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歷史沿革

1998年12月，由廣東省(sheng)人(ren)民政府批準建立象頭山(shan)省(sheng)級自然保護(hu)區。

2002年7月2日(ri)晉升為國家級(ji)自(zi)然保(bao)護區(qu)。

地理環境

位置境域

廣(guang)東(dong)象頭山(shan)國家級自然(ran)保護區(qu)位于惠州(zhou)市北(bei)部，博羅(luo)縣(xian)境內，距惠州(zhou)市區(qu)18公(gong)(gong)里，緊貼(tie)北(bei)回歸線。總(zong)面(mian)積(ji)為(wei)10696.9公(gong)(gong)頃(qing)(qing)，其中核心(xin)區(qu)面(mian)積(ji)為(wei)3635.6公(gong)(gong)頃(qing)(qing)，占總(zong)面(mian)積(ji)34%，森林覆蓋率88.4%；緩沖(chong)區(qu)面(mian)積(ji)為(wei)3996.6公(gong)(gong)頃(qing)(qing)，實驗區(qu)面(mian)積(ji)為(wei)3064.7公(gong)(gong)頃(qing)(qing)。

地質地貌

廣東象頭山(shan)國(guo)家級自然保護區位于博(bo)羅縣中部的(de)(de)象頭山(shan)山(shan)區，為(wei)(wei)山(shan)地林區景觀，主要(yao)為(wei)(wei)低山(shan)丘(qiu)(qiu)陵地貌。其中大部分(fen)為(wei)(wei)海拔400—800m的(de)(de)山(shan)地及深(shen)切峽谷，僅在邊緣地帶(dai)有海拔400m以下的(de)(de)丘(qiu)(qiu)陵。本區雖然為(wei)(wei)低山(shan)丘(qiu)(qiu)陵，但由于屬(shu)新構(gou)造運(yun)動上升(sheng)區，山(shan)勢(shi)陡(dou)峻，溝谷深(shen)切，地勢(shi)險要(yao)，地形比降(jiang)極大，與周圍(wei)的(de)(de)低山(shan)平原地貌形成極大的(de)(de)反(fan)差(cha)。從高點蟹眼(yan)頂到東部相鄰的(de)(de)泰美老圩低點，相對高差(cha)1000m以上，地形比降(jiang)達9.2%,是博(bo)羅縣境(jing)內地形比降(jiang)大之處。

水文

該區地(di)表(biao)水(shui)(shui)文屬(shu)東(dong)江流(liu)(liu)域。地(di)表(biao)水(shui)(shui)以河流(liu)(liu)、水(shui)(shui)庫、山塘等(deng)形(xing)式分布，流(liu)(liu)向東(dong)或東(dong)南方(fang)向。河網密度為(wei)1.3～2.1km。河流(liu)(liu)流(liu)(liu)量變(bian)化與季節變(bian)化相關，4～9月為(wei)豐水(shui)(shui)期，10～3月為(wei)枯水(shui)(shui)期。區內有大(da)(da)小溪流(liu)(liu)40多條，大(da)(da)小水(shui)(shui)庫10座。

氣候

該區(qu)屬典型亞熱(re)(re)帶濕(shi)潤季(ji)(ji)風氣(qi)(qi)候，具(ju)有光照充足、熱(re)(re)量豐富、降水充沛、空氣(qi)(qi)濕(shi)潤，分干濕(shi)兩季(ji)(ji)，干季(ji)(ji)短、濕(shi)季(ji)(ji)長，植物生長期(qi)(qi)長、無霜(shuang)期(qi)(qi)長，風向隨(sui)季(ji)(ji)節改變(bian)，氣(qi)(qi)候垂直(zhi)變(bian)化(hua)差異(yi)大(da)，山(shan)上(shang)山(shan)下(xia)十里不同天(tian)等特點。區(qu)內年(nian)平均(jun)氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)16.0—21.7℃；1月或2月最(zui)冷，月平均(jun)氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)7.2—13.3℃；8月最(zui)熱(re)(re)，月平均(jun)氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)22.5—27.2℃；極端(duan)最(zui)低氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)-6.6℃（濟公田，1985年(nian)12月11日(ri)）；極端(duan)最(zui)高氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)35.1℃（管理局，1985年(nian)6月22日(ri)）。無霜(shuang)期(qi)(qi)365天(tian)，山(shan)下(xia)生長期(qi)(qi)365天(tian)，山(shan)上(shang)生長期(qi)(qi)345天(tian)。區(qu)內年(nian)降水量2318.5mm，年(nian)際變(bian)化(hua)大(da)，最(zui)多的年(nian)份(fen)3516mm，最(zui)少(shao)的年(nian)份(fen)1012mm。多年(nian)平均(jun)空氣(qi)(qi)相對濕(shi)度(du)80%。總之，區(qu)內舒適(shi)期(qi)(qi)長，氣(qi)(qi)候舒適(shi)宜(yi)人。

保護目標

植物

保護區內有維管(guan)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)（未調(diao)查苔蘚(xian)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)）1647種(zhong)(zhong)（包括該地長期引(yin)種(zhong)(zhong)，生(sheng)長良好(hao)的92個栽培種(zhong)(zhong)）。其中(zhong)蕨類植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)36科(ke)(ke)63屬(shu)(shu)113種(zhong)(zhong)；裸(luo)子植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)9科(ke)(ke)11屬(shu)(shu)14種(zhong)(zhong)（天然分布(bu)為5科(ke)(ke)5屬(shu)(shu)7種(zhong)(zhong)）；被(bei)子植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)172科(ke)(ke)696屬(shu)(shu)1520種(zhong)(zhong)（天然分布(bu)161科(ke)(ke)607屬(shu)(shu)1432種(zhong)(zhong)）。

保護(hu)區內珍(zhen)稀瀕(bin)危(wei)物種(zhong)(zhong)繁多，如格木(mu)(mu)、半(ban)楓(feng)荷、黑桫欏等(deng)10種(zhong)(zhong)被列入(ru)1999年公布《國家重點保護(hu)植(zhi)物名錄(lu)》（第一批）。另有(you)(you)觀(guan)光(guang)木(mu)(mu)、毛茶等(deng)11種(zhong)(zhong)列入(ru)《《中國珍(zhen)稀瀕(bin)危(wei)保護(hu)植(zhi)物名錄(lu)（第一冊）》。兩文件所規定(ding)保護(hu)種(zhong)(zhong)，除去重復種(zhong)(zhong)，該(gai)地共有(you)(you)保護(hu)植(zhi)物16種(zhong)(zhong)：包(bao)括穗(sui)花杉、格木(mu)(mu)、華南栲、半(ban)楓(feng)荷、白(bai)木(mu)(mu)香、粘木(mu)(mu)、巴戟天、長(chang)葉竹(zhu)柏、觀(guan)光(guang)木(mu)(mu)、白(bai)桂(gui)木(mu)(mu)、毛茶、黑桫欏、金毛狗、蘇鐵蕨、樟、紅椿。保護(hu)區內還蘊(yun)藏有(you)(you)豐富的(de)蘭科植(zhi)物，據不完全統(tong)計，共有(you)(you)45種(zhong)(zhong)。

保護區(qu)(qu)也是(shi)華南地區(qu)(qu)特有物(wu)種的集中分布區(qu)(qu)，約有360余種華南地區(qu)(qu)的特有植物(wu)，如廣(guang)東(dong)潤(run)楠(nan)、廣(guang)州追果(guo)藤、廣(guang)東(dong)刺冬、兩廣(guang)梭羅樹、小果(guo)石(shi)筆(bi)木(mu)、紅花(hua)荷、半(ban)楓荷、華南栲、華南青皮木(mu)、光葉紅豆、廣(guang)東(dong)烏飯樹、廣(guang)東(dong)山龍(long)眼、毛茶(cha)等。

動物

自然保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)區共(gong)有(you)(you)陸(lu)生(sheng)(sheng)脊椎野(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)305種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，隸屬4綱23目75科(ke)，野(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)植物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)多樣性豐(feng)富；305種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)野(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)中，東(dong)洋(yang)界(jie)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)、古北界(jie)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)和(he)廣布(bu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數分(fen)別為(wei)224種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、45種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和(he)36種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，分(fen)別占(zhan)了73.44%、14.75%和(he)11.80%；保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)區內(nei)(nei)共(gong)有(you)(you)34種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國家重點保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)，占(zhan)305種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)野(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)11.15%，占(zhan)廣東(dong)省國家重點保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)115種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)29.57%，其中國家Ⅰ級保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)有(you)(you)云(yun)豹和(he)蟒蛇，Ⅱ級保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)有(you)(you)虎(hu)紋蛙(wa)、三線閉(bi)殼龜、鳶、雀鷹(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)、蒼(cang)鷹(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)、赤腹(fu)鷹(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)、風頭(tou)鷹(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)、褐(he)耳鷹(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)、松雀鷹(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)、鳳頭(tou)鵑隼(sun)、普(pu)通(tong)鵟(kuang)、紅隼(sun)、燕隼(sun)、游(you)隼(sun)、白鷴、綠皇(huang)鳩、褐(he)翅(chi)鴉鵑、小鴉鵑、草鸮(xiao)(xiao)、栗鸮(xiao)(xiao)、斑頭(tou)鵂鹠、領鵂鹠、鷹(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)鸮(xiao)(xiao)、紅角(jiao)鸮(xiao)(xiao)、領角(jiao)鸮(xiao)(xiao)、雕鸮(xiao)(xiao)、穿山甲、青(qing)鼬(you)、小靈貓、大靈貓、水(shui)獺和(he)蘇門羚等32種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。珍稀動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)較多，區內(nei)(nei)共(gong)有(you)(you)210種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)野(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)屬“國家保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)的(de)有(you)(you)益的(de)或(huo)者(zhe)有(you)(you)重要經濟、科(ke)學研究價值(zhi)的(de)陸(lu)生(sheng)(sheng)野(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)”，經濟動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)資源豐(feng)富。另有(you)(you)魚(yu)類(lei)(lei)(lei)72種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。

保護內容

植物保護內容

①保護區內各種類型的(de)植物群落，特別是低山(shan)和溝谷(gu)地(di)區的(de)南亞(ya)熱帶常綠季雨林(lin)以(yi)及山(shan)地(di)亞(ya)熱帶常綠闊葉林(lin)。這兩(liang)類森林(lin)為該地(di)相對穩定(ding)的(de)生(sheng)態(tai)系統，所以(yi)要嚴加(jia)保護，不準(zhun)砍伐和挖取任(ren)何(he)植物，不準(zhun)狩獵。

②保護珍稀瀕危植(zhi)物。依(yi)據國家有關文件規定，該區有保護植(zhi)物五十多(duo)種，即黑桫(suo)欏(luo)、金毛狗(gou)、蘇鐵蕨、格木(mu)(mu)、半楓荷、白木(mu)(mu)香、粘木(mu)(mu)、巴(ba)戟天、長葉竹柏、華南(nan)栲、觀光木(mu)(mu)、樟、紅椿(chun)等以及蘭科植(zhi)物（40余種）。

③特(te)有(you)(you)植物本地以及分布于該地的(de)廣(guang)東省(sheng)特(te)有(you)(you)植物共19種(zhong)(zhong)，即(ji)僅在該區(qu)發現的(de)新(xin)種(zhong)(zhong)（或品種(zhong)(zhong)）三(san)種(zhong)(zhong)：博羅紅(hong)豆(Ormosia boluoensis)、小金冬青(qing)(Ilex Xiajinensis)、光果金櫻子(zi)(Rosalaevigata var.leiocarpus)；另有(you)(you)廣(guang)東特(te)有(you)(you)種(zhong)(zhong)：廣(guang)東潤蘭（Machilus Kuangtungensis）、禿小耳柃（Enrya disticha）、長柄石(shi)筆木（Tutcheria greeniae）、羅浮桫(suo)欏樹（Reevesia lofouensis）、長柄桫(suo)欏樹（Reevesia longipetiolata）、羅浮蘋(pin)婆（Sterculia subnobilis）、鼎湖血桐（Maiaranga sampsoni）光葉紅(hong)豆（Ormosia glaberrima）、廣(guang)東烏(wu)飯樹（Vaccinium hancockiae）、羅浮粗葉木（Lasianthus fordii）、廣(guang)東玉(yu)葉金花（Mussaenda kwangtungensis）、楊(yang)葉風毛菊（Saussurea populia）、廣(guang)東石(shi)斗蘭（Bulbophyllum kwangtungense）、廣(guang)東畫眉草（Eragrostis nevinii）、廣(guang)東山(shan)龍眼（Helicia kwangtungensis）、羅浮路(lu)蕨（Mecodium lofoushanense）。

④自然(ran)環(huan)境(jing)生(sheng)態系(xi)統是(shi)(shi)在一定的(de)(de)(de)時間(jian)(jian)(jian)和空間(jian)(jian)(jian)內(nei)，生(sheng)物(wu)和非生(sheng)物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)成分(fen)之間(jian)(jian)(jian)，通過不斷的(de)(de)(de)物(wu)質循環(huan)和能量流動而相互作用(yong)，互相依存(cun)的(de)(de)(de)統一整體。因(yin)此單純(chun)保護植物(wu)和其組成群(qun)落是(shi)(shi)不科學的(de)(de)(de)，也是(shi)(shi)不可能保護好的(de)(de)(de)，必須(xu)將其生(sheng)存(cun)環(huan)境(jing)嚴加保護。

動物保護內容

①野生動(dong)物(wu)保(bao)護規劃應遵循的(de)(de)原則是(shi)："加強(qiang)資源(yuan)保(bao)護、積極馴養繁殖(zhi)，合(he)理開發利用"，對珍稀瀕危動(dong)物(wu)及(ji)其生境采取有效的(de)(de)保(bao)護工程，使珍惜(xi)保(bao)護動(dong)物(wu)種群得(de)以恢復(fu)和擴大，促進(jin)自然保(bao)護區的(de)(de)科學(xue)管理和可持續發展。

②根據野生動物資源調查結(jie)果、保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區的功能分區和珍稀瀕(bin)危動物的重要分布區域，確(que)定(ding)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區需絕對保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)的范圍為(wei)核(he)心(xin)區，其余地區為(wei)一般性(xing)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區域，并(bing)在(zai)一般性(xing)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區域加強(qiang)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)宣傳。

管理機構

廣(guang)東象頭山國家級自然(ran)(ran)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)管(guan)理(li)(li)局(ju)負(fu)責(ze)象頭山自然(ran)(ran)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)的具體管(guan)理(li)(li)工作(zuo)，由廣(guang)東省林業局(ju)管(guan)理(li)(li)。保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)管(guan)理(li)(li)局(ju)下(xia)設4個(ge)科室(shi)，即辦(ban)公室(shi)、保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)管(guan)理(li)(li)科、科研宣(xuan)教科、資源可持續利用科；以及(ji)6個(ge)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)站，分(fen)別(bie)是良田保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)站、甲子前保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)站、磨盤底保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)站、上嶂(zhang)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)站、平安(an)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)站及(ji)小坑保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)站。日常運作(zuo)方面，實(shi)行保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)管(guan)理(li)(li)局(ju)-分(fen)管(guan)科室(shi)-保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)管(guan)理(li)(li)站三級管(guan)理(li)(li)體制。

地位價值

該保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)區常(chang)綠闊葉林中(zhong)有10個(ge)群系(xi)、若(ruo)干個(ge)群叢，植物(wu)種(zhong)類非常(chang)豐富。這種(zhong)較完整的(de)(de)地帶性(xing)森(sen)林植被，是全世界生物(wu)多樣(yang)性(xing)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)的(de)(de)核心。象頭山自然保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)區又是廣東(dong)省東(dong)江上游多條支流的(de)(de)發(fa)源地，東(dong)江擔任著(zhu)深(shen)圳、東(dong)莞等重(zhong)要城市的(de)(de)供水(shui)任務(wu)，所以保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)象頭山森(sen)林植被，對保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)東(dong)江水(shui)量和水(shui)質起著(zhu)極為重(zhong)要的(de)(de)作(zuo)用。

文字記載

解放前出(chu)版的(de)《博羅縣志(zhi)》記(ji)載如(ru)下： "石(shi)(shi)船(chuan)在(zai)象(xiang)頭山馬尾泉(quan)下。石(shi)(shi)突起(qi)五、六(liu)尺，長丈余，玲瓏如(ru)船(chuan)。" "去(qu)馬尾泉(quan)數百步，大石(shi)(shi)當中流(liu)，宛如(ru)畫舫(fang)，謂之石(shi)(shi)船(chuan)。兩岸石(shi)(shi)壁，若刀刻(ke)、若蟲蝕、凹者凸者，斷者續者......為山中勝處(chu)。"

"長(chang)(chang)溪中(zhong)有石如畫舫，謂(wei)之石船(chuan)，相傳(chuan)為(wei)(wei)黃野(ye)仙(xian)遺跡。" 山(shan)(shan)中(zhong)勝景，有獅子巖佛寺和(he)曬谷石、和(he)尚石、仙(xian)人跡，觀音(yin)巖等。象山(shan)(shan)南麓有明(ming)代"韓寅仲禮(li)斗處(chu)"石刻及青羊洞、太極巖、懶云床(chuang)、爛柯處(chu)諸(zhu)勝。象頭(tou)山(shan)(shan)之湖光山(shan)(shan)色，云蒸霞蔚，長(chang)(chang)溪怪石，幽谷靈巖，自宋代以來吸引無數游(you)人前往觀賞，成為(wei)(wei)惠(hui)州、博羅一帶有名的(de)旅游(you)勝地。