長(chang)江天(tian)鵝(e)洲(zhou)白(bai)鰭豚國(guo)家級(ji)(ji)自然保(bao)護區有植物(wu)(wu)238種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),隸(li)屬(shu)于64科168屬(shu)。共有高(gao)等陸生脊(ji)椎動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)231種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。其(qi)中(zhong),鳥(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)14目(mu)(mu)33科201種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其(qi)中(zhong)包括中(zhong)國(guo)國(guo)家一(yi)級(ji)(ji)保(bao)護鳥(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)6種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),二級(ji)(ji)保(bao)護鳥(niao)(niao)類(lei)(lei)17種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);獸類(lei)(lei)6目(mu)(mu)8科13種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),包括國(guo)家一(yi)級(ji)(ji)保(bao)護動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)白(bai)暨(ji)豚和麋鹿,二級(ji)(ji)保(bao)護動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)長(chang)江江豚;兩棲類(lei)(lei)1目(mu)(mu)3科5種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),爬行類(lei)(lei)2目(mu)(mu)6科12種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);魚(yu)(yu)類(lei)(lei)調查的(de)(de)(de)最高(gao)記錄曾達到(dao)77種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),分屬(shu)18科,其(qi)中(zhong)鯉形目(mu)(mu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)占(zhan)67.5%,是(shi)“四大(da)家魚(yu)(yu)”的(de)(de)(de)天(tian)然種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)質資源庫。故道(dao)水體共有浮(fu)游植物(wu)(wu)155種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),浮(fu)游動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)111種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),底棲動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)29種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。 根據物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)相(xiang)對(dui)(dui)豐(feng)度的(de)(de)(de)定義——相(xiang)對(dui)(dui)豐(feng)度是(shi)指(zhi)該(gai)區域的(de)(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)量(liang)占(zhan)所屬(shu)行政省(sheng)區的(de)(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)比例。湖北省(sheng)約有種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子植物(wu)(wu)3700種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)左(zuo)右;陸生脊(ji)椎動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)562種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)左(zuo)右,魚(yu)(yu)類(lei)(lei)76種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),脊(ji)椎動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)共計738種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。據此可(ke)以粗略的(de)(de)(de)估算出天(tian)鵝(e)洲(zhou)動(dong)(dong)植物(wu)(wu)資源的(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)對(dui)(dui)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)豐(feng)度。高(gao)等植物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)對(dui)(dui)豐(feng)度比較低,僅約占(zhan)全省(sheng)植物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)(de)6.4%,按標準規定屬(shu)于“相(xiang)對(dui)(dui)較低”的(de)(de)(de)水平(ping);動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)約占(zhan)全省(sheng)脊(ji)椎動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)41.7%,屬(shu)于“相(xiang)對(dui)(dui)較高(gao)”的(de)(de)(de)水平(ping)。
天(tian)(tian)鵝(e)洲(zhou)白(bai)鰭豚國(guo)家級自然(ran)(ran)保護區位于江(jiang)(jiang)漢(han)平原南緣,由于地(di)(di)勢低平,水(shui)流(liu)的(de)擺動和沖刷,長江(jiang)(jiang)在荊江(jiang)(jiang)河道(dao)(dao)形(xing)成“九曲回腸”的(de)獨(du)特景觀,后經自然(ran)(ran)或(huo)人工裁(cai)彎(wan)取直留(liu)下了(le)(le)眾多的(de)故(gu)(gu)道(dao)(dao)(牛軛湖)。天(tian)(tian)鵝(e)洲(zhou)故(gu)(gu)道(dao)(dao)是1972年自然(ran)(ran)截(jie)彎(wan)取直而(er)成。故(gu)(gu)道(dao)(dao)呈(cheng)新月(yue)形(xing),環繞(rao)天(tian)(tian)鵝(e)島(dao),天(tian)(tian)鵝(e)島(dao)呈(cheng)橢圓形(xing),東南側在枯水(shui)期與小河鎮相連,呈(cheng)半島(dao)型(xing);汛(xun)期則(ze)完全被故(gu)(gu)道(dao)(dao)包圍。1998年大(da)洪水(shui)后,為(wei)了(le)(le)保護故(gu)(gu)道(dao)(dao)區人民的(de)生(sheng)命(ming)財產安全,在漁(yu)政(zheng)站、春風閘一帶修筑了(le)(le)平均高(gao)(gao)(gao)度達38.5米(mi)的(de)圍堤,之(zhi)后又在此基礎上加(jia)高(gao)(gao)(gao)1米(mi),即現在的(de)沙灘(tan)(tan)子(zi)大(da)堤,僅有(you)下口(kou)閘在汛(xun)期通過人為(wei)調控與長江(jiang)(jiang)相連。 天(tian)(tian)鵝(e)洲(zhou)濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)以故(gu)(gu)道(dao)(dao)水(shui)面為(wei)最低,山故(gu)(gu)道(dao)(dao)淺灘(tan)(tan)逐漸向江(jiang)(jiang)岸增高(gao)(gao)(gao)。平均海拔一般(ban)35米(mi)左右(you),最高(gao)(gao)(gao)點為(wei)38.44米(mi),最低點32.91米(mi),相對(dui)高(gao)(gao)(gao)差不(bu)大(da)。一年一度的(de)江(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)泛(fan)濫,加(jia)上洞庭(ting)湖的(de)頂托(tuo),流(liu)速降低,泥沙淤積(ji),形(xing)成大(da)片的(de)蘆葦沼澤濕(shi)(shi)地(di)(di)。
天(tian)鵝洲白(bai)鰭豚國家級自然(ran)保(bao)護(hu)區屬于亞(ya)熱(re)帶季(ji)風氣(qi)候。保(bao)護(hu)區內的(de)年(nian)(nian)(nian)太(tai)陽輻射總量(liang)達106千(qian)卡/平(ping)(ping)方厘(li)米,能充分滿足植物光(guang)合作(zuo)用的(de)需要。全(quan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)日(ri)照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)總時(shi)(shi)(shi)數(shu)1844小時(shi)(shi)(shi)左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)石,夏季(ji)初(chu)秋(qiu)日(ri)照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)多,月(yue)(yue)(yue)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)日(ri)照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)數(shu)達215小時(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)有7個(ge)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(4-10月(yue)(yue)(yue)),全(quan)年(nian)(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)每天(tian)日(ri)照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)5小時(shi)(shi)(shi)以上(shang)。最(zui)多“月(yue)(yue)(yue)日(ri)照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)”出(chu)現在7月(yue)(yue)(yue),為(wei)318.8小時(shi)(shi)(shi),最(zui)少“月(yue)(yue)(yue)日(ri)照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)”出(chu)現在12月(yue)(yue)(yue),為(wei)25.7小時(shi)(shi)(shi),年(nian)(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)日(ri)照(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)百分率為(wei)42%。 保(bao)護(hu)區年(nian)(nian)(nian)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)氣(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)16.5℃左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)右(you),最(zui)熱(re)月(yue)(yue)(yue)7月(yue)(yue)(yue)份(fen)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)氣(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)28.5℃左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)右(you),極端(duan)最(zui)高氣(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)38.6℃左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)右(you);最(zui)冷月(yue)(yue)(yue)l月(yue)(yue)(yue)份(fen)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)氣(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)3.5℃左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)右(you),極端(duan)最(zui)低氣(qi)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)-14.9℃,0℃以上(shang)活(huo)動(dong)積溫(wen)(wen)(wen)達6000℃。每年(nian)(nian)(nian)的(de)無霜期長達261天(tian),超過石首(shou)市258天(tian)的(de)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)數(shu)。冬季(ji)受(shou)(shou)強大的(de)蒙古冷高壓(ya)控(kong)制和影響,多偏(pian)北風,天(tian)氣(qi)寒冷、干燥(zao);夏季(ji)受(shou)(shou)太(tai)平(ping)(ping)洋副熱(re)帶高壓(ya)、印度(du)洋熱(re)低壓(ya)影響和控(kong)制,多偏(pian)南風,天(tian)氣(qi)炎熱(re);春季(ji)、初(chu)夏、晚秋(qiu),南北冷熱(re)空(kong)氣(qi)經常在長江中下游一帶匯合交鋒,造(zao)成較多降水,常出(chu)現春雨(yu)、梅雨(yu)和秋(qiu)雨(yu)。
保護區的(de)(de)年(nian)降水量(liang)達1200毫米(mi)以(yi)上,其中6月(yue)最多,達191毫米(mi)左(zuo)右(you),1月(yue)最少,只(zhi)有(you)30毫米(mi)左(zuo)右(you)。年(nian)平(ping)均絕對濕度(du)(du)大(da)17.4毫巴(ba),年(nian)平(ping)均相對濕度(du)(du)為80%左(zuo)右(you)。歷(li)年(nian)3-8月(yue)均雨(yu)量(liang)都大(da)于100毫米(mi),4-10月(yue)的(de)(de)總(zong)雨(yu)量(liang)高達859.7毫米(mi),占全年(nian)總(zong)雨(yu)量(liang)的(de)(de)74.5%。
保護區所(suo)在的石首市的災害天氣(qi)有:陣陰雨、寒潮、低溫、大風(feng)、降雪、積雪、雹、雷、霧、霜(shuang)、霜(shuang)凍(dong)等(deng)13種,其中值得引起保護區足夠(gou)重視的主要(yao)有旱、澇、風(feng)、凍(dong)等(deng)4種。
天鵝洲長江故(gu)道濕(shi)地(di)自(zi)然保護區屬(shu)典(dian)型的(de)近代河(he)流相(xiang)沖積(ji)、洪積(ji)物(wu)堆(dui)積(ji)而成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)洲灘(tan)平原(yuan)(yuan),土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)歷(li)史不長,成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)土(tu)(tu)(tu)母(mu)質以砂(sha)(sha)質粘土(tu)(tu)(tu)為(wei)主(zhu),發育(yu)的(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)為(wei)草(cao)甸(dian)土(tu)(tu)(tu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)類。根(gen)(gen)據(ju)(ju)80年代中國(guo)第二(er)次(ci)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)普查的(de)分(fen)類方案,該地(di)區只有一個土(tu)(tu)(tu)類(草(cao)甸(dian)土(tu)(tu)(tu)),一個來類(淺色草(cao)甸(dian)土(tu)(tu)(tu)),一個土(tu)(tu)(tu)屬(shu)(河(he)灘(tan)草(cao)甸(dian)土(tu)(tu)(tu))。再根(gen)(gen)據(ju)(ju)沉積(ji)物(wu)砂(sha)(sha)泥含量比例的(de)不同,續(xu)分(fen)為(wei)蘆葦河(he)砂(sha)(sha)泥土(tu)(tu)(tu)、荒(huang)地(di)河(he)砂(sha)(sha)土(tu)(tu)(tu)、荒(huang)地(di)河(he)砂(sha)(sha)泥土(tu)(tu)(tu)等土(tu)(tu)(tu)種,其(qi)中又以生長草(cao)甸(dian)植被為(wei)主(zhu)的(de)荒(huang)地(di)河(he)砂(sha)(sha)泥土(tu)(tu)(tu)為(wei)主(zhu)要土(tu)(tu)(tu)種。從土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)普查家(jia)化(hua)樣分(fen)析結(jie)果來看,土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)的(de)理化(hua)性(xing)狀較好,如荒(huang)地(di)河(he)砂(sha)(sha)泥土(tu)(tu)(tu)和荒(huang)地(di)河(he)砂(sha)(sha)土(tu)(tu)(tu),質地(di)適中(中壤(rang)(rang)(rang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)),層(ceng)次(ci)明顯(xian),土(tu)(tu)(tu)體構型為(wei)A—B—C型,全(quan)剖面具有強石(shi)灰反(fan)應,PH值(zhi)8.0左右,上下層(ceng)差異不大,原(yuan)(yuan)因在于成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)土(tu)(tu)(tu)母(mu)質為(wei)富含碳酸鈣(gai)的(de)沉積(ji)物(wu)。這種沉積(ji)物(wu)在地(di)勢低平,土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)淋溶作用弱的(de)情況下所形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)都(dou)具有石(shi)灰反(fan)應強烈(lie)的(de)物(wu)性(xing)。根(gen)(gen)據(ju)(ju)家(jia)化(hua)樣分(fen)析,表土(tu)(tu)(tu)層(ceng)(A層(ceng),厚度16cm左右)有機質含量1.62%—3.35%,全(quan)氮0.12%—0.19%,堿解氮56—132PPM,速(su)效磷5.36—6.27PPM,速(su)效鉀127—147PPM,土(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)容量1.4g/cm3,代換量20—30me/100g土(tu)(tu)(tu)。
長(chang)江天鵝洲(zhou)白(bai)暨豚國家級自然保(bao)護(hu)區動物多樣性
長江天(tian)鵝洲白暨豚國家級(ji)自然(ran)保護區(qu)得天(tian)獨厚的地(di)理氣候條件為(wei)各種(zhong)陸生(sheng)、水生(sheng)及水陸兩(liang)棲動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)提(ti)供了很好的棲息地(di)。據(ju)統計,該(gai)區(qu)共有231種(zhong)陸生(sheng)脊(ji)椎動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)。其(qi)(qi)中觀(guan)察到(dao)的鳥類(lei)有14目(mu)(mu)33科(ke)201種(zhong),獸類(lei)6目(mu)(mu)8科(ke)13種(zhong),兩(liang)棲類(lei)1目(mu)(mu)3科(ke)5種(zhong),爬行類(lei)3目(mu)(mu)6科(ke)12種(zhong);魚(yu)類(lei)7目(mu)(mu)11科(ke)50種(zhong);底棲動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)26種(zhong);浮(fu)游(you)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)54種(zhong)。 1997年,湖北省水產科(ke)學研究所根據(ju)天(tian)鵝洲的馬蹄形,以(yi)洲為(wei)軸,設立了五個采樣(yang)點,分別于5月(yue)(yue)、8月(yue)(yue)、12月(yue)(yue)三次采樣(yang)。浮(fu)游(you)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)通(tong)過三次采樣(yang),共檢出浮(fu)游(you)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)54種(zhong),其(qi)(qi)中原生(sheng)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)的種(zhong)類(lei)和數量最多(duo),達到(dao)22種(zhong),輪蟲(chong)18種(zhong),橈足(zu)類(lei)5種(zhong),枝角類(lei)9種(zhong),所占比例分別為(wei)40%、33.3%、9.3%、16.7%。原生(sheng)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)以(yi)沙(sha)殼蟲(chong)屬為(wei)主,輪蟲(chong)以(yi)多(duo)肢(zhi)輪蟲(chong)、臂尾輪蟲(chong)較(jiao)多(duo),枝角類(lei)以(yi)秀(xiu)體(ti)蚤較(jiao)多(duo),橈足(zu)類(lei)劍(jian)水蚤、猛水蚤、膘水蚤均有。
底棲(qi)動物(wu)經三(san)次采集,共(gong)采集到底棲(qi)生物(wu)26種(zhong)(zhong),其(qi)中寡毛類8種(zhong)(zhong),水(shui)生昆蟲4種(zhong)(zhong),軟體動物(wu)12種(zhong)(zhong),其(qi)他動物(wu)1種(zhong)(zhong)。
魚(yu)類1997年經調查統計(ji),長江天鵝(e)洲白暨(ji)豚國家級(ji)自然保(bao)護區1-9月(yue)的(de)漁(yu)獲(huo)量為87.4kg,分屬7目11科(ke)(ke)50種(zhong),其(qi)中(zhong)鯉科(ke)(ke)魚(yu)類占(zhan)30種(zhong),其(qi)中(zhong)鰍科(ke)(ke)3種(zhong),攀(pan)鱸科(ke)(ke)4種(zhong),銀魚(yu)科(ke)(ke)、鮠(wei)科(ke)(ke)、鱧科(ke)(ke)各占(zhan)2種(zhong),鯡科(ke)(ke)、鯰科(ke)(ke)、科(ke)(ke)、合(he)鰓(sai)科(ke)(ke)各占(zhan)1種(zhong)
兩(liang)棲類天鵝洲(zhou)故道濕地自然保護(hu)區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兩(liang)棲類共有1目(mu)(mu)(mu)、3科(ke)(ke)(ke)5種(zhong)。在保護(hu)區(qu)內發(fa)現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)5種(zhong)兩(liang)棲動(dong)物(wu)可(ke)以(yi)劃分(fen):二個生態(tai)類群(qun),其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)金線蛙和黑斑蛙以(yi)及澤(ze)陸(lu)蛙屬(shu)于靜水棲息型,其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)后(hou)兩(liang)種(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數量很(hen)多(duo),在保護(hu)區(qu)內長滿蒿草(cao)(cao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)淺水地帶(非(fei)故道)中(zhong),不斷地可(ke)以(yi)聽到它們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鳴聲和岸上跳下水的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)聲音;第二種(zhong)生態(tai)類群(qun)是屬(shu)于陸(lu)棲型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)華大瞻蜍、澤(ze)陸(lu)蛙和飾(shi)紋姬蛙。在保護(hu)區(qu)內地勢稍高(gao)而長滿蘆(lu)葦的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地帶中(zhong),可(ke)以(yi)發(fa)現(xian)很(hen)多(duo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)澤(ze)陸(lu)蛙,在長滿蒿草(cao)(cao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)淺水地帶的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)陸(lu)上及居民點周圍,幾(ji)乎走幾(ji)步就會(hui)發(fa)現(xian)一只瞻蜍,其(qi)(qi)密度很(hen)高(gao)。 爬(pa)行類天鵝濕故道濕地保護(hu)區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)爬(pa)行動(dong)物(wu)有3目(mu)(mu)(mu)、6科(ke)(ke)(ke)、12種(zhong)。3目(mu)(mu)(mu)分(fen)別為(wei):龜(gui)鱉目(mu)(mu)(mu)、蜥蜴(yi)目(mu)(mu)(mu)、蛇(she)(she)(she)目(mu)(mu)(mu);6科(ke)(ke)(ke)別為(wei):龜(gui)鱉目(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)淡水龜(gui)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(烏龜(gui))和鱉科(ke)(ke)(ke)(鱉)、蜥蜴(yi)目(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)石龍子科(ke)(ke)(ke)(蝘(yan)蜓)和壁(bi)虎(hu)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(多(duo)疣(you)壁(bi)虎(hu))、蛇(she)(she)(she)目(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)游蛇(she)(she)(she)科(ke)(ke)(ke)(赤(chi)練(lian)蛇(she)(she)(she)、王錦(jin)(jin)(jin)蛇(she)(she)(she)、紅點錦(jin)(jin)(jin)蛇(she)(she)(she)、黑眉錦(jin)(jin)(jin)蛇(she)(she)(she)、虎(hu)斑游蛇(she)(she)(she)、滑鼠蛇(she)(she)(she)、烏梢蛇(she)(she)(she))和蝰科(ke)(ke)(ke)(蝮蛇(she)(she)(she))。
獸(shou)類(lei)天(tian)鵝洲濕(shi)地麋鹿(lu)自然保護(hu)區(qu)有(you)獸(shou)類(lei)6目(mu)8科(ke)13種,國家一(yi)級保護(hu)動(dong)物白鱀豚和麋鹿(lu),二級保護(hu)動(dong)物長江江豚。
鳥(niao)類天鵝洲濕地麋(mi)鹿自然保護(hu)區有(you)鳥(niao)類14目(mu)33科201種,其中包括國家(jia)一級(ji)保護(hu)鳥(niao)類6種,二級(ji)保護(hu)鳥(niao)類17種。
長江天鵝洲(zhou)白暨豚國(guo)家(jia)級自然保護區植(zhi)物多樣性 浮(fu)游植(zhi)物
1997年,湖北省(sheng)水產科(ke)學研究(jiu)所根據天鵝(e)洲(zhou)的(de)馬蹄形,以洲(zhou)為(wei)軸,設立了五個采樣點,分別于5月(yue)(yue)、8月(yue)(yue)、12月(yue)(yue)三次(ci)采樣。經(jing)5月(yue)(yue)、8月(yue)(yue)、11月(yue)(yue)三次(ci)對保護區(qu)水域內的(de)浮游植(zhi)物進行監測,從(cong)采集中的(de)水樣共檢(jian)(jian)(jian)出浮游植(zhi)物7門(men)(men)(men)106種(zhong),檢(jian)(jian)(jian)出種(zhong)類(lei)(lei)以8月(yue)(yue)份(fen)最(zui)多,達84種(zhong)。各月(yue)(yue)份(fen)的(de)優勢門(men)(men)(men)類(lei)(lei):5月(yue)(yue)份(fen)為(wei)綠藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)、硅(gui)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men);8月(yue)(yue)份(fen)為(wei)綠藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)、藍藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men);11月(yue)(yue)份(fen)為(wei)硅(gui)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)。從(cong)鏡檢(jian)(jian)(jian)結果看,綠藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)、藍藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)種(zhong)類(lei)(lei)的(de)比例最(zui)高,甲(jia)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)種(zhong)類(lei)(lei)的(de)比例最(zui)低,若把各門(men)(men)(men)的(de)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)類(lei)(lei)從(cong)少到多排列(lie),其(qi)順序(xu)為(wei)甲(jia)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)<金(jin)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)<黃藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)<裸藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)<硅(gui)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)<藍藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)<綠藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)。其(qi)中甲(jia)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)出3種(zhong),占(zhan)(zhan)2.8%;金(jin)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)出5種(zhong),占(zhan)(zhan)4.7%;黃藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)出7種(zhong),占(zhan)(zhan)6.6%;裸藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)出11種(zhong),占(zhan)(zhan)10.4%;硅(gui)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)出17種(zhong),占(zhan)(zhan)16.1%;藍藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)出31種(zhong),占(zhan)(zhan)29.2%;綠藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)出32種(zhong),占(zhan)(zhan)30.2%。
濕地維管束植物
1997~1998年對(dui)長江故道天鵝洲白暨豚自然保(bao)護區水生和濕生植物(wu)資(zi)源和植被(bei)概況進行調查,調查范圍主要為水域及岸邊(bian)季節性淹水濕地。采(cai)集植物(wu)標本經分類鑒定(ding),并參考有關文獻(xian)材料,整(zheng)理(li)出自然保(bao)護區植物(wu)名錄。計有高(gao)等植物(wu)30科,59屬(shu)69種(zhong),其中苔蘚植物(wu)1科,1屬(shu)種(zhong),蕨類植物(wu)1科,1屬(shu)1種(zhong)。被(bei)子植物(wu)28科,57屬(shu)67種(zhong)。
根(gen)據各(ge)科(ke)(ke)(ke)所含(han)(han)的(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)(shu)(shu)統(tong)計:種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子植(zhi)(zhi)物含(han)(han)1種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)科(ke)(ke)(ke)有(you)13個(ge),占(zhan)所有(you)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子植(zhi)(zhi)物科(ke)(ke)(ke)的(de)(de)(de)(de)46%,含(han)(han)2-4種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)科(ke)(ke)(ke)有(you)11種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)所有(you)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子植(zhi)(zhi)物科(ke)(ke)(ke)的(de)(de)(de)(de)29.3%,含(han)(han)5種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)以上的(de)(de)(de)(de)科(ke)(ke)(ke)有(you)4個(ge),占(zhan)總數(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)14.3%。最大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)科(ke)(ke)(ke)為菊(ju)科(ke)(ke)(ke),含(han)(han)有(you)8種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其(qi)(qi)次有(you)禾(he)本科(ke)(ke)(ke),含(han)(han)有(you)7種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其(qi)(qi)占(zhan)全(quan)部種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)21.7%。從屬(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)統(tong)計看:含(han)(han)有(you)1種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)屬(shu)有(you)53個(ge),占(zhan)全(quan)部屬(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)91.2%,毛(mao)莨屬(shu)含(han)(han)有(you)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)(shu)(shu)最多:4種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其(qi)(qi)次為眼子菜屬(shu)含(han)(han)有(you)3種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),它們分別為濕生(sheng)植(zhi)(zhi)物和水(shui)生(sheng)植(zhi)(zhi)物的(de)(de)(de)(de)優勢種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)屬(shu),其(qi)(qi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)(shu)(shu)占(zhan)總數(shu)(shu)(shu)11.95%。
(1)水(shui)(shui)杉林人(ren)工(gong)(gong)栽(zai)培林,有(you)于(yu)(yu)(yu)固(gu)堤,主(zhu)要分(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)天鵝(e)村(cun)(cun)段(duan)(duan)堤邊(bian),面(mian)積水(shui)(shui)大(da),呈(cheng)條(tiao)分(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu),喜濕(shi)潤(run)生(sheng)(sheng)境,與(yu)池杉林相(xiang)互交錯。(2)意(yi)楊林人(ren)工(gong)(gong)栽(zai)培林,在(zai)(zai)(zai)保護(hu)區內(nei)為主(zhu)要的護(hu)堤林,在(zai)(zai)(zai)上(shang)口(kou)至中中段(duan)(duan)的右(you)岸(保護(hu)區管(guan)理(li))(3)旱柳林人(ren)工(gong)(gong)栽(zai)培林,栽(zai)種于(yu)(yu)(yu)近水(shui)(shui)緣(yuan)處,帶(dai)狀(zhuang)連續(xu)分(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)目上(shang)河(he)口(kou)村(cun)(cun)段(duan)(duan)堤壩,長度曾達4km,極(ji)耐水(shui)(shui)淹(yan)。(4)池杉林人(ren)工(gong)(gong)栽(zai)培林,條(tiao)狀(zhuang)間斷分(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)兩岸近水(shui)(shui)緣(yuan)處,與(yu)水(shui)(shui)杉林鑲嵌(qian)分(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu),面(mian)積較小,亦耐水(shui)(shui)淹(yan)。草(cao)本(ben)(ben)濕(shi)地(di)植被沉水(shui)(shui)植物(wu) (1)竹(zhu)葉(xie)(xie)眼子(zi)(zi)菜(cai)群(qun)(qun)落(luo)為本(ben)(ben)區水(shui)(shui)生(sheng)(sheng)植被絕對優(you)勢種,帶(dai)狀(zhuang)連續(xu)分(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)河(he)訂離岸線約(yue)(yue)5-10m處,帶(dai)寬5-10m不(bu)等。并在(zai)(zai)(zai)上(shang)口(kou)岸河(he)口(kou)村(cun)(cun)淺灘處大(da)面(mian)積分(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu),枯水(shui)(shui)期(qi)覆蓋整(zheng)個水(shui)(shui)面(mian)。群(qun)(qun)落(luo)組成較單一,有(you)穗(sui)花狐藻、黑藻間雜其間。竹(zhu)葉(xie)(xie)眼子(zi)(zi)菜(cai)難成本(ben)(ben)區的絕對優(you)勢種與(yu)天鵝(e)洲長江故道水(shui)(shui)質清澈,營養(yang)貧乏,基底(di)較硬有(you)關(guan)。(2)穗(sui)花狐尾(wei)藻群(qun)(qun)落(luo)帶(dai)關(guan)分(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)竹(zhu)葉(xie)(xie)眼子(zi)(zi)菜(cai)帶(dai)之處,帶(dai)寬可(ke)達15-20m,植物(wu)扎根較深(shen),約(yue)(yue)3-4m,但主(zhu)要占領上(shang)半層(ceng)水(shui)(shui)體(ti),層(ceng)水(shui)(shui)體(ti)由苦(ku)草(cao)和(he)金魚藻占領。(3)黑藻+菹草(cao)群(qun)(qun)落(luo)帶(dai)狀(zhuang)分(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)竹(zhu)葉(xie)(xie)眼子(zi)(zi)菜(cai)內(nei)側,水(shui)(shui)深(shen)較淺,約(yue)(yue)1-2m經常(chang)有(you)許多水(shui)(shui)綿呈(cheng)煙霧狀(zhuang)分(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)群(qun)(qun)落(luo)中,影(ying)響植物(wu)光合作用,是(shi)水(shui)(shui)體(ti)中一大(da)害,應采(cai)取適當(dang)措施予以控制(zhi)。(4)針藺群(qun)(qun)落(luo)廣泛(fan)分(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)上(shang)口(kou)河(he)口(kou)村(cun)(cun)段(duan)(duan)淺灘片(pian),水(shui)(shui)深(shen)約(yue)(yue)1m,枯水(shui)(shui)期(qi)挺(ting)出水(shui)(shui)面(mian),伴(ban)生(sheng)(sheng)種有(you)小燈心草(cao)和(he)水(shui)(shui)田碎米(mi)薺。
天(tian)鵝(e)洲(zhou)白鰭(qi)豚(tun)自(zi)然(ran)(ran)保(bao)護區(qu)(qu),天(tian)鵝(e)洲(zhou)位于荊(jing)楚大地,人文(wen)歷史悠久,燦(can)爛的(de)(de)楚文(wen)化(hua)和三國(guo)(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)古戰場(chang)在荊(jing)楚大地留下許(xu)多名(ming)勝古跡,如荊(jing)州的(de)(de)紀南城(cheng)遺址(zhi)、蒲圻的(de)(de)赤壁古戰場(chang)等(deng)等(deng)。這里(li)已經建有兩個中國(guo)(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家級瀕危動物(wu)自(zi)然(ran)(ran)保(bao)護區(qu)(qu),即天(tian)鵝(e)洲(zhou)白鰭(qi)豚(tun)自(zi)然(ran)(ran)保(bao)護區(qu)(qu)和麋鹿自(zi)然(ran)(ran)保(bao)護區(qu)(qu)。
天鵝洲故道(dao)東南距離東洞(dong)庭(ting)湖濕地候(hou)鳥自然(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)僅幾十公里,由(you)此(ci)向西(xi)逆江(jiang)而上是全世界注目的生(sheng)態熱點三峽庫區(qu)(qu),不遠可到達保(bao)(bao)康臘梅(mei)自然(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)和動植物寶庫神農(nong)架自然(ran)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區(qu)(qu)。
天鵝洲(zhou)長江故道濕地(di)集自然(ran)地(di)理(li)、珍稀動(dong)物以(yi)及自然(ran)濕地(di)生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)保(bao)護于一身(shen),具有重要的(de)科研、文化、生(sheng)(sheng)態(tai)及旅游價值。