1998年12月,由廣東省人(ren)民政(zheng)府批準建立(li)象頭(tou)山省級自然(ran)保護(hu)區(qu)。
2002年7月2日晉升為國(guo)家級自然保護區。
廣(guang)東象頭山(shan)國(guo)家級自然保護區(qu)位(wei)于(yu)惠州市北部,博(bo)羅(luo)縣境(jing)內,距惠州市區(qu)18公里,緊貼北回歸線(xian)。總面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)為(wei)(wei)10696.9公頃,其中核(he)心區(qu)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)為(wei)(wei)3635.6公頃,占總面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)34%,森林覆(fu)蓋率88.4%;緩沖區(qu)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)為(wei)(wei)3996.6公頃,實(shi)驗區(qu)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)為(wei)(wei)3064.7公頃。
廣東象(xiang)(xiang)頭山(shan)國家級自然(ran)(ran)保護區(qu)(qu)位于(yu)博(bo)羅縣中(zhong)部(bu)(bu)的象(xiang)(xiang)頭山(shan)山(shan)區(qu)(qu),為山(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)林區(qu)(qu)景觀,主要為低(di)山(shan)丘陵地(di)(di)(di)(di)貌。其中(zhong)大部(bu)(bu)分(fen)為海拔400—800m的山(shan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)及(ji)深切峽谷(gu),僅在邊緣地(di)(di)(di)(di)帶有海拔400m以下的丘陵。本區(qu)(qu)雖然(ran)(ran)為低(di)山(shan)丘陵,但由于(yu)屬新構(gou)造(zao)運動上升(sheng)區(qu)(qu),山(shan)勢陡峻,溝谷(gu)深切,地(di)(di)(di)(di)勢險(xian)要,地(di)(di)(di)(di)形(xing)(xing)比(bi)降極大,與周圍的低(di)山(shan)平(ping)原地(di)(di)(di)(di)貌形(xing)(xing)成極大的反差。從高點蟹眼頂到東部(bu)(bu)相鄰的泰美(mei)老圩低(di)點,相對高差1000m以上,地(di)(di)(di)(di)形(xing)(xing)比(bi)降達9.2%,是(shi)博(bo)羅縣境內地(di)(di)(di)(di)形(xing)(xing)比(bi)降大之處(chu)。
該區(qu)地表水(shui)文屬東江流域。地表水(shui)以河(he)流、水(shui)庫、山塘(tang)等(deng)形式(shi)分布,流向東或東南方向。河(he)網密度為1.3~2.1km。河(he)流流量變(bian)化與季節變(bian)化相關,4~9月(yue)為豐(feng)水(shui)期(qi),10~3月(yue)為枯水(shui)期(qi)。區(qu)內有大(da)小溪流40多條,大(da)小水(shui)庫10座。
該區(qu)屬典(dian)型亞(ya)熱帶濕潤季(ji)風氣(qi)候,具有光照充足、熱量(liang)豐富、降(jiang)水(shui)充沛、空(kong)氣(qi)濕潤,分干(gan)濕兩季(ji),干(gan)季(ji)短、濕季(ji)長(chang)(chang),植物生長(chang)(chang)期長(chang)(chang)、無霜(shuang)期長(chang)(chang),風向隨(sui)季(ji)節改(gai)變,氣(qi)候垂直變化(hua)(hua)差異(yi)大,山(shan)上山(shan)下十里(li)不(bu)同(tong)天(tian)等特(te)點。區(qu)內(nei)年(nian)平(ping)(ping)均氣(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)16.0—21.7℃;1月或2月最(zui)(zui)冷,月平(ping)(ping)均氣(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)7.2—13.3℃;8月最(zui)(zui)熱,月平(ping)(ping)均氣(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)22.5—27.2℃;極端(duan)最(zui)(zui)低氣(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)-6.6℃(濟公(gong)田,1985年(nian)12月11日(ri));極端(duan)最(zui)(zui)高(gao)氣(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)35.1℃(管(guan)理局,1985年(nian)6月22日(ri))。無霜(shuang)期365天(tian),山(shan)下生長(chang)(chang)期365天(tian),山(shan)上生長(chang)(chang)期345天(tian)。區(qu)內(nei)年(nian)降(jiang)水(shui)量(liang)2318.5mm,年(nian)際變化(hua)(hua)大,最(zui)(zui)多的年(nian)份3516mm,最(zui)(zui)少的年(nian)份1012mm。多年(nian)平(ping)(ping)均空(kong)氣(qi)相對濕度80%。總之(zhi),區(qu)內(nei)舒適期長(chang)(chang),氣(qi)候舒適宜人。
保護區內有維(wei)管植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(未(wei)調(diao)查(cha)苔蘚植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu))1647種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(包括該地長期引種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),生長良(liang)好的(de)92個栽培種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong))。其中蕨類植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)36科(ke)63屬(shu)(shu)113種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);裸子(zi)(zi)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)9科(ke)11屬(shu)(shu)14種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(天(tian)然分布為5科(ke)5屬(shu)(shu)7種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong));被子(zi)(zi)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)172科(ke)696屬(shu)(shu)1520種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(天(tian)然分布161科(ke)607屬(shu)(shu)1432種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong))。
保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)內珍(zhen)稀(xi)瀕危(wei)物種繁多,如(ru)格木(mu)、半楓荷(he)、黑桫欏等10種被列入1999年公布(bu)《國家重點保(bao)護(hu)(hu)植(zhi)(zhi)物名(ming)錄》(第一批)。另(ling)有(you)觀光(guang)(guang)木(mu)、毛茶等11種列入《《中國珍(zhen)稀(xi)瀕危(wei)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)植(zhi)(zhi)物名(ming)錄(第一冊(ce))》。兩文件所規定保(bao)護(hu)(hu)種,除去(qu)重復種,該地共有(you)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)植(zhi)(zhi)物16種:包括穗花杉、格木(mu)、華南栲、半楓荷(he)、白(bai)木(mu)香、粘木(mu)、巴(ba)戟天(tian)、長葉竹(zhu)柏(bo)、觀光(guang)(guang)木(mu)、白(bai)桂(gui)木(mu)、毛茶、黑桫欏、金毛狗(gou)、蘇(su)鐵蕨(jue)、樟、紅(hong)椿。保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)內還蘊藏有(you)豐富(fu)的蘭(lan)科植(zhi)(zhi)物,據不完全統計(ji),共有(you)45種。
保護區(qu)也(ye)是華(hua)南地區(qu)特有物種的集中分布區(qu),約有360余種華(hua)南地區(qu)的特有植物,如(ru)廣(guang)(guang)東潤楠、廣(guang)(guang)州追果(guo)藤(teng)、廣(guang)(guang)東刺冬、兩廣(guang)(guang)梭羅樹、小果(guo)石筆木、紅(hong)花荷、半(ban)楓荷、華(hua)南栲、華(hua)南青皮木、光葉紅(hong)豆、廣(guang)(guang)東烏飯樹、廣(guang)(guang)東山龍眼(yan)、毛茶等。
自然保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)區共(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)陸生(sheng)脊(ji)椎野(ye)(ye)生(sheng)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)305種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),隸(li)屬4綱23目75科,野(ye)(ye)生(sheng)動(dong)(dong)(dong)植物(wu)(wu)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)多樣性豐(feng)富;305種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)野(ye)(ye)生(sheng)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類中,東(dong)(dong)洋界種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類、古北界種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類和廣布種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數分別為224種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、45種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和36種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),分別占(zhan)了73.44%、14.75%和11.80%;保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)區內共(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)34種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)家(jia)重點保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu),占(zhan)305種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)野(ye)(ye)生(sheng)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)的(de)11.15%,占(zhan)廣東(dong)(dong)省國(guo)家(jia)重點保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)115種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)29.57%,其中國(guo)家(jia)Ⅰ級保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)云(yun)豹和蟒蛇,Ⅱ級保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)虎紋(wen)蛙、三線閉殼(ke)龜、鳶、雀(que)鷹(ying)(ying)、蒼(cang)鷹(ying)(ying)、赤腹(fu)鷹(ying)(ying)、風頭鷹(ying)(ying)、褐(he)耳鷹(ying)(ying)、松(song)雀(que)鷹(ying)(ying)、鳳(feng)頭鵑隼(sun)(sun)、普通鵟、紅隼(sun)(sun)、燕隼(sun)(sun)、游隼(sun)(sun)、白鷴(xian)、綠皇鳩、褐(he)翅鴉(ya)鵑、小(xiao)鴉(ya)鵑、草鸮(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)、栗鸮(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)、斑頭鵂(xiu)鹠、領鵂(xiu)鹠、鷹(ying)(ying)鸮(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)、紅角鸮(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)、領角鸮(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)、雕鸮(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)、穿山甲、青(qing)鼬、小(xiao)靈貓、大靈貓、水獺和蘇(su)門羚等(deng)32種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。珍(zhen)稀(xi)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類較多,區內共(gong)有(you)(you)(you)(you)210種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)野(ye)(ye)生(sheng)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)屬“國(guo)家(jia)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)的(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)益的(de)或者有(you)(you)(you)(you)重要經(jing)濟(ji)、科學研(yan)究價(jia)值的(de)陸生(sheng)野(ye)(ye)生(sheng)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)”,經(jing)濟(ji)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)資源豐(feng)富。另有(you)(you)(you)(you)魚類72種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。
①保護(hu)區(qu)內(nei)各種類(lei)型的(de)(de)植物群落,特(te)別是低(di)山(shan)和溝谷地區(qu)的(de)(de)南亞(ya)熱帶(dai)常綠季雨林以(yi)及(ji)山(shan)地亞(ya)熱帶(dai)常綠闊葉林。這兩類(lei)森(sen)林為該地相對穩定的(de)(de)生(sheng)態系統,所以(yi)要嚴(yan)加保護(hu),不準砍伐(fa)和挖取任(ren)何植物,不準狩獵。
②保(bao)護(hu)珍稀瀕危植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)。依據國(guo)家有關文件規(gui)定(ding),該區有保(bao)護(hu)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)五十多種,即黑桫欏、金毛狗、蘇鐵蕨、格木(mu)、半楓荷、白木(mu)香、粘木(mu)、巴戟天、長葉竹柏、華南栲、觀光木(mu)、樟(zhang)、紅椿(chun)等(deng)以及(ji)蘭科(ke)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(40余種)。
③特(te)有植(zhi)物(wu)本(ben)地(di)以及分(fen)布于該(gai)地(di)的廣(guang)東(dong)(dong)(dong)省特(te)有植(zhi)物(wu)共19種,即僅在該(gai)區發(fa)現(xian)的新種(或品種)三種:博(bo)羅(luo)紅豆(dou)(Ormosia boluoensis)、小金冬青(Ilex Xiajinensis)、光(guang)果金櫻子(Rosalaevigata var.leiocarpus);另有廣(guang)東(dong)(dong)(dong)特(te)有種:廣(guang)東(dong)(dong)(dong)潤蘭(lan)(Machilus Kuangtungensis)、禿小耳柃(ling)(Enrya disticha)、長(chang)柄石筆木(Tutcheria greeniae)、羅(luo)浮(fu)桫(suo)欏樹(shu)(shu)(Reevesia lofouensis)、長(chang)柄桫(suo)欏樹(shu)(shu)(Reevesia longipetiolata)、羅(luo)浮(fu)蘋(pin)婆(Sterculia subnobilis)、鼎湖血桐(tong)(Maiaranga sampsoni)光(guang)葉紅豆(dou)(Ormosia glaberrima)、廣(guang)東(dong)(dong)(dong)烏飯樹(shu)(shu)(Vaccinium hancockiae)、羅(luo)浮(fu)粗(cu)葉木(Lasianthus fordii)、廣(guang)東(dong)(dong)(dong)玉葉金花(hua)(Mussaenda kwangtungensis)、楊葉風毛菊(ju)(Saussurea populia)、廣(guang)東(dong)(dong)(dong)石斗(dou)蘭(lan)(Bulbophyllum kwangtungense)、廣(guang)東(dong)(dong)(dong)畫眉草(Eragrostis nevinii)、廣(guang)東(dong)(dong)(dong)山龍眼(yan)(Helicia kwangtungensis)、羅(luo)浮(fu)路蕨(Mecodium lofoushanense)。
④自然環(huan)境生態系統是在一定的(de)時間(jian)和空間(jian)內,生物和非生物的(de)成分(fen)之間(jian),通過不斷的(de)物質循環(huan)和能(neng)量流動(dong)而相(xiang)(xiang)互(hu)作用,互(hu)相(xiang)(xiang)依存(cun)的(de)統一整(zheng)體(ti)。因此單純保護(hu)(hu)植物和其組成群落是不科學的(de),也是不可能(neng)保護(hu)(hu)好的(de),必(bi)須將其生存(cun)環(huan)境嚴(yan)加保護(hu)(hu)。
①野生(sheng)動(dong)物保(bao)(bao)護(hu)規劃應遵(zun)循(xun)的(de)原則是:"加強資源保(bao)(bao)護(hu)、積(ji)極馴養繁殖,合理開發利用",對珍稀瀕(bin)危動(dong)物及其生(sheng)境采取有(you)效(xiao)的(de)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)工程,使珍惜保(bao)(bao)護(hu)動(dong)物種(zhong)群得以恢復和擴(kuo)大(da),促進自然保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區的(de)科(ke)學管(guan)理和可持續發展。
②根據野生動(dong)物資源調(diao)查結果、保(bao)護區(qu)(qu)的功(gong)能分區(qu)(qu)和珍稀(xi)瀕危動(dong)物的重要分布區(qu)(qu)域(yu),確定(ding)保(bao)護區(qu)(qu)需絕對(dui)保(bao)護的范圍為核心區(qu)(qu),其(qi)余地區(qu)(qu)為一般(ban)性保(bao)護區(qu)(qu)域(yu),并(bing)在一般(ban)性保(bao)護區(qu)(qu)域(yu)加強保(bao)護宣傳。
廣東象頭山(shan)國(guo)家級自然保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)管理(li)(li)(li)局(ju)(ju)負(fu)責象頭山(shan)自然保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)的(de)具體管理(li)(li)(li)工(gong)作,由(you)廣東省林業局(ju)(ju)管理(li)(li)(li)。保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)管理(li)(li)(li)局(ju)(ju)下設4個科(ke)(ke)(ke)室(shi),即辦公室(shi)、保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)管理(li)(li)(li)科(ke)(ke)(ke)、科(ke)(ke)(ke)研(yan)宣教科(ke)(ke)(ke)、資(zi)源可持續利用科(ke)(ke)(ke);以及6個保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan),分別是(shi)良(liang)田保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)、甲子前保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)、磨盤底保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)、上嶂保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)、平安保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)及小(xiao)坑保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)。日常(chang)運作方面,實行(xing)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)管理(li)(li)(li)局(ju)(ju)-分管科(ke)(ke)(ke)室(shi)-保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)管理(li)(li)(li)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)三級管理(li)(li)(li)體制。
該保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區常綠闊葉(xie)林(lin)中(zhong)有10個群(qun)系、若干個群(qun)叢,植物種類非常豐富。這(zhe)種較完整的(de)(de)(de)地帶性森林(lin)植被,是(shi)全世界生物多樣性保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)(de)核心。象頭山(shan)自然保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區又是(shi)廣東省東江上游多條支流的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)源(yuan)地,東江擔任(ren)著深圳、東莞等重(zhong)要城市的(de)(de)(de)供水(shui)任(ren)務(wu),所(suo)以保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)象頭山(shan)森林(lin)植被,對保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)東江水(shui)量(liang)和水(shui)質起著極為重(zhong)要的(de)(de)(de)作用。
解放前出(chu)版的《博羅縣志》記(ji)載(zai)如下: "石船在象頭山馬尾泉下。石突(tu)起五、六尺,長(chang)丈余(yu),玲(ling)瓏(long)如船。" "去馬尾泉數百步(bu),大石當(dang)中流,宛如畫(hua)舫,謂(wei)之石船。兩岸石壁,若刀刻(ke)、若蟲蝕、凹者(zhe)凸者(zhe),斷者(zhe)續者(zhe)......為(wei)山中勝處。"
"長(chang)溪中有石(shi)如(ru)畫舫(fang),謂之(zhi)石(shi)船,相傳(chuan)為黃野(ye)仙遺跡。" 山中勝景,有獅(shi)子(zi)巖(yan)佛寺和曬(shai)谷石(shi)、和尚石(shi)、仙人(ren)跡,觀(guan)音巖(yan)等。象山南麓有明(ming)代(dai)"韓寅(yin)仲禮斗處"石(shi)刻及青羊洞、太極巖(yan)、懶云床、爛柯(ke)處諸勝。象頭山之(zhi)湖光山色,云蒸霞(xia)蔚,長(chang)溪怪(guai)石(shi),幽谷靈(ling)巖(yan),自宋代(dai)以來吸引無數游(you)(you)人(ren)前往觀(guan)賞,成為惠州、博(bo)羅一帶(dai)有名的(de)旅游(you)(you)勝地(di)。