長江天鵝洲白(bai)鰭(qi)豚國(guo)(guo)家(jia)級(ji)自然保護(hu)區(qu)有植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)238種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，隸屬(shu)(shu)于(yu)(yu)64科(ke)168屬(shu)(shu)。共(gong)有高(gao)等(deng)陸生(sheng)脊(ji)椎(zhui)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)231種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)，鳥類(lei)14目(mu)33科(ke)201種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)包括(kuo)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)一級(ji)保護(hu)鳥類(lei)6種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，二級(ji)保護(hu)鳥類(lei)17種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；獸類(lei)6目(mu)8科(ke)13種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，包括(kuo)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)一級(ji)保護(hu)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)白(bai)暨豚和麋鹿，二級(ji)保護(hu)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)長江江豚；兩棲類(lei)1目(mu)3科(ke)5種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，爬行(xing)類(lei)2目(mu)6科(ke)12種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；魚(yu)類(lei)調查的(de)(de)最(zui)高(gao)記錄曾(ceng)達到77種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，分屬(shu)(shu)18科(ke)，其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)鯉形目(mu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)占67.5%，是(shi)“四大家(jia)魚(yu)”的(de)(de)天然種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)質資(zi)源(yuan)庫(ku)。故道水體共(gong)有浮(fu)游植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)155種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，浮(fu)游動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)111種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，底棲動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)29種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。 根據物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)相對(dui)豐度(du)的(de)(de)定(ding)義——相對(dui)豐度(du)是(shi)指該區(qu)域的(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數量占所屬(shu)(shu)行(xing)政(zheng)省(sheng)(sheng)區(qu)的(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數量的(de)(de)比(bi)例。湖北省(sheng)(sheng)約有種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)3700種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)左右(you)；陸生(sheng)脊(ji)椎(zhui)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)562種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)左右(you)，魚(yu)類(lei)76種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，脊(ji)椎(zhui)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)共(gong)計738種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。據此可(ke)以粗略的(de)(de)估算出天鵝洲動(dong)(dong)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)資(zi)源(yuan)的(de)(de)相對(dui)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)豐度(du)。高(gao)等(deng)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)相對(dui)豐度(du)比(bi)較低，僅約占全(quan)省(sheng)(sheng)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)的(de)(de)6.4%，按標(biao)準(zhun)規定(ding)屬(shu)(shu)于(yu)(yu)“相對(dui)較低”的(de)(de)水平；動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)約占全(quan)省(sheng)(sheng)脊(ji)椎(zhui)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)41.7%，屬(shu)(shu)于(yu)(yu)“相對(dui)較高(gao)”的(de)(de)水平。
天(tian)鵝(e)(e)洲(zhou)白(bai)鰭豚國家級自(zi)然(ran)保(bao)護(hu)區位于(yu)江(jiang)漢平原南(nan)緣，由于(yu)地勢低平，水(shui)流(liu)的(de)擺動和沖刷，長(chang)江(jiang)在荊江(jiang)河道(dao)形(xing)成“九曲回腸”的(de)獨(du)特景觀，后經自(zi)然(ran)或人工裁(cai)彎(wan)取直留(liu)下(xia)了眾多(duo)的(de)故(gu)道(dao)(牛軛湖(hu))。天(tian)鵝(e)(e)洲(zhou)故(gu)道(dao)是1972年自(zi)然(ran)截彎(wan)取直而成。故(gu)道(dao)呈(cheng)新(xin)月形(xing)，環繞(rao)天(tian)鵝(e)(e)島，天(tian)鵝(e)(e)島呈(cheng)橢(tuo)圓形(xing)，東南(nan)側在枯(ku)水(shui)期與小河鎮相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)連(lian)，呈(cheng)半島型；汛期則完(wan)全(quan)(quan)被故(gu)道(dao)包圍。1998年大(da)(da)洪水(shui)后，為(wei)(wei)了保(bao)護(hu)故(gu)道(dao)區人民的(de)生命財產安全(quan)(quan)，在漁政站、春風(feng)閘(zha)一帶修筑了平均高(gao)度(du)(du)達(da)38.5米(mi)的(de)圍堤(di)(di)，之(zhi)后又(you)在此(ci)基礎上加高(gao)1米(mi)，即現在的(de)沙(sha)灘(tan)子大(da)(da)堤(di)(di)，僅有(you)下(xia)口(kou)閘(zha)在汛期通過人為(wei)(wei)調控(kong)與長(chang)江(jiang)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)連(lian)。 天(tian)鵝(e)(e)洲(zhou)濕(shi)地以故(gu)道(dao)水(shui)面為(wei)(wei)最(zui)低，山故(gu)道(dao)淺灘(tan)逐漸向江(jiang)岸增高(gao)。平均海拔一般35米(mi)左右，最(zui)高(gao)點為(wei)(wei)38.44米(mi)，最(zui)低點32.91米(mi)，相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)對高(gao)差不大(da)(da)。一年一度(du)(du)的(de)江(jiang)水(shui)泛(fan)濫，加上洞庭湖(hu)的(de)頂(ding)托(tuo)，流(liu)速降低，泥沙(sha)淤(yu)積(ji)，形(xing)成大(da)(da)片(pian)的(de)蘆葦沼(zhao)澤濕(shi)地。
天(tian)(tian)鵝洲白鰭豚國家(jia)級(ji)自(zi)然保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)屬于亞熱(re)帶季風氣(qi)候。保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)內的(de)(de)年(nian)太陽輻射(she)總量達(da)(da)106千卡/平(ping)(ping)方厘米，能充分(fen)滿足植(zhi)物光合作用(yong)的(de)(de)需要。全年(nian)日(ri)照(zhao)總時(shi)數1844小時(shi)左(zuo)(zuo)石(shi)(shi)，夏(xia)季初秋(qiu)日(ri)照(zhao)多(duo)，月(yue)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)日(ri)照(zhao)時(shi)數達(da)(da)215小時(shi)的(de)(de)有7個月(yue)（4-10月(yue)），全年(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)每天(tian)(tian)日(ri)照(zhao)5小時(shi)以(yi)上。最(zui)(zui)多(duo)“月(yue)日(ri)照(zhao)”出(chu)現(xian)在7月(yue)，為(wei)318.8小時(shi)，最(zui)(zui)少“月(yue)日(ri)照(zhao)”出(chu)現(xian)在12月(yue)，為(wei)25.7小時(shi)，年(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)日(ri)照(zhao)百分(fen)率為(wei)42%。 保(bao)護(hu)區(qu)年(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)氣(qi)溫(wen)16.5℃左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)(you)(you)，最(zui)(zui)熱(re)月(yue)7月(yue)份平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)氣(qi)溫(wen)28.5℃左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)(you)(you)，極端(duan)最(zui)(zui)高(gao)氣(qi)溫(wen)38.6℃左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)(you)(you)；最(zui)(zui)冷月(yue)l月(yue)份平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)氣(qi)溫(wen)3.5℃左(zuo)(zuo)右(you)(you)(you)，極端(duan)最(zui)(zui)低(di)(di)氣(qi)溫(wen)-14.9℃，0℃以(yi)上活動(dong)積溫(wen)達(da)(da)6000℃。每年(nian)的(de)(de)無霜期長(chang)(chang)達(da)(da)261天(tian)(tian)，超過石(shi)(shi)首市(shi)258天(tian)(tian)的(de)(de)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)數。冬季受強大的(de)(de)蒙古(gu)冷高(gao)壓(ya)控(kong)制和影響(xiang)，多(duo)偏北風，天(tian)(tian)氣(qi)寒冷、干(gan)燥；夏(xia)季受太平(ping)(ping)洋副熱(re)帶高(gao)壓(ya)、印度(du)洋熱(re)低(di)(di)壓(ya)影響(xiang)和控(kong)制，多(duo)偏南(nan)風，天(tian)(tian)氣(qi)炎熱(re)；春季、初夏(xia)、晚(wan)秋(qiu)，南(nan)北冷熱(re)空氣(qi)經(jing)常在長(chang)(chang)江中下游一帶匯合交(jiao)鋒，造成較多(duo)降水，常出(chu)現(xian)春雨(yu)、梅雨(yu)和秋(qiu)雨(yu)。
保護區的(de)年(nian)降水量(liang)(liang)達1200毫(hao)米(mi)以上，其中6月(yue)最多，達191毫(hao)米(mi)左(zuo)右，1月(yue)最少，只有30毫(hao)米(mi)左(zuo)右。年(nian)平(ping)均絕對濕(shi)(shi)度大(da)17.4毫(hao)巴，年(nian)平(ping)均相對濕(shi)(shi)度為80%左(zuo)右。歷年(nian)3-8月(yue)均雨量(liang)(liang)都大(da)于100毫(hao)米(mi)，4-10月(yue)的(de)總(zong)雨量(liang)(liang)高(gao)達859.7毫(hao)米(mi)，占(zhan)全年(nian)總(zong)雨量(liang)(liang)的(de)74.5%。
保護(hu)區所在的(de)石首市(shi)的(de)災害天氣有：陣陰雨、寒潮、低(di)溫、大風(feng)(feng)、降(jiang)雪(xue)、積雪(xue)、雹、雷、霧、霜、霜凍(dong)等13種，其中值得引起保護(hu)區足(zu)夠重(zhong)視的(de)主(zhu)要有旱(han)、澇、風(feng)(feng)、凍(dong)等4種。
天鵝洲長(chang)江故道濕地(di)自(zi)然保護(hu)區屬典型的(de)(de)近代(dai)河(he)(he)(he)流相沖(chong)積、洪積物(wu)(wu)堆(dui)積而(er)成的(de)(de)洲灘(tan)平(ping)原，土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)形(xing)成的(de)(de)歷史不(bu)長(chang)，成土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)母質(zhi)(zhi)以砂(sha)(sha)質(zhi)(zhi)粘土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)為主，發育的(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)為草(cao)甸(dian)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)類(lei)。根據(ju)80年代(dai)中國(guo)第(di)二次土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)普查的(de)(de)分類(lei)方案(an)，該地(di)區只有一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)類(lei)（草(cao)甸(dian)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)），一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)來類(lei)（淺色草(cao)甸(dian)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)），一(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)屬（河(he)(he)(he)灘(tan)草(cao)甸(dian)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)）。再根據(ju)沉積物(wu)(wu)砂(sha)(sha)泥(ni)(ni)含量(liang)比(bi)例(li)的(de)(de)不(bu)同(tong)，續分為蘆葦河(he)(he)(he)砂(sha)(sha)泥(ni)(ni)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、荒(huang)地(di)河(he)(he)(he)砂(sha)(sha)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、荒(huang)地(di)河(he)(he)(he)砂(sha)(sha)泥(ni)(ni)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)等土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)種(zhong)，其中又以生長(chang)草(cao)甸(dian)植(zhi)被(bei)為主的(de)(de)荒(huang)地(di)河(he)(he)(he)砂(sha)(sha)泥(ni)(ni)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)為主要土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)種(zhong)。從土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)普查家化樣分析結(jie)果來看，土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)的(de)(de)理化性狀(zhuang)較好，如荒(huang)地(di)河(he)(he)(he)砂(sha)(sha)泥(ni)(ni)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)和荒(huang)地(di)河(he)(he)(he)砂(sha)(sha)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)，質(zhi)(zhi)地(di)適(shi)中（中壤(rang)(rang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)），層(ceng)(ceng)次明(ming)顯，土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)體構型為A—B—C型，全剖面具有強石灰反(fan)應(ying)，PH值8.0左(zuo)右，上(shang)下(xia)層(ceng)(ceng)差異不(bu)大(da)，原因在于(yu)成土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)母質(zhi)(zhi)為富含碳酸鈣的(de)(de)沉積物(wu)(wu)。這種(zhong)沉積物(wu)(wu)在地(di)勢低平(ping)，土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)淋溶作(zuo)用弱的(de)(de)情況下(xia)所形(xing)成的(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)都具有石灰反(fan)應(ying)強烈的(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)性。根據(ju)家化樣分析，表土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)層(ceng)(ceng)（A層(ceng)(ceng)，厚度16cm左(zuo)右）有機質(zhi)(zhi)含量(liang)1.62%—3.35%，全氮(dan)0.12%—0.19%，堿(jian)解氮(dan)56—132PPM，速(su)效磷5.36—6.27PPM，速(su)效鉀127—147PPM，土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)容量(liang)1.4g/cm3，代(dai)換量(liang)20—30me/100g土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)。
長江天(tian)鵝洲白暨豚(tun)國家級自然保護區動物多(duo)樣性
長江天鵝洲(zhou)白暨豚(tun)國家級自然保護區得天獨厚的(de)(de)(de)地理氣候(hou)條(tiao)件為各種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)陸生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)、水(shui)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)及水(shui)陸兩棲動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)提供了很好的(de)(de)(de)棲息地。據(ju)(ju)統計，該(gai)區共有(you)231種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)陸生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)脊椎動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)。其(qi)中觀察到的(de)(de)(de)鳥類(lei)(lei)有(you)14目33科(ke)201種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，獸類(lei)(lei)6目8科(ke)13種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，兩棲類(lei)(lei)1目3科(ke)5種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，爬行類(lei)(lei)3目6科(ke)12種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；魚類(lei)(lei)7目11科(ke)50種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；底棲動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)26種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；浮游動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)54種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。 1997年，湖北省水(shui)產(chan)科(ke)學研究所(suo)根據(ju)(ju)天鵝洲(zhou)的(de)(de)(de)馬蹄(ti)形，以(yi)洲(zhou)為軸，設(she)立了五(wu)個采樣點，分別于5月(yue)、8月(yue)、12月(yue)三(san)次(ci)采樣。浮游動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)通過三(san)次(ci)采樣，共檢出(chu)浮游動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)54種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其(qi)中原(yuan)(yuan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)和數量最多，達到22種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，輪(lun)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)18種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，橈足類(lei)(lei)5種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，枝(zhi)角(jiao)類(lei)(lei)9種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，所(suo)占比例(li)分別為40%、33.3%、9.3%、16.7%。原(yuan)(yuan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)以(yi)沙殼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)屬為主，輪(lun)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)以(yi)多肢輪(lun)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)、臂尾輪(lun)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)較(jiao)多，枝(zhi)角(jiao)類(lei)(lei)以(yi)秀體蚤較(jiao)多，橈足類(lei)(lei)劍水(shui)蚤、猛(meng)水(shui)蚤、膘水(shui)蚤均有(you)。
底棲(qi)動物(wu)(wu)經(jing)三次采集，共采集到底棲(qi)生物(wu)(wu)26種(zhong)，其中寡毛類(lei)8種(zhong)，水(shui)生昆(kun)蟲4種(zhong)，軟體動物(wu)(wu)12種(zhong)，其他(ta)動物(wu)(wu)1種(zhong)。
魚(yu)類(lei)(lei)1997年經調查(cha)統(tong)計(ji)，長江天鵝洲白(bai)暨豚國家級(ji)自(zi)然保護區1-9月的漁獲量(liang)為87.4kg，分屬(shu)7目11科50種(zhong)(zhong)，其中鯉科魚(yu)類(lei)(lei)占30種(zhong)(zhong)，其中鰍科3種(zhong)(zhong)，攀鱸(lu)科4種(zhong)(zhong)，銀(yin)魚(yu)科、鮠科、鱧科各占2種(zhong)(zhong)，鯡(fei)科、鯰(nian)科、科、合鰓(sai)科各占1種(zhong)(zhong)
兩棲(qi)類天鵝(e)洲(zhou)故道(dao)濕地(di)(di)自(zi)然(ran)保護(hu)區的(de)兩棲(qi)類共有1目(mu)(mu)(mu)、3科(ke)(ke)5種(zhong)(zhong)。在(zai)(zai)保護(hu)區內發現(xian)的(de)5種(zhong)(zhong)兩棲(qi)動(dong)(dong)物可(ke)(ke)以劃分(fen)：二(er)個(ge)生態(tai)類群，其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)金線蛙和(he)(he)黑(hei)斑蛙以及澤陸(lu)蛙屬于(yu)(yu)靜(jing)水棲(qi)息(xi)型，其(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)后兩種(zhong)(zhong)的(de)數量很多，在(zai)(zai)保護(hu)區內長滿(man)(man)蒿草的(de)淺水地(di)(di)帶(非故道(dao))中(zhong)(zhong)，不斷地(di)(di)可(ke)(ke)以聽到它們(men)的(de)鳴聲和(he)(he)岸上(shang)跳下水的(de)聲音；第二(er)種(zhong)(zhong)生態(tai)類群是屬于(yu)(yu)陸(lu)棲(qi)型的(de)中(zhong)(zhong)華(hua)大瞻蜍、澤陸(lu)蛙和(he)(he)飾紋姬蛙。在(zai)(zai)保護(hu)區內地(di)(di)勢稍高而長滿(man)(man)蘆(lu)葦的(de)地(di)(di)帶中(zhong)(zhong)，可(ke)(ke)以發現(xian)很多的(de)澤陸(lu)蛙，在(zai)(zai)長滿(man)(man)蒿草的(de)淺水地(di)(di)帶的(de)陸(lu)上(shang)及居民點周圍(wei)，幾乎走幾步就會發現(xian)一只瞻蜍，其(qi)密度(du)很高。 爬行類天鵝(e)濕故道(dao)濕地(di)(di)保護(hu)區的(de)爬行動(dong)(dong)物有3目(mu)(mu)(mu)、6科(ke)(ke)、12種(zhong)(zhong)。3目(mu)(mu)(mu)分(fen)別(bie)為：龜(gui)鱉(bie)目(mu)(mu)(mu)、蜥蜴目(mu)(mu)(mu)、蛇(she)目(mu)(mu)(mu)；6科(ke)(ke)別(bie)為：龜(gui)鱉(bie)目(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)淡水龜(gui)科(ke)(ke)（烏(wu)龜(gui)）和(he)(he)鱉(bie)科(ke)(ke)（鱉(bie)）、蜥蜴目(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)石龍子(zi)科(ke)(ke)（蝘蜓）和(he)(he)壁(bi)虎科(ke)(ke)（多疣壁(bi)虎）、蛇(she)目(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)游蛇(she)科(ke)(ke)（赤(chi)練蛇(she)、王錦蛇(she)、紅點錦蛇(she)、黑(hei)眉錦蛇(she)、虎斑游蛇(she)、滑鼠(shu)蛇(she)、烏(wu)梢(shao)蛇(she)）和(he)(he)蝰科(ke)(ke)（蝮蛇(she)）。
獸(shou)類天鵝洲濕地麋鹿(lu)自然保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區有獸(shou)類6目8科(ke)13種，國家一級保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)動物白鱀豚和麋鹿(lu)，二(er)級保(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)動物長江江豚。
鳥(niao)類(lei)(lei)天鵝洲濕(shi)地麋鹿自(zi)然保(bao)護(hu)區有鳥(niao)類(lei)(lei)14目33科(ke)201種(zhong)，其中包括國家一級(ji)保(bao)護(hu)鳥(niao)類(lei)(lei)6種(zhong)，二級(ji)保(bao)護(hu)鳥(niao)類(lei)(lei)17種(zhong)。
長江天(tian)鵝洲白暨豚國家級自(zi)然保(bao)護區植物多樣性 浮游植物
1997年，湖北省水(shui)(shui)產科學研究(jiu)所(suo)根(gen)據(ju)天鵝洲的(de)馬蹄形，以洲為(wei)(wei)軸，設立了五個(ge)采樣點(dian)，分別于5月(yue)、8月(yue)、12月(yue)三次采樣。經5月(yue)、8月(yue)、11月(yue)三次對保(bao)護區(qu)水(shui)(shui)域(yu)內的(de)浮游(you)植物進行(xing)監測，從(cong)采集中的(de)水(shui)(shui)樣共檢(jian)(jian)(jian)出(chu)(chu)浮游(you)植物7門(men)(men)(men)(men)106種(zhong)(zhong)，檢(jian)(jian)(jian)出(chu)(chu)種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)以8月(yue)份最(zui)多(duo)，達84種(zhong)(zhong)。各(ge)(ge)月(yue)份的(de)優勢門(men)(men)(men)(men)類(lei)(lei)：5月(yue)份為(wei)(wei)綠(lv)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)、硅(gui)(gui)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)；8月(yue)份為(wei)(wei)綠(lv)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)、藍(lan)(lan)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)；11月(yue)份為(wei)(wei)硅(gui)(gui)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)。從(cong)鏡(jing)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)結果(guo)看，綠(lv)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)、藍(lan)(lan)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)的(de)比例最(zui)高(gao)，甲藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)的(de)比例最(zui)低，若(ruo)把各(ge)(ge)門(men)(men)(men)(men)的(de)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)類(lei)(lei)從(cong)少到多(duo)排列，其順序為(wei)(wei)甲藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)<金(jin)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)<黃(huang)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)<裸(luo)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)<硅(gui)(gui)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)<藍(lan)(lan)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)<綠(lv)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)。其中甲藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)出(chu)(chu)3種(zhong)(zhong)，占(zhan)(zhan)2.8%；金(jin)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)出(chu)(chu)5種(zhong)(zhong)，占(zhan)(zhan)4.7%；黃(huang)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)出(chu)(chu)7種(zhong)(zhong)，占(zhan)(zhan)6.6%；裸(luo)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)出(chu)(chu)11種(zhong)(zhong)，占(zhan)(zhan)10.4%；硅(gui)(gui)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)出(chu)(chu)17種(zhong)(zhong)，占(zhan)(zhan)16.1%；藍(lan)(lan)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)出(chu)(chu)31種(zhong)(zhong)，占(zhan)(zhan)29.2%；綠(lv)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)出(chu)(chu)32種(zhong)(zhong)，占(zhan)(zhan)30.2%。
濕地維管束植物
1997～1998年對長江故道天(tian)鵝洲白暨豚自然(ran)(ran)保(bao)護區水(shui)(shui)生和濕(shi)(shi)生植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物資(zi)源和植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)被(bei)概況進行調查，調查范圍主(zhu)要(yao)為水(shui)(shui)域及岸(an)邊季節(jie)性(xing)淹(yan)水(shui)(shui)濕(shi)(shi)地。采集植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物標本經(jing)分類鑒定，并參考有關文獻(xian)材料，整理(li)出自然(ran)(ran)保(bao)護區植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物名錄。計(ji)有高等植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物30科(ke)，59屬(shu)69種(zhong)，其(qi)中苔蘚植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物1科(ke)，1屬(shu)種(zhong)，蕨類植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物1科(ke)，1屬(shu)1種(zhong)。被(bei)子植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物28科(ke)，57屬(shu)67種(zhong)。
根(gen)據各(ge)科(ke)(ke)(ke)所(suo)含(han)(han)(han)的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)(shu)(shu)統計：種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)植(zhi)(zhi)物含(han)(han)(han)1種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)科(ke)(ke)(ke)有(you)(you)(you)(you)13個(ge)，占(zhan)(zhan)所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)植(zhi)(zhi)物科(ke)(ke)(ke)的(de)46%，含(han)(han)(han)2-4種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)科(ke)(ke)(ke)有(you)(you)(you)(you)11種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，占(zhan)(zhan)所(suo)有(you)(you)(you)(you)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)植(zhi)(zhi)物科(ke)(ke)(ke)的(de)29.3%，含(han)(han)(han)5種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)以上的(de)科(ke)(ke)(ke)有(you)(you)(you)(you)4個(ge)，占(zhan)(zhan)總數(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)14.3%。最大的(de)科(ke)(ke)(ke)為(wei)菊科(ke)(ke)(ke)，含(han)(han)(han)有(you)(you)(you)(you)8種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其(qi)次有(you)(you)(you)(you)禾本(ben)科(ke)(ke)(ke)，含(han)(han)(han)有(you)(you)(you)(you)7種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其(qi)占(zhan)(zhan)全(quan)部種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)21.7%。從(cong)屬(shu)的(de)統計看：含(han)(han)(han)有(you)(you)(you)(you)1種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)屬(shu)有(you)(you)(you)(you)53個(ge)，占(zhan)(zhan)全(quan)部屬(shu)的(de)91.2%，毛莨屬(shu)含(han)(han)(han)有(you)(you)(you)(you)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)(shu)(shu)最多：4種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其(qi)次為(wei)眼子(zi)菜屬(shu)含(han)(han)(han)有(you)(you)(you)(you)3種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，它們分別為(wei)濕生(sheng)植(zhi)(zhi)物和(he)水生(sheng)植(zhi)(zhi)物的(de)優(you)勢(shi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)屬(shu)，其(qi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)(shu)(shu)占(zhan)(zhan)總數(shu)(shu)(shu)11.95%。
(1)水(shui)(shui)(shui)杉(shan)林(lin)人(ren)(ren)工(gong)栽(zai)(zai)培林(lin)，有于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)固堤(di)，主(zhu)要(yao)分(fen)布(bu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)天鵝村(cun)(cun)(cun)段(duan)堤(di)邊，面(mian)(mian)積(ji)水(shui)(shui)(shui)大(da)，呈條分(fen)布(bu)，喜濕(shi)潤生境，與池杉(shan)林(lin)相互交(jiao)錯(cuo)。(2)意(yi)楊(yang)林(lin)人(ren)(ren)工(gong)栽(zai)(zai)培林(lin)，在(zai)保護(hu)區(qu)內為主(zhu)要(yao)的護(hu)堤(di)林(lin)，在(zai)上口(kou)(kou)至(zhi)中中段(duan)的右岸(an)(保護(hu)區(qu)管理)(3)旱柳(liu)林(lin)人(ren)(ren)工(gong)栽(zai)(zai)培林(lin)，栽(zai)(zai)種于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)近水(shui)(shui)(shui)緣(yuan)處(chu)，帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)狀(zhuang)連續(xu)分(fen)布(bu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)目上河口(kou)(kou)村(cun)(cun)(cun)段(duan)堤(di)壩(ba)，長度曾(ceng)達(da)4km，極耐(nai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)淹(yan)。(4)池杉(shan)林(lin)人(ren)(ren)工(gong)栽(zai)(zai)培林(lin)，條狀(zhuang)間斷(duan)分(fen)布(bu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)兩(liang)岸(an)近水(shui)(shui)(shui)緣(yuan)處(chu)，與水(shui)(shui)(shui)杉(shan)林(lin)鑲嵌分(fen)布(bu)，面(mian)(mian)積(ji)較小(xiao)，亦(yi)耐(nai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)淹(yan)。草(cao)(cao)本濕(shi)地植被(bei)沉水(shui)(shui)(shui)植物 (1)竹葉(xie)眼(yan)(yan)子(zi)菜(cai)群(qun)落為本區(qu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)生植被(bei)絕對優勢種，帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)狀(zhuang)連續(xu)分(fen)布(bu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)河訂離(li)岸(an)線約(yue)(yue)5-10m處(chu)，帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)寬5-10m不等。并在(zai)上口(kou)(kou)岸(an)河口(kou)(kou)村(cun)(cun)(cun)淺(qian)(qian)灘處(chu)大(da)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)分(fen)布(bu)，枯(ku)水(shui)(shui)(shui)期覆蓋(gai)整個水(shui)(shui)(shui)面(mian)(mian)。群(qun)落組成較單一(yi)，有穗(sui)花狐藻(zao)(zao)、黑藻(zao)(zao)間雜其間。竹葉(xie)眼(yan)(yan)子(zi)菜(cai)難成本區(qu)的絕對優勢種與天鵝洲(zhou)長江故(gu)道水(shui)(shui)(shui)質清澈，營養貧乏(fa)，基底較硬有關(guan)。(2)穗(sui)花狐尾藻(zao)(zao)群(qun)落帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)關(guan)分(fen)布(bu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)竹葉(xie)眼(yan)(yan)子(zi)菜(cai)帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)之處(chu)，帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)寬可達(da)15-20m，植物扎根(gen)較深(shen)，約(yue)(yue)3-4m，但主(zhu)要(yao)占領上半(ban)層(ceng)(ceng)水(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)，層(ceng)(ceng)水(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)由苦(ku)草(cao)(cao)和金魚藻(zao)(zao)占領。(3)黑藻(zao)(zao)+菹草(cao)(cao)群(qun)落帶(dai)(dai)(dai)(dai)狀(zhuang)分(fen)布(bu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)竹葉(xie)眼(yan)(yan)子(zi)菜(cai)內側，水(shui)(shui)(shui)深(shen)較淺(qian)(qian)，約(yue)(yue)1-2m經常有許多(duo)水(shui)(shui)(shui)綿(mian)呈煙霧(wu)狀(zhuang)分(fen)布(bu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)群(qun)落中，影響植物光合作用，是水(shui)(shui)(shui)體(ti)中一(yi)大(da)害，應采取適(shi)當措施(shi)予(yu)以控制(zhi)。(4)針藺群(qun)落廣泛分(fen)布(bu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)(yu)上口(kou)(kou)河口(kou)(kou)村(cun)(cun)(cun)段(duan)淺(qian)(qian)灘片，水(shui)(shui)(shui)深(shen)約(yue)(yue)1m，枯(ku)水(shui)(shui)(shui)期挺出水(shui)(shui)(shui)面(mian)(mian)，伴生種有小(xiao)燈(deng)心(xin)草(cao)(cao)和水(shui)(shui)(shui)田碎米薺。
天(tian)鵝洲白鰭豚(tun)(tun)自(zi)然(ran)保護(hu)區，天(tian)鵝洲位(wei)于荊(jing)楚大地(di)，人文歷史悠(you)久(jiu)，燦(can)爛(lan)的(de)楚文化和(he)三國的(de)古(gu)戰(zhan)場在荊(jing)楚大地(di)留下(xia)許多(duo)名勝古(gu)跡，如荊(jing)州的(de)紀南城遺址、蒲圻的(de)赤(chi)壁古(gu)戰(zhan)場等等。這(zhe)里已(yi)經建有(you)兩個中(zhong)國國家級瀕危(wei)動物自(zi)然(ran)保護(hu)區，即天(tian)鵝洲白鰭豚(tun)(tun)自(zi)然(ran)保護(hu)區和(he)麋鹿自(zi)然(ran)保護(hu)區。
天鵝洲故道東南距離東洞庭湖濕地候鳥自然保護(hu)區(qu)僅幾十公里，由此向西逆江而上(shang)是全世界注目的生(sheng)態(tai)熱點三(san)峽(xia)庫(ku)區(qu)，不(bu)遠可到達(da)保康臘梅自然保護(hu)區(qu)和動植物(wu)寶庫(ku)神農架自然保護(hu)區(qu)。
天鵝洲長江故道(dao)濕地集(ji)自然(ran)地理(li)、珍稀動物以(yi)及自然(ran)濕地生態保護于一(yi)身，具有重要的科研、文化、生態及旅游價值。
青青子衿 
