2001年成(cheng)立友好自然保護區(qu);
2004年被國家林業(ye)局批準(zhun)為省(部)級自然保護區;
2006年被省政府批準(zhun)為(wei)省級自然保護區;
2012年晉升為國家級(ji)自然保護區。
2018年2月11日被列入國際(ji)重要濕地。
黑(hei)龍江(jiang)友好(hao)自(zi)然保護區地處小興安嶺山脈中(zhong)段,橫跨小興安嶺主脈的南北兩坡,地理坐標為東經128°10′15″—128°33′25″,北緯(wei)48°13′07″—48°33′15″。
黑龍江友(you)好國(guo)家級自然(ran)保護區屬北溫帶大陸(lu)性濕(shi)潤季(ji)(ji)風氣候區,年平(ping)(ping)均氣溫在(zai)0.4℃左右,夏季(ji)(ji)平(ping)(ping)均溫度為20℃至22℃,且晝(zhou)夜溫差較大,有6個月的冰(bing)封期。
黑龍江友好自然保護區區域河流充沛,擁有流域面積廣闊的友好河水系。
黑龍江友好國家級自然保(bao)護區(qu)共有高(gao)等植物836種(zhong)(zhong),其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)包括(kuo)1亞種(zhong)(zhong),23變種(zhong)(zhong),3變型。其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)苔(tai)蘚植物56科(ke),100屬(shu)(shu)(shu),183種(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)保(bao)護區(qu)總(zong)科(ke)數的(de)(de)35.22%,占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)總(zong)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)數的(de)(de)24.15%,占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)總(zong)種(zhong)(zhong)數的(de)(de)21.89%;蕨(jue)類(lei)植物41種(zhong)(zhong),隸屬(shu)(shu)(shu)于(yu)14科(ke),26屬(shu)(shu)(shu),分別占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)保(bao)護區(qu)總(zong)種(zhong)(zhong)數的(de)(de)4.90%;占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)總(zong)科(ke)數的(de)(de)8.81%;占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)總(zong)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)數的(de)(de)6.28%;種(zhong)(zhong)子植物(裸子和被(bei)子植物)612種(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)總(zong)種(zhong)(zhong)數的(de)(de)73.21%,隸屬(shu)(shu)(shu)于(yu)89科(ke),288屬(shu)(shu)(shu),分別占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)保(bao)護區(qu)科(ke)、屬(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)55.97%,69.57%。
黑龍江(jiang)友好自然保護區動(dong)(dong)物區系(xi)屬古北界、東北亞界、東北區、長白山亞區小(xiao)興安(an)嶺山地省,野生(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)(dong)物區系(xi)介(jie)于大興安(an)嶺和(he)長白山地之間,其東部(bu)為三(san)江(jiang)平(ping)原(yuan),西部(bu)為松嫩平(ping)原(yuan)。因此,野生(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)(dong)物區系(xi)組成(cheng)比較豐富。
黑龍江(jiang)友好(hao)國家(jia)級自然(ran)保護區內(nei)現存(cun)的脊椎(zhui)動物(wu)(wu)共有(you)(you)(you)330種(zhong),其中魚類(lei)(lei)有(you)(you)(you)5目(mu)11科43種(zhong);兩棲類(lei)(lei)有(you)(you)(you)2目(mu)4科8種(zhong);爬行類(lei)(lei)共有(you)(you)(you)3目(mu)4科11種(zhong);鳥類(lei)(lei)17目(mu)44科221種(zhong);獸類(lei)(lei)6目(mu)l6科47種(zhong),國家(jia)Ⅰ級保護動物(wu)(wu)6種(zhong),國家(jia)Ⅱ級保護動物(wu)(wu)36種(zhong)。此外,還(huan)有(you)(you)(you)昆蟲動物(wu)(wu)12目(mu)95科370種(zhong)。
1、魚類
黑龍江(jiang)友好國(guo)家級自然保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)區共(gong)有(you)魚(yu)(yu)類(lei)(lei)5目11科(ke)(ke)(ke)43種,占(zhan)(zhan)黑龍江(jiang)省魚(yu)(yu)類(lei)(lei)總(zong)數(shu)(shu)105種的(de)41.0%,占(zhan)(zhan)小興安嶺(ling)魚(yu)(yu)類(lei)(lei)總(zong)數(shu)(shu)71種的(de)63.3%,其(qi)中鯉科(ke)(ke)(ke)(Cyprinidae)魚(yu)(yu)類(lei)(lei)多,為27種,占(zhan)(zhan)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)區魚(yu)(yu)類(lei)(lei)總(zong)數(shu)(shu)的(de)62.8%;其(qi)次(ci)是鰍科(ke)(ke)(ke)(Cobitidae)魚(yu)(yu)類(lei)(lei),有(you)4種,占(zhan)(zhan)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)區魚(yu)(yu)類(lei)(lei)總(zong)數(shu)(shu)的(de)9.3%,鮭科(ke)(ke)(ke)(Salmonidae)魚(yu)(yu)類(lei)(lei)3種,占(zhan)(zhan)總(zong)數(shu)(shu)的(de)7.0%;鯰科(ke)(ke)(ke)(Siluridae)魚(yu)(yu)類(lei)(lei)2種,占(zhan)(zhan)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)區魚(yu)(yu)類(lei)(lei)總(zong)數(shu)(shu)的(de)4.7%;茴魚(yu)(yu)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(Thymallidae)、胡瓜魚(yu)(yu)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(Osmeridae)、狗(gou)魚(yu)(yu)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(Esocidae)、塘鱧科(ke)(ke)(ke)(Eleotridae)、鲿科(ke)(ke)(ke)(Bagridae)、鮨科(ke)(ke)(ke)(Serranidae)、鱈(xue)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(Gadidae)各1種,分(fen)別占(zhan)(zhan)總(zong)數(shu)(shu)的(de)2.3%。
2、兩棲類及(ji)爬行類
黑(hei)(hei)龍江友(you)好國(guo)家(jia)級自(zi)然保護區內兩(liang)棲動(dong)物(wu)共有9種(zhong)(zhong),隸屬(shu)于2目(mu)5科(ke),占(zhan)黑(hei)(hei)龍江省兩(liang)棲動(dong)物(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)數的75.0%;爬(pa)行(xing)動(dong)物(wu)10種(zhong)(zhong),隸屬(shu)于3目(mu)4科(ke),占(zhan)黑(hei)(hei)龍江省爬(pa)行(xing)動(dong)物(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)數的62.5%。
保護(hu)區內兩棲類(lei)有尾目中(zhong)以極北鯢(ni)(ni)(Salamandrella keyserlingii)較(jiao)常(chang)見(jian)(jian),東北小鯢(ni)(ni)(Hynobius leechii)偶(ou)爾可(ke)見(jian)(jian)。極北鯢(ni)(ni)每年(nian)春夏季在(zai)山(shan)溪及其附近的(de)沼(zhao)澤中(zhong)常(chang)可(ke)見(jian)(jian)到(dao)實體和卵袋;無尾目中(zhong)常(chang)見(jian)(jian)的(de)是(shi)黑龍江林蛙(wa)(wa)(Rana amurensis)、中(zhong)國林蛙(wa)(wa)(Rana chensinensis)、東北雨蛙(wa)(wa)(Hyla arborea)、中(zhong)華蟾蜍(Bufo gargarizans)和花(hua)背(bei)蟾蜍(Bufo raddei)。夏季常(chang)見(jian)(jian)的(de)優(you)勢種是(shi)東北雨蛙(wa)(wa),在(zai)濕地中(zhong)有相當大的(de)數(shu)量。黑斑(ban)蛙(wa)(wa)(Rana nigromaculata)在(zai)這里是(shi)偶(ou)見(jian)(jian)種。
保護區內(nei)爬行類(lei)龜鱉目(mu)中的(de)鱉(Trionyx sinensis)偶爾可見(jian)(jian),數(shu)量極少。蜥(xi)蜴目(mu)中的(de)胎(tai)(tai)生蜥(xi)蜴(Lacertavivipara)是(shi)這(zhe)里(li)(li)的(de)常(chang)見(jian)(jian)種(zhong),常(chang)活動于林緣、路(lu)旁、倒木下,其卵胎(tai)(tai)生的(de)繁殖方式是(shi)適應這(zhe)里(li)(li)極為(wei)(wei)寒(han)冷、無霜期短的(de)氣候(hou)的(de)很好方式。黑龍江草蜥(xi)(Takydromusamurensis)為(wei)(wei)常(chang)見(jian)(jian)種(zhong)。這(zhe)里(li)(li)較為(wei)(wei)常(chang)見(jian)(jian)的(de)蛇(she)(she)類(lei)是(shi)白條(tiao)錦(jin)(jin)蛇(she)(she)(Elaphe dione)和烏蘇里(li)(li)蝮(Gloydius ussuriensis),它們分布較廣(guang),大(da)多(duo)數(shu)山地均可見(jian)(jian)到。體形(xing)較大(da)的(de)棕黑錦(jin)(jin)蛇(she)(she)(E.schrenckii)在這(zhe)里(li)(li)是(shi)偶見(jian)(jian)種(zhong)。紅點錦(jin)(jin)蛇(she)(she)(E.rufodorsata)、巖棲蝮(Gloydius saxaticis)和虎斑頸槽蛇(she)(she)(Rhabdophis tigrinus)分布于河流附近(jin)的(de)濕地和石山上,數(shu)量稀少。
3、鳥類
黑(hei)龍(long)江(jiang)友好自然(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)生(sheng)境類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)型(xing)(xing)多(duo)樣,決定了該(gai)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)資(zi)源的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多(duo)樣性。經(jing)調查及文獻統計,保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)內共(gong)有(you)(you)鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)17目(mu)(mu)(mu)44科(ke)(ke)221種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)黑(hei)龍(long)江(jiang)省鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)60.4%,占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)小興(xing)安嶺鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)85.30%,其(qi)中(zhong)非(fei)(fei)(fei)雀形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)目(mu)(mu)(mu)鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)分布(bu)有(you)(you)24科(ke)(ke)113種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)自然(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)51.1%,雀形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)目(mu)(mu)(mu)鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)分布(bu)有(you)(you)20科(ke)(ke)108種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)自然(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)48.9%。據(ju)統計保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)內夏(xia)(xia)(xia)候(hou)鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)多(duo)達134種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)自然(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)60.63%,其(qi)中(zhong)非(fei)(fei)(fei)雀形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)目(mu)(mu)(mu)鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)68種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)夏(xia)(xia)(xia)候(hou)鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)50.7%,在(zai)雀形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)目(mu)(mu)(mu)中(zhong)夏(xia)(xia)(xia)候(hou)鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)有(you)(you)66種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)全(quan)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)夏(xia)(xia)(xia)候(hou)鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)49.3%。冬(dong)(dong)候(hou)鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(W)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)很少,僅(jin)(jin)分布(bu)有(you)(you)15種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)自然(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)6.79%,其(qi)中(zhong)非(fei)(fei)(fei)雀形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)目(mu)(mu)(mu)僅(jin)(jin)有(you)(you)3種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)該(gai)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)冬(dong)(dong)候(hou)鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)20.0%,雀形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)目(mu)(mu)(mu)鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)12種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)該(gai)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)冬(dong)(dong)候(hou)鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)80.0%。保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)共(gong)有(you)(you)留鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(R)34種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)全(quan)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)15.38%,其(qi)中(zhong)非(fei)(fei)(fei)雀形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)目(mu)(mu)(mu)鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)14種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)全(quan)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)留鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)41.2%,雀形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)目(mu)(mu)(mu)鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)有(you)(you)20種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)全(quan)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)留鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)58.8%。該(gai)自然(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)旅(lv)鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(P)共(gong)計38種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)全(quan)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)17.20%,其(qi)中(zhong)非(fei)(fei)(fei)雀形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)目(mu)(mu)(mu)鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)28種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)全(quan)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)旅(lv)鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)73.7%,雀形(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)目(mu)(mu)(mu)旅(lv)鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)10種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)全(quan)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)旅(lv)鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)26.3%。從(cong)鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)系(xi)成分居留型(xing)(xing)來(lai)看(kan),夏(xia)(xia)(xia)候(hou)鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(S)無論是種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)還(huan)是數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)量均占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)自然(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)鳥(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)相當大比例(li)。
(1)沼(zhao)澤(ze)濕(shi)地生態系統。
(2)以原麝、紫貂、東方白鸛、金雕、丹頂鶴以及(ji)紅松、鉆天柳、黃(huang)檗、紫椴等為(wei)代表的珍(zhen)稀(xi)野生動植(zhi)物(wu)資源及(ji)其棲息地。
沼(zhao)(zhao)澤(ze)(ze)濕(shi)地(di)是(shi)友好(hao)自然(ran)保護區(qu)的(de)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)保護對(dui)象,因此有(you)必要(yao)對(dui)保護區(qu)內(nei)的(de)沼(zhao)(zhao)澤(ze)(ze)濕(shi)地(di)植被(bei)(bei)(bei)類(lei)(lei)型(xing)及特征加(jia)以(yi)(yi)重點論述。由(you)于保護區(qu)內(nei)地(di)勢平(ping)緩,河(he)(he)谷(gu)平(ping)坦寬闊,河(he)(he)曲發達,牛軛湖眾(zhong)多(duo),加(jia)上氣候冷濕(shi),島(dao)狀(zhuang)凍土分布(bu)普遍,從而形成了大(da)面(mian)積的(de)沼(zhao)(zhao)澤(ze)(ze)植被(bei)(bei)(bei),且類(lei)(lei)型(xing)繁多(duo)。主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)包(bao)括森(sen)林沼(zhao)(zhao)澤(ze)(ze)、灌叢(cong)沼(zhao)(zhao)澤(ze)(ze)、草(cao)本(ben)沼(zhao)(zhao)澤(ze)(ze)等(deng)植被(bei)(bei)(bei)類(lei)(lei)型(xing)。尤其是(shi)森(sen)林沼(zhao)(zhao)澤(ze)(ze)面(mian)積大(da),類(lei)(lei)型(xing)多(duo),主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)類(lei)(lei)型(xing)有(you)興安落(luo)葉松-油樺(hua)-苔(tai)草(cao)群落(luo)和興安落(luo)葉松-窄葉杜香-中(zhong)位泥炭蘚(xian)群落(luo)及白樺(hua)沼(zhao)(zhao)澤(ze)(ze)等(deng)。灌叢(cong)沼(zhao)(zhao)澤(ze)(ze)植被(bei)(bei)(bei)主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)有(you)油樺(hua)-修氏苔(tai)草(cao)群落(luo)、油樺(hua)-篤斯越桔-蘚(xian)類(lei)(lei)群落(luo)等(deng),主(zhu)(zhu)要(yao)分布(bu)于河(he)(he)灘和階地(di)上。草(cao)本(ben)沼(zhao)(zhao)澤(ze)(ze)中(zhong)以(yi)(yi)苔(tai)草(cao)類(lei)(lei)型(xing)較多(duo),有(you)草(cao)甸(dian)形成的(de)灰脈苔(tai)草(cao)-修氏苔(tai)草(cao)群落(luo)、湖泊沼(zhao)(zhao)澤(ze)(ze)化形成的(de)毛果(guo)苔(tai)草(cao)-泥炭蘚(xian)群落(luo)等(deng)。
根(gen)據組(zu)成建(jian)群(qun)種的不同,可劃分(fen)3個植被亞型,即(ji):草本沼澤、灌叢沼澤和森林沼澤。
草(cao)(cao)(cao)本沼(zhao)澤(ze)(ze)從(cong)發(fa)(fa)生上,大多由(you)草(cao)(cao)(cao)甸沼(zhao)澤(ze)(ze)化而成,多發(fa)(fa)生在河漫灘的(de)洼地,由(you)于地勢低洼、地下水(shui)位高,特別是受河水(shui)泛濫(lan)的(de)影響,造(zao)成了草(cao)(cao)(cao)甸過分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)濕潤或水(shui)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)滯聚,土壤的(de)孔隙被水(shui)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)充填(tian),微生物活(huo)動減(jian)(jian)(jian)弱,因而植(zhi)物殘體中的(de)營養元(yuan)素(su)不能礦化。這樣在水(shui)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)增(zeng)加,養分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)減(jian)(jian)(jian)少(shao)的(de)情況下,為植(zhi)物的(de)自(zi)然(ran)演替創造(zao)了有利條件(jian),使一些根狀莖草(cao)(cao)(cao)甸植(zhi)物逐漸減(jian)(jian)(jian)少(shao),而要求養分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)較(jiao)少(shao),喜濕的(de)密(mi)叢型沼(zhao)澤(ze)(ze)植(zhi)物逐漸增(zeng)多。根據組(zu)成、結構與分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)規律,本植(zhi)被亞型只(zhi)有3個群(qun)系組(zu)(泥炭蘚沼(zhao)澤(ze)(ze)、草(cao)(cao)(cao)甸沼(zhao)澤(ze)(ze)、莎草(cao)(cao)(cao)沼(zhao)澤(ze)(ze))。
灌叢沼(zhao)澤系(xi)指在(zai)地(di)(di)表過(guo)濕(shi)或積水(shui)的(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)段(duan)上,以喜(xi)濕(shi)的(de)(de)(de)灌木(mu)為主所組成的(de)(de)(de)沼(zhao)澤植(zhi)物群落。在(zai)保護區內,分(fen)布地(di)(di)域較廣,面(mian)積也較大,多發生平(ping)坦溝谷和河(he)漫灘這些(xie)地(di)(di)段(duan),地(di)(di)勢(shi)低洼,平(ping)坦,地(di)(di)下水(shui)位高,水(shui)分(fen)容易集聚的(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)方,由于土質粘重,又有(you)永凍層形成隔水(shui)板,造成地(di)(di)表過(guo)濕(shi)或積水(shui),引(yin)起沼(zhao)澤植(zhi)物不斷(duan)侵入(ru)。首(shou)先侵入(ru)的(de)(de)(de)是喜(xi)濕(shi)的(de)(de)(de)密叢苔草和淺根系(xi)的(de)(de)(de)柴樺(Betula fruticosa),隨后(hou)是提(ti)燈(deng)蘚(xian)(xian)(Mnium cuspidatum)等蘚(xian)(xian)類,這些(xie)植(zhi)物侵入(ru)后(hou),死亡(wang)的(de)(de)(de)植(zhi)物殘體(ti)在(zai)土壤嫌氣條件下,逐漸(jian)形成泥炭(tan),營養貧乏,樹木(mu)開始生長不良,并逐漸(jian)遞減,森林(lin)演(yan)變為沼(zhao)澤,形成現有(you)的(de)(de)(de)各類灌叢沼(zhao)澤。
森(sen)林(lin)沼(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)澤(ze)(ze)從(cong)外貌上具有(you)森(sen)林(lin)的(de)(de)特征(zheng),是以喬(qiao)木(mu)組成上層林(lin)冠,并生(sheng)長在地表過(guo)濕或積水的(de)(de)地段上,以濕生(sheng)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)、沼(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)生(sheng)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)為主所組成的(de)(de)森(sen)林(lin)沼(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)澤(ze)(ze)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)群(qun)落(luo)(luo)。該沼(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)澤(ze)(ze)植(zhi)(zhi)被是由耐冷濕條(tiao)件的(de)(de)針葉樹種――云冷杉、興安落(luo)(luo)葉松和落(luo)(luo)葉闊葉喬(qiao)木(mu)樹種白樺(hua)和毛赤楊(yang)(Alnus sibirica)為建群(qun)種,伴生(sheng)著濕生(sheng)和中濕生(sheng)灌木(mu)和草本植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)組成的(de)(de)垮(kua)帶隱(yin)域性森(sen)林(lin)植(zhi)(zhi)被。
保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)是以保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)珍(zhen)稀(xi)野生(sheng)(sheng)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)資源及其(qi)生(sheng)(sheng)境和森林沼(zhao)澤生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)系(xi)統(tong)為(wei)宗旨,集資源保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)、科(ke)學(xue)(xue)研究和生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)旅(lv)游(you)于一(yi)體的自然保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)。主(zhu)要保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)對象為(wei)東北林區(qu)森林沼(zhao)澤生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)系(xi)統(tong)和珍(zhen)稀(xi)野生(sheng)(sheng)動植物(wu)資源及其(qi)棲息地。豐富的生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)多(duo)樣(yang)性和生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)系(xi)統(tong)多(duo)樣(yang)性顯示了保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)巨大的保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)價(jia)值(zhi)和科(ke)學(xue)(xue)研究價(jia)值(zhi)。保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)內(nei)森林茂密,河流縱橫,濕地面積廣(guang)闊,生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)系(xi)統(tong)保(bao)(bao)(bao)存(cun)完好。保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)在提(ti)高(gao)水源涵(han)養、控(kong)制(zhi)水土流失、防止干(gan)旱(han)和洪澇(lao)災害、調節氣候(hou)等方面具有非(fei)常重(zhong)要的保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)意義和科(ke)學(xue)(xue)價(jia)值(zhi)。