長(chang)江天(tian)鵝(e)洲白(bai)鰭豚國家(jia)級(ji)自然(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)有植物(wu)(wu)238種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，隸屬(shu)于64科(ke)168屬(shu)。共(gong)(gong)有高(gao)(gao)等(deng)陸生(sheng)脊(ji)(ji)椎動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)231種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。其中(zhong)，鳥(niao)(niao)類(lei)14目(mu)(mu)33科(ke)201種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其中(zhong)包(bao)括中(zhong)國國家(jia)一級(ji)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)鳥(niao)(niao)類(lei)6種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，二(er)級(ji)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)鳥(niao)(niao)類(lei)17種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；獸類(lei)6目(mu)(mu)8科(ke)13種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，包(bao)括國家(jia)一級(ji)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)白(bai)暨豚和麋鹿，二(er)級(ji)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)長(chang)江江豚；兩棲類(lei)1目(mu)(mu)3科(ke)5種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，爬行類(lei)2目(mu)(mu)6科(ke)12種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；魚(yu)類(lei)調查的(de)(de)(de)最高(gao)(gao)記錄曾達到77種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，分屬(shu)18科(ke)，其中(zhong)鯉形(xing)目(mu)(mu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)占(zhan)(zhan)67.5%，是“四大家(jia)魚(yu)”的(de)(de)(de)天(tian)然(ran)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)質資源(yuan)庫。故道水體共(gong)(gong)有浮游植物(wu)(wu)155種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，浮游動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)111種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，底棲動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)29種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。 根據(ju)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)對豐(feng)(feng)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)定義——相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)對豐(feng)(feng)度(du)是指該區(qu)域的(de)(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數量占(zhan)(zhan)所屬(shu)行政(zheng)省(sheng)(sheng)區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數量的(de)(de)(de)比例。湖北省(sheng)(sheng)約(yue)有種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)植物(wu)(wu)3700種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)左右(you)；陸生(sheng)脊(ji)(ji)椎動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)562種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)左右(you)，魚(yu)類(lei)76種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，脊(ji)(ji)椎動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)共(gong)(gong)計738種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。據(ju)此可以粗略的(de)(de)(de)估算出天(tian)鵝(e)洲動(dong)(dong)植物(wu)(wu)資源(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)對物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)豐(feng)(feng)度(du)。高(gao)(gao)等(deng)植物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)對豐(feng)(feng)度(du)比較低(di)，僅(jin)約(yue)占(zhan)(zhan)全(quan)省(sheng)(sheng)植物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)的(de)(de)(de)6.4%，按(an)標準規定屬(shu)于“相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)對較低(di)”的(de)(de)(de)水平；動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)約(yue)占(zhan)(zhan)全(quan)省(sheng)(sheng)脊(ji)(ji)椎動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)41.7%，屬(shu)于“相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)對較高(gao)(gao)”的(de)(de)(de)水平。
天鵝(e)洲(zhou)白(bai)鰭豚(tun)國家級自然(ran)保護區位(wei)于(yu)江(jiang)(jiang)漢平(ping)(ping)(ping)原(yuan)南緣，由于(yu)地勢低平(ping)(ping)(ping)，水流的(de)擺動和沖刷，長(chang)(chang)江(jiang)(jiang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)荊(jing)江(jiang)(jiang)河道(dao)(dao)形成“九曲回(hui)腸”的(de)獨(du)特景觀，后經自然(ran)或人工裁彎(wan)取直(zhi)留下(xia)了(le)眾(zhong)多的(de)故(gu)(gu)道(dao)(dao)(牛(niu)軛湖)。天鵝(e)洲(zhou)故(gu)(gu)道(dao)(dao)是1972年自然(ran)截彎(wan)取直(zhi)而成。故(gu)(gu)道(dao)(dao)呈新月形，環繞天鵝(e)島，天鵝(e)島呈橢圓形，東南側在(zai)(zai)(zai)枯水期與小(xiao)河鎮相連，呈半島型；汛(xun)期則完全(quan)被(bei)故(gu)(gu)道(dao)(dao)包圍。1998年大洪水后，為(wei)了(le)保護故(gu)(gu)道(dao)(dao)區人民的(de)生命財產安全(quan)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)漁政站、春風(feng)閘(zha)一(yi)帶修筑了(le)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)高(gao)度達(da)38.5米(mi)的(de)圍堤(di)，之后又在(zai)(zai)(zai)此(ci)基礎上加高(gao)1米(mi)，即現在(zai)(zai)(zai)的(de)沙灘子大堤(di)，僅有下(xia)口(kou)閘(zha)在(zai)(zai)(zai)汛(xun)期通過人為(wei)調控與長(chang)(chang)江(jiang)(jiang)相連。 天鵝(e)洲(zhou)濕地以故(gu)(gu)道(dao)(dao)水面為(wei)最(zui)低，山故(gu)(gu)道(dao)(dao)淺灘逐漸向江(jiang)(jiang)岸增(zeng)高(gao)。平(ping)(ping)(ping)均(jun)海拔一(yi)般35米(mi)左右(you)，最(zui)高(gao)點為(wei)38.44米(mi)，最(zui)低點32.91米(mi)，相對高(gao)差(cha)不大。一(yi)年一(yi)度的(de)江(jiang)(jiang)水泛(fan)濫(lan)，加上洞庭湖的(de)頂托，流速降(jiang)低，泥沙淤積，形成大片的(de)蘆(lu)葦(wei)沼澤(ze)濕地。
天(tian)(tian)鵝(e)洲白鰭豚國家級自然保(bao)(bao)護區屬(shu)于亞熱帶季(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)風(feng)氣(qi)(qi)候(hou)。保(bao)(bao)護區內的(de)(de)(de)年(nian)太陽輻射總量達106千(qian)卡/平(ping)(ping)(ping)方厘米，能充分(fen)滿足植物光合(he)作用的(de)(de)(de)需要。全(quan)年(nian)日(ri)照(zhao)(zhao)總時(shi)(shi)數1844小時(shi)(shi)左(zuo)石，夏季(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)初秋(qiu)日(ri)照(zhao)(zhao)多，月(yue)(yue)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均日(ri)照(zhao)(zhao)時(shi)(shi)數達215小時(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)有7個月(yue)(yue)（4-10月(yue)(yue)），全(quan)年(nian)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均每天(tian)(tian)日(ri)照(zhao)(zhao)5小時(shi)(shi)以上。最(zui)多“月(yue)(yue)日(ri)照(zhao)(zhao)”出現(xian)在(zai)7月(yue)(yue)，為(wei)(wei)318.8小時(shi)(shi)，最(zui)少“月(yue)(yue)日(ri)照(zhao)(zhao)”出現(xian)在(zai)12月(yue)(yue)，為(wei)(wei)25.7小時(shi)(shi)，年(nian)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均日(ri)照(zhao)(zhao)百(bai)分(fen)率(lv)為(wei)(wei)42%。 保(bao)(bao)護區年(nian)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)16.5℃左(zuo)右，最(zui)熱月(yue)(yue)7月(yue)(yue)份(fen)(fen)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)28.5℃左(zuo)右，極端(duan)最(zui)高氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)38.6℃左(zuo)右；最(zui)冷(leng)(leng)月(yue)(yue)l月(yue)(yue)份(fen)(fen)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)3.5℃左(zuo)右，極端(duan)最(zui)低氣(qi)(qi)溫(wen)(wen)-14.9℃，0℃以上活動積(ji)溫(wen)(wen)達6000℃。每年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)無霜期長達261天(tian)(tian)，超過石首(shou)市258天(tian)(tian)的(de)(de)(de)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均數。冬季(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)受強大(da)的(de)(de)(de)蒙古冷(leng)(leng)高壓(ya)控(kong)制(zhi)和影響(xiang)，多偏(pian)北(bei)(bei)風(feng)，天(tian)(tian)氣(qi)(qi)寒冷(leng)(leng)、干燥；夏季(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)受太平(ping)(ping)(ping)洋(yang)副(fu)熱帶高壓(ya)、印度洋(yang)熱低壓(ya)影響(xiang)和控(kong)制(zhi)，多偏(pian)南風(feng)，天(tian)(tian)氣(qi)(qi)炎熱；春(chun)季(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、初夏、晚秋(qiu)，南北(bei)(bei)冷(leng)(leng)熱空氣(qi)(qi)經常(chang)在(zai)長江(jiang)中下(xia)游一帶匯合(he)交鋒，造成較多降水，常(chang)出現(xian)春(chun)雨(yu)、梅雨(yu)和秋(qiu)雨(yu)。
保護(hu)區的(de)年降水(shui)量達(da)1200毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)以上，其中6月(yue)最(zui)多，達(da)191毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)左右，1月(yue)最(zui)少，只有30毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)左右。年平均絕對(dui)濕度大17.4毫(hao)巴，年平均相對(dui)濕度為80%左右。歷年3-8月(yue)均雨量都(dou)大于100毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)，4-10月(yue)的(de)總(zong)雨量高(gao)達(da)859.7毫(hao)米(mi)(mi)，占全年總(zong)雨量的(de)74.5%。
保(bao)(bao)護區所(suo)在的石首市(shi)的災害天(tian)氣(qi)有(you)：陣(zhen)陰雨、寒潮、低溫、大風、降(jiang)雪、積雪、雹、雷、霧、霜(shuang)、霜(shuang)凍(dong)等(deng)(deng)13種，其(qi)中值(zhi)得(de)引起保(bao)(bao)護區足(zu)夠重視的主要有(you)旱(han)、澇、風、凍(dong)等(deng)(deng)4種。
天(tian)鵝(e)洲長江故道(dao)濕地(di)(di)(di)自然保護(hu)區屬(shu)典(dian)型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)近代河(he)(he)流(liu)相沖積(ji)、洪積(ji)物(wu)(wu)堆(dui)積(ji)而成的(de)(de)(de)洲灘平(ping)原，土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)形成的(de)(de)(de)歷(li)史不長，成土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)母質以(yi)砂(sha)質粘土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)，發育的(de)(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)為(wei)(wei)草(cao)(cao)甸土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)類。根據(ju)80年代中國第二次(ci)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)普查(cha)的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)類方案，該(gai)地(di)(di)(di)區只有(you)一個(ge)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)類（草(cao)(cao)甸土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)），一個(ge)來類（淺色草(cao)(cao)甸土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)），一個(ge)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)屬(shu)（河(he)(he)灘草(cao)(cao)甸土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)）。再根據(ju)沉積(ji)物(wu)(wu)砂(sha)泥含量比例的(de)(de)(de)不同(tong)，續分(fen)為(wei)(wei)蘆葦河(he)(he)砂(sha)泥土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、荒(huang)地(di)(di)(di)河(he)(he)砂(sha)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、荒(huang)地(di)(di)(di)河(he)(he)砂(sha)泥土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)等(deng)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)種，其中又(you)以(yi)生(sheng)長草(cao)(cao)甸植被(bei)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)荒(huang)地(di)(di)(di)河(he)(he)砂(sha)泥土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)要土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)種。從土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)普查(cha)家化(hua)樣(yang)分(fen)析結果來看，土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)的(de)(de)(de)理化(hua)性狀較(jiao)好，如荒(huang)地(di)(di)(di)河(he)(he)砂(sha)泥土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)和(he)荒(huang)地(di)(di)(di)河(he)(he)砂(sha)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)，質地(di)(di)(di)適中（中壤(rang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)），層(ceng)次(ci)明顯，土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)體(ti)構(gou)型(xing)為(wei)(wei)A—B—C型(xing)，全剖面具(ju)有(you)強(qiang)石灰(hui)反(fan)應(ying)，PH值8.0左右，上下(xia)層(ceng)差(cha)異不大，原因在于(yu)成土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)母質為(wei)(wei)富含碳(tan)酸鈣的(de)(de)(de)沉積(ji)物(wu)(wu)。這種沉積(ji)物(wu)(wu)在地(di)(di)(di)勢低平(ping)，土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)淋溶作(zuo)用弱的(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況下(xia)所形成的(de)(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)都具(ju)有(you)石灰(hui)反(fan)應(ying)強(qiang)烈的(de)(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)性。根據(ju)家化(hua)樣(yang)分(fen)析，表土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)層(ceng)（A層(ceng)，厚度16cm左右）有(you)機質含量1.62%—3.35%，全氮0.12%—0.19%，堿解氮56—132PPM，速(su)效磷5.36—6.27PPM，速(su)效鉀127—147PPM，土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)容量1.4g/cm3，代換量20—30me/100g土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)。
長(chang)江天鵝洲白暨豚國(guo)家級自然保護(hu)區(qu)動物多樣性
長江(jiang)天鵝洲(zhou)白暨豚國家級自然保護(hu)區得天獨(du)厚的(de)地(di)理氣候(hou)條件為各(ge)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)陸生(sheng)、水生(sheng)及(ji)水陸兩棲(qi)(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)提供了(le)很好的(de)棲(qi)(qi)(qi)息地(di)。據統計(ji)，該(gai)區共(gong)有231種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)陸生(sheng)脊(ji)椎動(dong)(dong)物(wu)。其(qi)(qi)中觀察到的(de)鳥類(lei)有14目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)33科(ke)(ke)201種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，獸類(lei)6目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)8科(ke)(ke)13種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，兩棲(qi)(qi)(qi)類(lei)1目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)3科(ke)(ke)5種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，爬行類(lei)3目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)6科(ke)(ke)12種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；魚類(lei)7目(mu)(mu)(mu)(mu)11科(ke)(ke)50種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；底(di)棲(qi)(qi)(qi)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)26種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；浮(fu)游動(dong)(dong)物(wu)54種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。 1997年(nian)，湖北省水產科(ke)(ke)學研究(jiu)所根(gen)據天鵝洲(zhou)的(de)馬蹄形(xing)，以(yi)(yi)洲(zhou)為軸，設立了(le)五個采(cai)樣(yang)(yang)點，分(fen)別于5月(yue)(yue)、8月(yue)(yue)、12月(yue)(yue)三(san)次(ci)采(cai)樣(yang)(yang)。浮(fu)游動(dong)(dong)物(wu)通過(guo)三(san)次(ci)采(cai)樣(yang)(yang)，共(gong)檢出(chu)浮(fu)游動(dong)(dong)物(wu)54種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其(qi)(qi)中原(yuan)生(sheng)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)和數(shu)量最多(duo)，達到22種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，輪(lun)蟲(chong)(chong)18種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，橈足類(lei)5種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，枝角類(lei)9種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，所占比例分(fen)別為40%、33.3%、9.3%、16.7%。原(yuan)生(sheng)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)以(yi)(yi)沙殼(ke)蟲(chong)(chong)屬為主，輪(lun)蟲(chong)(chong)以(yi)(yi)多(duo)肢輪(lun)蟲(chong)(chong)、臂尾輪(lun)蟲(chong)(chong)較多(duo)，枝角類(lei)以(yi)(yi)秀體蚤(zao)較多(duo)，橈足類(lei)劍(jian)水蚤(zao)、猛水蚤(zao)、膘水蚤(zao)均有。
底棲動物(wu)經三次(ci)采集，共(gong)采集到底棲生物(wu)26種(zhong)(zhong)，其中寡毛類(lei)8種(zhong)(zhong)，水生昆蟲4種(zhong)(zhong)，軟體(ti)動物(wu)12種(zhong)(zhong)，其他動物(wu)1種(zhong)(zhong)。
魚(yu)類(lei)1997年經調查統計，長江天鵝洲白暨豚國家級自然保護區1-9月的(de)漁(yu)獲(huo)量為87.4kg，分(fen)屬7目11科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)50種(zhong)，其中(zhong)鯉(li)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)魚(yu)類(lei)占(zhan)30種(zhong)，其中(zhong)鰍科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)3種(zhong)，攀鱸科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)4種(zhong)，銀魚(yu)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)、鮠科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)、鱧(li)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)各(ge)占(zhan)2種(zhong)，鯡科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)、鯰科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)、科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)、合鰓科(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)各(ge)占(zhan)1種(zhong)
兩(liang)(liang)棲(qi)類天(tian)鵝洲(zhou)故道濕地自然保護(hu)區的(de)(de)兩(liang)(liang)棲(qi)類共(gong)有(you)(you)1目(mu)(mu)(mu)、3科(ke)5種。在(zai)保護(hu)區內發現的(de)(de)5種兩(liang)(liang)棲(qi)動物可(ke)以劃分：二(er)(er)個生態(tai)類群，其中(zhong)(zhong)金線蛙(wa)和(he)(he)黑(hei)(hei)斑蛙(wa)以及澤(ze)陸(lu)蛙(wa)屬于靜(jing)水(shui)(shui)(shui)棲(qi)息(xi)型，其中(zhong)(zhong)后(hou)兩(liang)(liang)種的(de)(de)數量(liang)很多，在(zai)保護(hu)區內長滿(man)蒿草(cao)的(de)(de)淺(qian)水(shui)(shui)(shui)地帶(dai)(dai)(非故道)中(zhong)(zhong)，不斷地可(ke)以聽到它們的(de)(de)鳴(ming)聲和(he)(he)岸上跳(tiao)下水(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)聲音；第二(er)(er)種生態(tai)類群是屬于陸(lu)棲(qi)型的(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)華大瞻蜍、澤(ze)陸(lu)蛙(wa)和(he)(he)飾紋姬蛙(wa)。在(zai)保護(hu)區內地勢(shi)稍高而長滿(man)蘆葦的(de)(de)地帶(dai)(dai)中(zhong)(zhong)，可(ke)以發現很多的(de)(de)澤(ze)陸(lu)蛙(wa)，在(zai)長滿(man)蒿草(cao)的(de)(de)淺(qian)水(shui)(shui)(shui)地帶(dai)(dai)的(de)(de)陸(lu)上及居民點周圍，幾(ji)乎走幾(ji)步就會發現一只瞻蜍，其密度很高。 爬(pa)行類天(tian)鵝濕故道濕地保護(hu)區的(de)(de)爬(pa)行動物有(you)(you)3目(mu)(mu)(mu)、6科(ke)、12種。3目(mu)(mu)(mu)分別為(wei)：龜(gui)鱉目(mu)(mu)(mu)、蜥蜴目(mu)(mu)(mu)、蛇(she)目(mu)(mu)(mu)；6科(ke)別為(wei)：龜(gui)鱉目(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)淡水(shui)(shui)(shui)龜(gui)科(ke)（烏龜(gui)）和(he)(he)鱉科(ke)（鱉）、蜥蜴目(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)石龍(long)子(zi)科(ke)（蝘蜓）和(he)(he)壁虎(hu)科(ke)（多疣壁虎(hu)）、蛇(she)目(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)游蛇(she)科(ke)（赤(chi)練蛇(she)、王錦蛇(she)、紅(hong)點錦蛇(she)、黑(hei)(hei)眉錦蛇(she)、虎(hu)斑游蛇(she)、滑(hua)鼠蛇(she)、烏梢蛇(she)）和(he)(he)蝰科(ke)（蝮蛇(she)）。
獸類(lei)(lei)天鵝洲(zhou)濕地麋鹿自然保護區有獸類(lei)(lei)6目8科13種，國(guo)家(jia)一級保護動(dong)物白鱀豚(tun)和麋鹿，二級保護動(dong)物長江(jiang)(jiang)江(jiang)(jiang)豚(tun)。
鳥(niao)類天鵝洲濕(shi)地(di)麋鹿自(zi)然保(bao)護(hu)區有鳥(niao)類14目33科201種(zhong)，其(qi)中包(bao)括國(guo)家一級保(bao)護(hu)鳥(niao)類6種(zhong)，二級保(bao)護(hu)鳥(niao)類17種(zhong)。
長江天鵝(e)洲(zhou)白暨豚國家級自然保(bao)護(hu)區植物(wu)多(duo)樣性 浮(fu)游植物(wu)
1997年，湖北省水產(chan)科學研究(jiu)所根據(ju)天鵝(e)洲(zhou)的(de)馬蹄形，以洲(zhou)為軸(zhou)，設立了五(wu)個采(cai)樣點，分別(bie)于5月(yue)(yue)(yue)、8月(yue)(yue)(yue)、12月(yue)(yue)(yue)三次采(cai)樣。經(jing)5月(yue)(yue)(yue)、8月(yue)(yue)(yue)、11月(yue)(yue)(yue)三次對保護(hu)區水域(yu)內的(de)浮(fu)游(you)植物(wu)進行監(jian)測，從采(cai)集中(zhong)的(de)水樣共檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)浮(fu)游(you)植物(wu)7門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)106種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)以8月(yue)(yue)(yue)份(fen)最(zui)多(duo)(duo)，達(da)84種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。各月(yue)(yue)(yue)份(fen)的(de)優(you)勢門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)類(lei)：5月(yue)(yue)(yue)份(fen)為綠(lv)(lv)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、硅(gui)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)；8月(yue)(yue)(yue)份(fen)為綠(lv)(lv)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、藍(lan)(lan)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)；11月(yue)(yue)(yue)份(fen)為硅(gui)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)。從鏡(jing)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)結果看，綠(lv)(lv)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)、藍(lan)(lan)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)的(de)比例最(zui)高，甲(jia)(jia)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)的(de)比例最(zui)低(di)，若把各門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)的(de)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)類(lei)從少到多(duo)(duo)排(pai)列，其順序為甲(jia)(jia)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)<金藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)<黃(huang)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)<裸藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)<硅(gui)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)<藍(lan)(lan)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)<綠(lv)(lv)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)。其中(zhong)甲(jia)(jia)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)3種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，占2.8%；金藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)5種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，占4.7%；黃(huang)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)7種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，占6.6%；裸藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)11種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，占10.4%；硅(gui)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)17種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，占16.1%；藍(lan)(lan)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)31種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，占29.2%；綠(lv)(lv)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)(men)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)32種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，占30.2%。
濕地維管束植物
1997～1998年對(dui)長江(jiang)故道天(tian)鵝洲(zhou)白暨豚自(zi)然(ran)保(bao)護區水(shui)(shui)生(sheng)和濕生(sheng)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)資源和植(zhi)(zhi)被概況進行調查，調查范(fan)圍(wei)主要為水(shui)(shui)域(yu)及岸邊季(ji)節性淹水(shui)(shui)濕地(di)。采集植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)標本經(jing)分類(lei)鑒定，并參考有關文獻材料，整理出自(zi)然(ran)保(bao)護區植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)名錄。計有高等植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)30科，59屬69種，其中苔蘚植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)1科，1屬種，蕨類(lei)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)1科，1屬1種。被子植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)28科，57屬67種。
根據各科所含(han)(han)(han)的(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)(shu)(shu)統計：種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)含(han)(han)(han)1種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)科有(you)(you)(you)(you)13個(ge)(ge)(ge)，占所有(you)(you)(you)(you)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)科的(de)46%，含(han)(han)(han)2-4種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)科有(you)(you)(you)(you)11種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，占所有(you)(you)(you)(you)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)科的(de)29.3%，含(han)(han)(han)5種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)以上的(de)科有(you)(you)(you)(you)4個(ge)(ge)(ge)，占總數(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)14.3%。最大的(de)科為(wei)菊科，含(han)(han)(han)有(you)(you)(you)(you)8種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其(qi)次(ci)有(you)(you)(you)(you)禾(he)本科，含(han)(han)(han)有(you)(you)(you)(you)7種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其(qi)占全部種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)21.7%。從屬的(de)統計看：含(han)(han)(han)有(you)(you)(you)(you)1種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)屬有(you)(you)(you)(you)53個(ge)(ge)(ge)，占全部屬的(de)91.2%，毛(mao)莨(lang)屬含(han)(han)(han)有(you)(you)(you)(you)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)(shu)(shu)最多：4種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，其(qi)次(ci)為(wei)眼子(zi)(zi)菜屬含(han)(han)(han)有(you)(you)(you)(you)3種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，它們分別為(wei)濕生植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)和水生植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)優勢種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)屬，其(qi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)(shu)(shu)占總數(shu)(shu)(shu)11.95%。
(1)水(shui)(shui)杉(shan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)人(ren)(ren)工栽(zai)培(pei)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)，有于(yu)(yu)固堤，主要分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)于(yu)(yu)天鵝村(cun)段(duan)堤邊，面(mian)積水(shui)(shui)大，呈條分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)，喜(xi)濕潤生境(jing)，與(yu)池(chi)杉(shan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)相互交錯。(2)意楊林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)人(ren)(ren)工栽(zai)培(pei)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)，在保護區內(nei)為主要的(de)護堤林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)，在上口(kou)至中(zhong)中(zhong)段(duan)的(de)右(you)岸(an)(an)(保護區管(guan)理)(3)旱柳林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)人(ren)(ren)工栽(zai)培(pei)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)，栽(zai)種(zhong)于(yu)(yu)近(jin)水(shui)(shui)緣處，帶狀連(lian)續分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)于(yu)(yu)目(mu)上河口(kou)村(cun)段(duan)堤壩，長(chang)度曾(ceng)達(da)4km，極耐(nai)水(shui)(shui)淹(yan)。(4)池(chi)杉(shan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)人(ren)(ren)工栽(zai)培(pei)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)，條狀間斷分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)于(yu)(yu)兩岸(an)(an)近(jin)水(shui)(shui)緣處，與(yu)水(shui)(shui)杉(shan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)鑲(xiang)嵌分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)，面(mian)積較小，亦耐(nai)水(shui)(shui)淹(yan)。草本(ben)濕地植被沉水(shui)(shui)植物 (1)竹葉眼(yan)(yan)子(zi)菜(cai)(cai)群(qun)落(luo)為本(ben)區水(shui)(shui)生植被絕對優勢種(zhong)，帶狀連(lian)續分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)于(yu)(yu)河訂離岸(an)(an)線約(yue)5-10m處，帶寬(kuan)(kuan)5-10m不等。并(bing)在上口(kou)岸(an)(an)河口(kou)村(cun)淺(qian)灘處大面(mian)積分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)，枯水(shui)(shui)期覆蓋整個水(shui)(shui)面(mian)。群(qun)落(luo)組成較單一(yi)，有穗花狐藻(zao)(zao)、黑藻(zao)(zao)間雜其(qi)間。竹葉眼(yan)(yan)子(zi)菜(cai)(cai)難成本(ben)區的(de)絕對優勢種(zhong)與(yu)天鵝洲長(chang)江(jiang)故道(dao)水(shui)(shui)質清澈，營養貧乏，基底較硬有關。(2)穗花狐尾藻(zao)(zao)群(qun)落(luo)帶關分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)于(yu)(yu)竹葉眼(yan)(yan)子(zi)菜(cai)(cai)帶之處，帶寬(kuan)(kuan)可達(da)15-20m，植物扎根較深(shen)(shen)，約(yue)3-4m，但主要占領上半層(ceng)水(shui)(shui)體(ti)(ti)，層(ceng)水(shui)(shui)體(ti)(ti)由苦草和金魚藻(zao)(zao)占領。(3)黑藻(zao)(zao)+菹草群(qun)落(luo)帶狀分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)于(yu)(yu)竹葉眼(yan)(yan)子(zi)菜(cai)(cai)內(nei)側，水(shui)(shui)深(shen)(shen)較淺(qian)，約(yue)1-2m經常有許多水(shui)(shui)綿呈煙霧狀分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)于(yu)(yu)群(qun)落(luo)中(zhong)，影響植物光合作用，是水(shui)(shui)體(ti)(ti)中(zhong)一(yi)大害，應采取(qu)適當措施予以控制。(4)針藺群(qun)落(luo)廣泛(fan)分(fen)(fen)(fen)(fen)布(bu)于(yu)(yu)上口(kou)河口(kou)村(cun)段(duan)淺(qian)灘片，水(shui)(shui)深(shen)(shen)約(yue)1m，枯水(shui)(shui)期挺(ting)出(chu)水(shui)(shui)面(mian)，伴生種(zhong)有小燈心(xin)草和水(shui)(shui)田碎米(mi)薺。
天(tian)(tian)鵝(e)洲(zhou)白鰭豚自然(ran)(ran)(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)，天(tian)(tian)鵝(e)洲(zhou)位于(yu)荊楚大(da)地，人文歷史(shi)悠久，燦(can)爛的(de)楚文化和三國的(de)古戰(zhan)場在荊楚大(da)地留下許多名勝古跡(ji)，如荊州的(de)紀(ji)南城(cheng)遺址、蒲圻的(de)赤壁古戰(zhan)場等等。這里已經(jing)建有兩個中國國家級瀕危動(dong)物(wu)自然(ran)(ran)(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)，即天(tian)(tian)鵝(e)洲(zhou)白鰭豚自然(ran)(ran)(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)和麋鹿(lu)自然(ran)(ran)(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)。
天(tian)鵝(e)洲故道東南距離東洞庭湖濕地(di)候鳥自然保護區僅幾十(shi)公里，由此(ci)向西逆(ni)江(jiang)而上是全世(shi)界(jie)注(zhu)目的生(sheng)態熱點三峽庫區，不(bu)遠(yuan)可(ke)到(dao)達(da)保康臘(la)梅自然保護區和動(dong)植物寶庫神農架自然保護區。
天鵝洲長江(jiang)故道濕(shi)(shi)地(di)集(ji)自然地(di)理(li)、珍稀動物(wu)以及自然濕(shi)(shi)地(di)生態保(bao)護于一身，具有重要的(de)科研、文化、生態及旅游價值。
青青子衿 
