)紅(hong)(hong)樹(shu)林(lin)(lin)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)依(yi)(yi)賴(lai)系(xi)數(shu)(shu)(shu)相對(dui)(dui)低(di)一些,在其經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)收入(ru)超過全(quan)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)平均值的(de)(de)群體中,農戶(hu)對(dui)(dui)紅(hong)(hong)樹(shu)林(lin)(lin)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)資(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)依(yi)(yi)賴(lai)系(xi)數(shu)(shu)(shu)大于(yu)(yu)50%的(de)(de),竹塔村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)占6.3%,船場(chang)(chang)(chang)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)占16.7%。村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)民的(de)(de)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)收入(ru)結構中,依(yi)(yi)賴(lai)于(yu)(yu)紅(hong)(hong)樹(shu)林(lin)(lin)國家(jia)(jia)級保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濟(ji)(ji)成份占有(you)重(zhong)大比重(zhong)。提出政府應該鼓(gu)勵村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)民公(gong)眾參與保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)管理,使得村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)莊(zhuang)與保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)和諧發展(zhan)的(de)(de)建議。
保護
漳江(jiang)口紅樹(shu)林自(zi)然(ran)保護(hu)(hu)區以保護(hu)(hu)紅樹(shu)林濕地和(he)濱海鹽(yan)沼、珍稀(xi)瀕危(wei)野(ye)生(sheng)動物(wu)、鳥(niao)類重要棲息(xi)地、重要的水產種質資源等為主要保護(hu)(hu)對(dui)象。
漳江口于1992年被批準為縣級自(zi)然保(bao)護(hu)區,1997年批準為省級自(zi)然保(bao)護(hu)區,2003年批準為國家級自(zi)然保(bao)護(hu)區。