長江(jiang)天鵝(e)洲白鰭(qi)豚國(guo)(guo)家級(ji)自然保(bao)護區(qu)有(you)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)238種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，隸(li)屬于(yu)64科(ke)(ke)168屬。共有(you)高等(deng)陸生脊(ji)椎(zhui)(zhui)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)231種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。其中(zhong)，鳥(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)14目(mu)33科(ke)(ke)201種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其中(zhong)包括中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)家一(yi)級(ji)保(bao)護鳥(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)6種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，二級(ji)保(bao)護鳥(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)17種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；獸類(lei)(lei)(lei)6目(mu)8科(ke)(ke)13種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，包括國(guo)(guo)家一(yi)級(ji)保(bao)護動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)白暨豚和麋鹿，二級(ji)保(bao)護動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)長江(jiang)江(jiang)豚；兩棲(qi)(qi)類(lei)(lei)(lei)1目(mu)3科(ke)(ke)5種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，爬行(xing)類(lei)(lei)(lei)2目(mu)6科(ke)(ke)12種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；魚類(lei)(lei)(lei)調查的(de)(de)(de)最高記錄曾達到(dao)77種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，分(fen)屬18科(ke)(ke)，其中(zhong)鯉形(xing)目(mu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)占(zhan)(zhan)67.5%，是“四(si)大家魚”的(de)(de)(de)天然種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)質資源(yuan)庫。故(gu)道(dao)水體共有(you)浮(fu)游(you)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)155種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，浮(fu)游(you)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)111種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，底棲(qi)(qi)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)29種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。 根據物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)相對(dui)(dui)豐(feng)度的(de)(de)(de)定義——相對(dui)(dui)豐(feng)度是指(zhi)該區(qu)域的(de)(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數量(liang)占(zhan)(zhan)所屬行(xing)政(zheng)省區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)比例。湖北省約有(you)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)3700種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)左右；陸生脊(ji)椎(zhui)(zhui)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)562種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)左右，魚類(lei)(lei)(lei)76種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，脊(ji)椎(zhui)(zhui)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)共計738種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。據此可以粗略的(de)(de)(de)估算出天鵝(e)洲動(dong)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)資源(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)相對(dui)(dui)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)豐(feng)度。高等(deng)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)相對(dui)(dui)豐(feng)度比較(jiao)低(di)，僅約占(zhan)(zhan)全(quan)省植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)(de)6.4%，按(an)標準規定屬于(yu)“相對(dui)(dui)較(jiao)低(di)”的(de)(de)(de)水平；動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)(lei)約占(zhan)(zhan)全(quan)省脊(ji)椎(zhui)(zhui)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)41.7%，屬于(yu)“相對(dui)(dui)較(jiao)高”的(de)(de)(de)水平。
天(tian)鵝(e)洲(zhou)白鰭豚國家級自(zi)然(ran)保(bao)護區位于(yu)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)漢平原南緣，由于(yu)地勢低平，水流(liu)的(de)(de)擺動和沖刷，長江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)在(zai)荊江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)河道(dao)(dao)(dao)形成“九(jiu)曲回腸”的(de)(de)獨(du)特(te)景觀，后經自(zi)然(ran)或(huo)人工(gong)裁(cai)彎取直留(liu)下了眾多(duo)的(de)(de)故(gu)道(dao)(dao)(dao)(牛軛湖(hu))。天(tian)鵝(e)洲(zhou)故(gu)道(dao)(dao)(dao)是(shi)1972年(nian)自(zi)然(ran)截彎取直而成。故(gu)道(dao)(dao)(dao)呈新月(yue)形，環繞(rao)天(tian)鵝(e)島(dao)(dao)，天(tian)鵝(e)島(dao)(dao)呈橢(tuo)圓(yuan)形，東南側在(zai)枯水期(qi)與小河鎮(zhen)相連，呈半島(dao)(dao)型；汛期(qi)則完全被(bei)故(gu)道(dao)(dao)(dao)包(bao)圍。1998年(nian)大洪(hong)水后，為了保(bao)護故(gu)道(dao)(dao)(dao)區人民的(de)(de)生命財(cai)產安(an)全，在(zai)漁政站、春風閘(zha)一帶修(xiu)筑了平均高(gao)度(du)達38.5米的(de)(de)圍堤(di)，之后又在(zai)此基(ji)礎上(shang)加高(gao)1米，即(ji)現在(zai)的(de)(de)沙灘子大堤(di)，僅有下口閘(zha)在(zai)汛期(qi)通過人為調控與長江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)相連。 天(tian)鵝(e)洲(zhou)濕地以(yi)故(gu)道(dao)(dao)(dao)水面為最(zui)低，山故(gu)道(dao)(dao)(dao)淺灘逐(zhu)漸向江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)岸增(zeng)高(gao)。平均海拔一般35米左右，最(zui)高(gao)點(dian)為38.44米，最(zui)低點(dian)32.91米，相對(dui)高(gao)差不大。一年(nian)一度(du)的(de)(de)江(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)水泛濫，加上(shang)洞庭湖(hu)的(de)(de)頂托，流(liu)速降低，泥(ni)沙淤積，形成大片(pian)的(de)(de)蘆葦沼澤濕地。
天(tian)鵝洲白鰭(qi)豚國家級自然保護區屬于(yu)亞熱(re)帶(dai)季風氣(qi)(qi)候(hou)。保護區內的(de)年(nian)太陽(yang)輻射(she)總(zong)量達106千卡(ka)/平(ping)(ping)(ping)方(fang)厘米(mi)，能(neng)充分(fen)滿足(zu)植物光合作用的(de)需要。全年(nian)日照(zhao)總(zong)時(shi)(shi)(shi)數1844小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)左石，夏季初(chu)秋(qiu)日照(zhao)多(duo)(duo)(duo)，月(yue)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)日照(zhao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)數達215小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)有(you)7個(ge)月(yue)（4-10月(yue)），全年(nian)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)每(mei)天(tian)日照(zhao)5小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)以(yi)上(shang)。最(zui)(zui)多(duo)(duo)(duo)“月(yue)日照(zhao)”出現在(zai)(zai)7月(yue)，為318.8小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，最(zui)(zui)少(shao)“月(yue)日照(zhao)”出現在(zai)(zai)12月(yue)，為25.7小(xiao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，年(nian)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)日照(zhao)百分(fen)率為42%。 保護區年(nian)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)16.5℃左右，最(zui)(zui)熱(re)月(yue)7月(yue)份(fen)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)28.5℃左右，極(ji)端最(zui)(zui)高氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)38.6℃左右；最(zui)(zui)冷月(yue)l月(yue)份(fen)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)3.5℃左右，極(ji)端最(zui)(zui)低(di)(di)氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)-14.9℃，0℃以(yi)上(shang)活(huo)動(dong)積溫(wen)達6000℃。每(mei)年(nian)的(de)無霜期長(chang)達261天(tian)，超過(guo)石首市258天(tian)的(de)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)數。冬季受強大的(de)蒙古冷高壓控制和影(ying)響，多(duo)(duo)(duo)偏北(bei)風，天(tian)氣(qi)(qi)寒冷、干燥(zao)；夏季受太平(ping)(ping)(ping)洋(yang)副(fu)熱(re)帶(dai)高壓、印度洋(yang)熱(re)低(di)(di)壓影(ying)響和控制，多(duo)(duo)(duo)偏南(nan)風，天(tian)氣(qi)(qi)炎熱(re)；春季、初(chu)夏、晚秋(qiu)，南(nan)北(bei)冷熱(re)空氣(qi)(qi)經常(chang)在(zai)(zai)長(chang)江(jiang)中下游一帶(dai)匯合交鋒，造成較多(duo)(duo)(duo)降(jiang)水，常(chang)出現春雨(yu)、梅(mei)雨(yu)和秋(qiu)雨(yu)。
保護區(qu)的年(nian)(nian)降水量(liang)達(da)1200毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)以(yi)上，其中6月最多(duo)，達(da)191毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)左右(you)，1月最少，只有30毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)左右(you)。年(nian)(nian)平均(jun)絕對濕度大(da)17.4毫(hao)巴，年(nian)(nian)平均(jun)相對濕度為(wei)80%左右(you)。歷(li)年(nian)(nian)3-8月均(jun)雨量(liang)都大(da)于100毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)，4-10月的總雨量(liang)高(gao)達(da)859.7毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)，占(zhan)全年(nian)(nian)總雨量(liang)的74.5%。
保(bao)護區所(suo)在的石(shi)首市(shi)的災害天(tian)氣有：陣陰雨(yu)、寒潮(chao)、低溫、大(da)風、降雪(xue)、積雪(xue)、雹、雷、霧、霜(shuang)、霜(shuang)凍(dong)等(deng)13種，其中值得(de)引起(qi)保(bao)護區足夠重視的主要有旱、澇、風、凍(dong)等(deng)4種。
天鵝洲(zhou)長江故(gu)道濕地(di)(di)自(zi)然保(bao)護區屬典型(xing)的(de)(de)近(jin)代(dai)河流相沖積(ji)、洪積(ji)物(wu)堆(dui)積(ji)而成的(de)(de)洲(zhou)灘平原，土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)形(xing)成的(de)(de)歷(li)史不長，成土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)母質以(yi)砂(sha)質粘土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)，發(fa)育的(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)為(wei)(wei)草(cao)甸土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)類(lei)。根據80年代(dai)中(zhong)(zhong)國第二次土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)普查的(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)類(lei)方案，該地(di)(di)區只(zhi)有一個(ge)(ge)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)類(lei)（草(cao)甸土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)），一個(ge)(ge)來類(lei)（淺色草(cao)甸土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)），一個(ge)(ge)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)屬（河灘草(cao)甸土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)）。再根據沉(chen)積(ji)物(wu)砂(sha)泥含量比(bi)例的(de)(de)不同，續分(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)蘆葦(wei)河砂(sha)泥土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、荒(huang)地(di)(di)河砂(sha)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、荒(huang)地(di)(di)河砂(sha)泥土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)等(deng)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)種，其中(zhong)(zhong)又以(yi)生長草(cao)甸植被為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)的(de)(de)荒(huang)地(di)(di)河砂(sha)泥土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)要(yao)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)種。從土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)普查家化樣分(fen)(fen)析結果來看，土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)的(de)(de)理化性(xing)狀較好，如(ru)荒(huang)地(di)(di)河砂(sha)泥土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)和荒(huang)地(di)(di)河砂(sha)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)，質地(di)(di)適中(zhong)(zhong)（中(zhong)(zhong)壤(rang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)），層(ceng)次明顯，土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)體構(gou)型(xing)為(wei)(wei)A—B—C型(xing)，全剖面具有強石灰反(fan)應，PH值8.0左右(you)，上下(xia)層(ceng)差(cha)異不大，原因在(zai)于成土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)母質為(wei)(wei)富含碳酸鈣的(de)(de)沉(chen)積(ji)物(wu)。這(zhe)種沉(chen)積(ji)物(wu)在(zai)地(di)(di)勢低平，土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)淋溶(rong)作用弱的(de)(de)情況下(xia)所形(xing)成的(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)都具有石灰反(fan)應強烈的(de)(de)物(wu)性(xing)。根據家化樣分(fen)(fen)析，表土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)層(ceng)（A層(ceng)，厚度16cm左右(you)）有機質含量1.62%—3.35%，全氮(dan)0.12%—0.19%，堿解氮(dan)56—132PPM，速(su)(su)效(xiao)磷5.36—6.27PPM，速(su)(su)效(xiao)鉀127—147PPM，土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)容量1.4g/cm3，代(dai)換量20—30me/100g土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)。
長江天鵝洲白暨豚國家(jia)級自(zi)然(ran)保(bao)護區動(dong)物(wu)多(duo)樣性
長江(jiang)天鵝洲白(bai)暨豚國家(jia)級自然保護(hu)區得天獨厚的地理氣候條件為各種(zhong)(zhong)陸(lu)生(sheng)、水生(sheng)及水陸(lu)兩(liang)棲動(dong)物提供了(le)很好(hao)的棲息地。據統計，該區共(gong)有231種(zhong)(zhong)陸(lu)生(sheng)脊椎動(dong)物。其(qi)中觀察到的鳥類(lei)(lei)有14目33科(ke)(ke)201種(zhong)(zhong)，獸類(lei)(lei)6目8科(ke)(ke)13種(zhong)(zhong)，兩(liang)棲類(lei)(lei)1目3科(ke)(ke)5種(zhong)(zhong)，爬行類(lei)(lei)3目6科(ke)(ke)12種(zhong)(zhong)；魚類(lei)(lei)7目11科(ke)(ke)50種(zhong)(zhong)；底(di)棲動(dong)物26種(zhong)(zhong)；浮游動(dong)物54種(zhong)(zhong)。 1997年(nian)，湖北省水產科(ke)(ke)學研究(jiu)所(suo)根據天鵝洲的馬蹄形，以(yi)洲為軸，設立(li)了(le)五個采樣(yang)點，分別于5月(yue)(yue)、8月(yue)(yue)、12月(yue)(yue)三次采樣(yang)。浮游動(dong)物通過(guo)三次采樣(yang)，共(gong)檢出(chu)浮游動(dong)物54種(zhong)(zhong)，其(qi)中原生(sheng)動(dong)物的種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)和數(shu)量最(zui)多，達(da)到22種(zhong)(zhong)，輪蟲(chong)(chong)18種(zhong)(zhong)，橈(rao)足類(lei)(lei)5種(zhong)(zhong)，枝角類(lei)(lei)9種(zhong)(zhong)，所(suo)占(zhan)比例(li)分別為40%、33.3%、9.3%、16.7%。原生(sheng)動(dong)物以(yi)沙殼蟲(chong)(chong)屬(shu)為主(zhu)，輪蟲(chong)(chong)以(yi)多肢輪蟲(chong)(chong)、臂尾輪蟲(chong)(chong)較多，枝角類(lei)(lei)以(yi)秀體(ti)蚤(zao)(zao)較多，橈(rao)足類(lei)(lei)劍水蚤(zao)(zao)、猛水蚤(zao)(zao)、膘水蚤(zao)(zao)均有。
底棲動物(wu)(wu)(wu)經三次采集，共采集到(dao)底棲生物(wu)(wu)(wu)26種(zhong)(zhong)，其(qi)中寡(gua)毛類8種(zhong)(zhong)，水(shui)生昆蟲4種(zhong)(zhong)，軟體動物(wu)(wu)(wu)12種(zhong)(zhong)，其(qi)他(ta)動物(wu)(wu)(wu)1種(zhong)(zhong)。
魚(yu)類1997年(nian)經(jing)調查統計，長江(jiang)天鵝洲白(bai)暨豚國家(jia)級自然保護區(qu)1-9月的漁獲量為87.4kg，分屬7目11科50種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其中(zhong)鯉科魚(yu)類占30種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其中(zhong)鰍(qiu)科3種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，攀鱸(lu)科4種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，銀魚(yu)科、鮠科、鱧(li)科各占2種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，鯡科、鯰科、科、合(he)鰓科各占1種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)
兩(liang)棲類(lei)(lei)天(tian)(tian)鵝洲故道(dao)(dao)濕地(di)(di)自然(ran)保護區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)兩(liang)棲類(lei)(lei)共有1目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、3科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)5種(zhong)(zhong)。在(zai)保護區(qu)內發(fa)現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)5種(zhong)(zhong)兩(liang)棲動物(wu)可(ke)以劃分：二個生態類(lei)(lei)群(qun)，其中金(jin)線蛙和黑斑(ban)蛙以及澤陸(lu)蛙屬(shu)于(yu)靜水(shui)(shui)棲息型，其中后兩(liang)種(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)數量很多(duo)，在(zai)保護區(qu)內長滿蒿(hao)草的(de)(de)(de)淺水(shui)(shui)地(di)(di)帶(dai)(非故道(dao)(dao))中，不斷地(di)(di)可(ke)以聽(ting)到(dao)它們(men)的(de)(de)(de)鳴聲和岸上跳下水(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)(de)聲音；第二種(zhong)(zhong)生態類(lei)(lei)群(qun)是屬(shu)于(yu)陸(lu)棲型的(de)(de)(de)中華大瞻蜍、澤陸(lu)蛙和飾紋姬蛙。在(zai)保護區(qu)內地(di)(di)勢稍(shao)高(gao)而長滿蘆葦的(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)帶(dai)中，可(ke)以發(fa)現(xian)(xian)很多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)澤陸(lu)蛙，在(zai)長滿蒿(hao)草的(de)(de)(de)淺水(shui)(shui)地(di)(di)帶(dai)的(de)(de)(de)陸(lu)上及居民(min)點(dian)周圍，幾(ji)乎走幾(ji)步就會發(fa)現(xian)(xian)一(yi)只瞻蜍，其密(mi)度很高(gao)。 爬(pa)行(xing)類(lei)(lei)天(tian)(tian)鵝濕故道(dao)(dao)濕地(di)(di)保護區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)爬(pa)行(xing)動物(wu)有3目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、6科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)、12種(zhong)(zhong)。3目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)分別為：龜(gui)鱉目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、蜥蜴目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)、蛇(she)(she)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)；6科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)別為：龜(gui)鱉目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)淡水(shui)(shui)龜(gui)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)（烏(wu)龜(gui)）和鱉科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)（鱉）、蜥蜴目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)石龍(long)子科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)（蝘蜓）和壁虎(hu)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)（多(duo)疣壁虎(hu)）、蛇(she)(she)目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)游蛇(she)(she)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)（赤練蛇(she)(she)、王錦蛇(she)(she)、紅(hong)點(dian)錦蛇(she)(she)、黑眉(mei)錦蛇(she)(she)、虎(hu)斑(ban)游蛇(she)(she)、滑鼠蛇(she)(she)、烏(wu)梢蛇(she)(she)）和蝰科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)（蝮蛇(she)(she)）。
獸類天鵝洲濕地(di)麋鹿自然(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區有獸類6目8科13種，國家一級(ji)(ji)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)動(dong)物白鱀豚和麋鹿，二級(ji)(ji)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)動(dong)物長江江豚。
鳥類天鵝洲(zhou)濕地麋鹿自然保(bao)護(hu)區有鳥類14目33科201種，其(qi)中包括國家(jia)一級保(bao)護(hu)鳥類6種，二級保(bao)護(hu)鳥類17種。
長江天鵝洲白暨豚國家級自然保護區(qu)植物(wu)(wu)多樣(yang)性 浮游植物(wu)(wu)
1997年，湖北省水(shui)產科學研究所根據天鵝洲的馬蹄形(xing)，以(yi)洲為(wei)軸，設立了五個采(cai)(cai)樣(yang)點，分別于(yu)5月(yue)、8月(yue)、12月(yue)三次(ci)采(cai)(cai)樣(yang)。經5月(yue)、8月(yue)、11月(yue)三次(ci)對(dui)保護區水(shui)域(yu)內的浮(fu)游植物進(jin)行監(jian)測，從采(cai)(cai)集中的水(shui)樣(yang)共檢(jian)出(chu)浮(fu)游植物7門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)106種，檢(jian)出(chu)種類(lei)以(yi)8月(yue)份(fen)(fen)最多，達84種。各月(yue)份(fen)(fen)的優勢門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)類(lei)：5月(yue)份(fen)(fen)為(wei)綠(lv)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、硅藻(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)；8月(yue)份(fen)(fen)為(wei)綠(lv)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、藍藻(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)；11月(yue)份(fen)(fen)為(wei)硅藻(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)。從鏡檢(jian)結果看，綠(lv)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、藍藻(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)種類(lei)的比例最高，甲(jia)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)種類(lei)的比例最低，若(ruo)把各門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)的藻(zao)(zao)(zao)類(lei)從少到(dao)多排(pai)列，其順序為(wei)甲(jia)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)<金藻(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)<黃(huang)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)<裸藻(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)<硅藻(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)<藍藻(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)<綠(lv)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)。其中甲(jia)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)檢(jian)出(chu)3種，占2.8%；金藻(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)檢(jian)出(chu)5種，占4.7%；黃(huang)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)檢(jian)出(chu)7種，占6.6%；裸藻(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)檢(jian)出(chu)11種，占10.4%；硅藻(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)檢(jian)出(chu)17種，占16.1%；藍藻(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)檢(jian)出(chu)31種，占29.2%；綠(lv)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)檢(jian)出(chu)32種，占30.2%。
濕地維管束植物
1997～1998年(nian)對長江故道天鵝洲白暨豚自(zi)然保(bao)護區水生和(he)(he)濕生植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)資源和(he)(he)植(zhi)(zhi)被(bei)概況進行調查(cha)，調查(cha)范圍主(zhu)要為水域及岸(an)邊季節性(xing)淹水濕地。采(cai)集植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)標本經分類鑒定，并(bing)參考(kao)有關文獻材料，整理出自(zi)然保(bao)護區植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)名錄。計有高等植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)30科(ke)(ke)，59屬69種，其中苔蘚植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)1科(ke)(ke)，1屬種，蕨類植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)1科(ke)(ke)，1屬1種。被(bei)子植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)28科(ke)(ke)，57屬67種。
根據(ju)各科(ke)(ke)所(suo)含(han)(han)(han)(han)的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)統計：種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)植(zhi)物(wu)含(han)(han)(han)(han)1種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)科(ke)(ke)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)13個，占(zhan)所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)植(zhi)物(wu)科(ke)(ke)的(de)46%，含(han)(han)(han)(han)2-4種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)科(ke)(ke)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)11種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，占(zhan)所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)植(zhi)物(wu)科(ke)(ke)的(de)29.3%，含(han)(han)(han)(han)5種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)以上的(de)科(ke)(ke)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)4個，占(zhan)總(zong)數(shu)的(de)14.3%。最(zui)大的(de)科(ke)(ke)為菊科(ke)(ke)，含(han)(han)(han)(han)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)8種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其(qi)次有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)禾本科(ke)(ke)，含(han)(han)(han)(han)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)7種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其(qi)占(zhan)全(quan)部種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)的(de)21.7%。從屬(shu)的(de)統計看：含(han)(han)(han)(han)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)1種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)屬(shu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)53個，占(zhan)全(quan)部屬(shu)的(de)91.2%，毛(mao)莨屬(shu)含(han)(han)(han)(han)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)最(zui)多：4種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其(qi)次為眼子(zi)(zi)菜屬(shu)含(han)(han)(han)(han)有(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)3種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，它們(men)分別為濕生(sheng)(sheng)植(zhi)物(wu)和水生(sheng)(sheng)植(zhi)物(wu)的(de)優勢種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)屬(shu)，其(qi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)占(zhan)總(zong)數(shu)11.95%。
(1)水(shui)(shui)杉林(lin)(lin)人工栽(zai)培(pei)林(lin)(lin)，有于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)固(gu)堤(di)，主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)分(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)天鵝村(cun)段堤(di)邊，面(mian)積水(shui)(shui)大，呈條分(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)，喜濕(shi)潤生境，與(yu)池杉林(lin)(lin)相互(hu)交錯。(2)意楊林(lin)(lin)人工栽(zai)培(pei)林(lin)(lin)，在保護區(qu)內為(wei)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)的護堤(di)林(lin)(lin)，在上(shang)口(kou)至中中段的右岸(an)(保護區(qu)管理)(3)旱柳林(lin)(lin)人工栽(zai)培(pei)林(lin)(lin)，栽(zai)種(zhong)(zhong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)近水(shui)(shui)緣處(chu)(chu)，帶(dai)(dai)狀連(lian)續(xu)分(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)目上(shang)河口(kou)村(cun)段堤(di)壩(ba)，長度曾(ceng)達4km，極耐水(shui)(shui)淹(yan)(yan)。(4)池杉林(lin)(lin)人工栽(zai)培(pei)林(lin)(lin)，條狀間斷(duan)分(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)兩岸(an)近水(shui)(shui)緣處(chu)(chu)，與(yu)水(shui)(shui)杉林(lin)(lin)鑲嵌分(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)，面(mian)積較小，亦耐水(shui)(shui)淹(yan)(yan)。草(cao)(cao)本濕(shi)地植被(bei)沉水(shui)(shui)植物(wu) (1)竹(zhu)葉(xie)眼(yan)(yan)子菜(cai)群(qun)(qun)落(luo)(luo)(luo)為(wei)本區(qu)水(shui)(shui)生植被(bei)絕對(dui)優(you)勢(shi)種(zhong)(zhong)，帶(dai)(dai)狀連(lian)續(xu)分(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)河訂離(li)岸(an)線(xian)約(yue)5-10m處(chu)(chu)，帶(dai)(dai)寬5-10m不等。并在上(shang)口(kou)岸(an)河口(kou)村(cun)淺灘處(chu)(chu)大面(mian)積分(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)，枯水(shui)(shui)期覆蓋整個水(shui)(shui)面(mian)。群(qun)(qun)落(luo)(luo)(luo)組成較單一，有穗(sui)花狐藻(zao)、黑藻(zao)間雜(za)其間。竹(zhu)葉(xie)眼(yan)(yan)子菜(cai)難成本區(qu)的絕對(dui)優(you)勢(shi)種(zhong)(zhong)與(yu)天鵝洲長江故(gu)道水(shui)(shui)質清澈(che)，營養貧乏(fa)，基(ji)底較硬有關。(2)穗(sui)花狐尾藻(zao)群(qun)(qun)落(luo)(luo)(luo)帶(dai)(dai)關分(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)竹(zhu)葉(xie)眼(yan)(yan)子菜(cai)帶(dai)(dai)之處(chu)(chu)，帶(dai)(dai)寬可(ke)達15-20m，植物(wu)扎根較深(shen)，約(yue)3-4m，但主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)占領上(shang)半層水(shui)(shui)體(ti)(ti)，層水(shui)(shui)體(ti)(ti)由苦草(cao)(cao)和金魚藻(zao)占領。(3)黑藻(zao)+菹(zu)草(cao)(cao)群(qun)(qun)落(luo)(luo)(luo)帶(dai)(dai)狀分(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)竹(zhu)葉(xie)眼(yan)(yan)子菜(cai)內側，水(shui)(shui)深(shen)較淺，約(yue)1-2m經常(chang)有許多水(shui)(shui)綿呈煙霧狀分(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)群(qun)(qun)落(luo)(luo)(luo)中，影響植物(wu)光合作用，是(shi)水(shui)(shui)體(ti)(ti)中一大害，應采取(qu)適當措施予以控制。(4)針藺群(qun)(qun)落(luo)(luo)(luo)廣泛分(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)上(shang)口(kou)河口(kou)村(cun)段淺灘片，水(shui)(shui)深(shen)約(yue)1m，枯水(shui)(shui)期挺出水(shui)(shui)面(mian)，伴(ban)生種(zhong)(zhong)有小燈心草(cao)(cao)和水(shui)(shui)田碎米薺。
天(tian)鵝洲白(bai)鰭豚自然保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)，天(tian)鵝洲位于(yu)荊楚(chu)大地(di)，人(ren)文(wen)歷史悠(you)久，燦爛(lan)的楚(chu)文(wen)化和三(san)國(guo)的古(gu)戰場在荊楚(chu)大地(di)留下許多名勝古(gu)跡，如荊州的紀南(nan)城遺(yi)址(zhi)、蒲圻的赤(chi)壁古(gu)戰場等等。這里已經(jing)建有兩個中國(guo)國(guo)家級瀕危動物自然保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)，即(ji)天(tian)鵝洲白(bai)鰭豚自然保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)和麋(mi)鹿自然保(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)。
天鵝洲故(gu)道東南距離東洞庭湖濕地候鳥(niao)自然(ran)保護區(qu)(qu)僅幾(ji)十公里(li)，由此向西逆(ni)江而(er)上是全世界注目的生(sheng)態(tai)熱(re)點(dian)三峽庫區(qu)(qu)，不遠可到達保康(kang)臘梅自然(ran)保護區(qu)(qu)和動植物寶庫神(shen)農架自然(ran)保護區(qu)(qu)。
天鵝洲長江故道(dao)濕地(di)集自然地(di)理、珍稀動物以及自然濕地(di)生(sheng)態保護于一身，具有(you)重(zhong)要的科研、文化、生(sheng)態及旅游價值。
青青子衿 
