長(chang)江天鵝(e)(e)洲(zhou)白(bai)鰭豚(tun)國家(jia)級(ji)自(zi)然保護(hu)(hu)區有(you)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)238種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),隸屬(shu)(shu)于(yu)64科(ke)(ke)168屬(shu)(shu)。共有(you)高等陸(lu)生(sheng)脊(ji)椎動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)231種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。其(qi)中(zhong),鳥類(lei)(lei)14目33科(ke)(ke)201種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其(qi)中(zhong)包括中(zhong)國國家(jia)一級(ji)保護(hu)(hu)鳥類(lei)(lei)6種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),二(er)級(ji)保護(hu)(hu)鳥類(lei)(lei)17種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);獸類(lei)(lei)6目8科(ke)(ke)13種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),包括國家(jia)一級(ji)保護(hu)(hu)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)白(bai)暨豚(tun)和麋鹿(lu),二(er)級(ji)保護(hu)(hu)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)長(chang)江江豚(tun);兩棲類(lei)(lei)1目3科(ke)(ke)5種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),爬行類(lei)(lei)2目6科(ke)(ke)12種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong);魚類(lei)(lei)調查的(de)(de)最(zui)高記錄(lu)曾(ceng)達到77種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),分屬(shu)(shu)18科(ke)(ke),其(qi)中(zhong)鯉(li)形(xing)目種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)占(zhan)67.5%,是“四(si)大家(jia)魚”的(de)(de)天然種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)質資(zi)源(yuan)庫(ku)。故道水體共有(you)浮游植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)155種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),浮游動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)111種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),底棲動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)29種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。 根據物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)相對(dui)(dui)(dui)豐度(du)的(de)(de)定義(yi)——相對(dui)(dui)(dui)豐度(du)是指該(gai)區域的(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)量占(zhan)所屬(shu)(shu)行政省(sheng)(sheng)區的(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)量的(de)(de)比(bi)例。湖北(bei)省(sheng)(sheng)約有(you)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)3700種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)左右;陸(lu)生(sheng)脊(ji)椎動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)562種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)左右,魚類(lei)(lei)76種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),脊(ji)椎動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)共計738種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。據此可以粗略的(de)(de)估(gu)算(suan)出(chu)天鵝(e)(e)洲(zhou)動(dong)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)資(zi)源(yuan)的(de)(de)相對(dui)(dui)(dui)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)豐度(du)。高等植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)相對(dui)(dui)(dui)豐度(du)比(bi)較低(di),僅約占(zhan)全省(sheng)(sheng)植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)的(de)(de)6.4%,按標準規定屬(shu)(shu)于(yu)“相對(dui)(dui)(dui)較低(di)”的(de)(de)水平;動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)(lei)約占(zhan)全省(sheng)(sheng)脊(ji)椎動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)41.7%,屬(shu)(shu)于(yu)“相對(dui)(dui)(dui)較高”的(de)(de)水平。
天鵝洲白鰭豚(tun)國家級自然保護(hu)區(qu)位于(yu)江(jiang)(jiang)漢平原南緣,由于(yu)地勢低平,水流(liu)的(de)(de)擺動(dong)和沖(chong)刷,長江(jiang)(jiang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)荊江(jiang)(jiang)河道(dao)(dao)形成(cheng)“九(jiu)曲回腸”的(de)(de)獨特景觀,后(hou)(hou)經自然或人工裁彎取(qu)直留下(xia)(xia)了(le)眾多的(de)(de)故(gu)(gu)(gu)道(dao)(dao)(牛軛湖(hu))。天鵝洲故(gu)(gu)(gu)道(dao)(dao)是1972年(nian)自然截彎取(qu)直而成(cheng)。故(gu)(gu)(gu)道(dao)(dao)呈(cheng)新月形,環繞天鵝島(dao),天鵝島(dao)呈(cheng)橢(tuo)圓形,東(dong)南側在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)枯水期(qi)與小河鎮相連(lian),呈(cheng)半島(dao)型(xing);汛(xun)期(qi)則完全(quan)被故(gu)(gu)(gu)道(dao)(dao)包圍。1998年(nian)大(da)洪水后(hou)(hou),為(wei)了(le)保護(hu)故(gu)(gu)(gu)道(dao)(dao)區(qu)人民的(de)(de)生(sheng)命財產安(an)全(quan),在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)漁政站、春風閘(zha)一(yi)帶(dai)修筑了(le)平均高度達38.5米(mi)的(de)(de)圍堤(di),之后(hou)(hou)又在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)此基礎上加(jia)高1米(mi),即現在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)沙(sha)灘子大(da)堤(di),僅有下(xia)(xia)口(kou)閘(zha)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)汛(xun)期(qi)通過人為(wei)調控(kong)與長江(jiang)(jiang)相連(lian)。 天鵝洲濕(shi)地以(yi)故(gu)(gu)(gu)道(dao)(dao)水面為(wei)最(zui)低,山故(gu)(gu)(gu)道(dao)(dao)淺灘逐漸(jian)向江(jiang)(jiang)岸增高。平均海拔一(yi)般35米(mi)左右,最(zui)高點(dian)(dian)為(wei)38.44米(mi),最(zui)低點(dian)(dian)32.91米(mi),相對高差不大(da)。一(yi)年(nian)一(yi)度的(de)(de)江(jiang)(jiang)水泛(fan)濫,加(jia)上洞庭(ting)湖(hu)的(de)(de)頂托,流(liu)速降(jiang)低,泥沙(sha)淤積,形成(cheng)大(da)片的(de)(de)蘆(lu)葦(wei)沼澤濕(shi)地。
天(tian)(tian)鵝洲白(bai)鰭豚國家級自然保(bao)護(hu)區屬(shu)于亞熱(re)(re)帶(dai)(dai)季(ji)風(feng)氣候。保(bao)護(hu)區內的(de)(de)年太陽輻(fu)射總(zong)量(liang)達106千卡/平(ping)(ping)方厘米,能充(chong)分(fen)滿足植物光合作用(yong)的(de)(de)需要。全年日(ri)照(zhao)(zhao)總(zong)時(shi)數(shu)1844小時(shi)左(zuo)石,夏季(ji)初秋日(ri)照(zhao)(zhao)多(duo),月(yue)(yue)(yue)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)日(ri)照(zhao)(zhao)時(shi)數(shu)達215小時(shi)的(de)(de)有(you)7個(ge)月(yue)(yue)(yue)(4-10月(yue)(yue)(yue)),全年平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)每天(tian)(tian)日(ri)照(zhao)(zhao)5小時(shi)以上(shang)。最多(duo)“月(yue)(yue)(yue)日(ri)照(zhao)(zhao)”出(chu)現在(zai)7月(yue)(yue)(yue),為318.8小時(shi),最少(shao)“月(yue)(yue)(yue)日(ri)照(zhao)(zhao)”出(chu)現在(zai)12月(yue)(yue)(yue),為25.7小時(shi),年平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)日(ri)照(zhao)(zhao)百分(fen)率為42%。 保(bao)護(hu)區年平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)氣溫(wen)16.5℃左(zuo)右(you),最熱(re)(re)月(yue)(yue)(yue)7月(yue)(yue)(yue)份平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)氣溫(wen)28.5℃左(zuo)右(you),極端最高氣溫(wen)38.6℃左(zuo)右(you);最冷月(yue)(yue)(yue)l月(yue)(yue)(yue)份平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)氣溫(wen)3.5℃左(zuo)右(you),極端最低氣溫(wen)-14.9℃,0℃以上(shang)活動(dong)積溫(wen)達6000℃。每年的(de)(de)無霜期長達261天(tian)(tian),超過(guo)石首市258天(tian)(tian)的(de)(de)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)數(shu)。冬季(ji)受(shou)強(qiang)大(da)的(de)(de)蒙古冷高壓(ya)控(kong)制和(he)影(ying)(ying)響,多(duo)偏北(bei)風(feng),天(tian)(tian)氣寒冷、干燥;夏季(ji)受(shou)太平(ping)(ping)洋副熱(re)(re)帶(dai)(dai)高壓(ya)、印度洋熱(re)(re)低壓(ya)影(ying)(ying)響和(he)控(kong)制,多(duo)偏南(nan)(nan)風(feng),天(tian)(tian)氣炎熱(re)(re);春季(ji)、初夏、晚秋,南(nan)(nan)北(bei)冷熱(re)(re)空氣經常在(zai)長江中下游一帶(dai)(dai)匯合交鋒(feng),造成較多(duo)降水,常出(chu)現春雨(yu)、梅(mei)雨(yu)和(he)秋雨(yu)。
保護區(qu)的年(nian)降水(shui)量達1200毫(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)以上,其中6月(yue)最多,達191毫(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)左右,1月(yue)最少,只(zhi)有(you)30毫(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi)左右。年(nian)平均(jun)絕對(dui)濕度(du)大17.4毫(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)巴,年(nian)平均(jun)相對(dui)濕度(du)為80%左右。歷(li)年(nian)3-8月(yue)均(jun)雨(yu)(yu)量都大于(yu)100毫(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi),4-10月(yue)的總(zong)雨(yu)(yu)量高達859.7毫(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)米(mi)(mi),占全(quan)年(nian)總(zong)雨(yu)(yu)量的74.5%。
保護區所(suo)在(zai)的(de)石(shi)首市的(de)災害天(tian)氣有:陣陰雨、寒潮(chao)、低(di)溫、大風、降雪、積(ji)雪、雹、雷、霧、霜、霜凍等(deng)(deng)13種(zhong),其中(zhong)值得引起保護區足(zu)夠重視的(de)主要有旱、澇、風、凍等(deng)(deng)4種(zhong)。
天鵝洲(zhou)長(chang)江故道濕地自(zi)然保護(hu)區(qu)屬典型(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)近代(dai)河(he)流相沖積、洪積物堆積而成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)洲(zhou)灘(tan)平(ping)原(yuan),土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)形成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)歷史不(bu)(bu)長(chang),成(cheng)(cheng)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)母質(zhi)以砂(sha)(sha)(sha)質(zhi)粘土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)為(wei)(wei)主,發育(yu)的(de)(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)為(wei)(wei)草(cao)甸土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)類(lei)(lei)(lei)。根(gen)(gen)據(ju)80年代(dai)中國(guo)第二次(ci)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)普查(cha)(cha)的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)類(lei)(lei)(lei)方(fang)案,該地區(qu)只有一(yi)個土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(草(cao)甸土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)),一(yi)個來類(lei)(lei)(lei)(淺色草(cao)甸土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)),一(yi)個土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)屬(河(he)灘(tan)草(cao)甸土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu))。再根(gen)(gen)據(ju)沉積物砂(sha)(sha)(sha)泥(ni)含量(liang)比例的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)同,續分(fen)為(wei)(wei)蘆葦(wei)河(he)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)泥(ni)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、荒地河(he)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)、荒地河(he)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)泥(ni)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)等土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)種(zhong),其中又以生長(chang)草(cao)甸植被(bei)為(wei)(wei)主的(de)(de)(de)荒地河(he)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)泥(ni)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)為(wei)(wei)主要土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)種(zhong)。從土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)普查(cha)(cha)家(jia)化樣分(fen)析結果(guo)來看,土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)的(de)(de)(de)理化性狀較好,如(ru)荒地河(he)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)泥(ni)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)和荒地河(he)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu),質(zhi)地適(shi)中(中壤(rang)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)),層(ceng)次(ci)明(ming)顯,土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)體構型(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)A—B—C型(xing)(xing)(xing),全剖面(mian)具有強石灰反(fan)應,PH值8.0左右,上下層(ceng)差異不(bu)(bu)大,原(yuan)因在于成(cheng)(cheng)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)母質(zhi)為(wei)(wei)富含碳酸(suan)鈣的(de)(de)(de)沉積物。這種(zhong)沉積物在地勢低平(ping),土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)淋(lin)溶作用(yong)弱(ruo)的(de)(de)(de)情況下所形成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)都具有石灰反(fan)應強烈(lie)的(de)(de)(de)物性。根(gen)(gen)據(ju)家(jia)化樣分(fen)析,表土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)層(ceng)(A層(ceng),厚度16cm左右)有機質(zhi)含量(liang)1.62%—3.35%,全氮0.12%—0.19%,堿解(jie)氮56—132PPM,速(su)效磷(lin)5.36—6.27PPM,速(su)效鉀127—147PPM,土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)壤(rang)容(rong)量(liang)1.4g/cm3,代(dai)換量(liang)20—30me/100g土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)。
長江天鵝(e)洲白(bai)暨豚國(guo)家級(ji)自然保(bao)護區動(dong)物多樣性
長江天鵝洲(zhou)白暨豚國家(jia)級自然保護區得天獨(du)厚(hou)的地(di)理氣(qi)候條件為各種陸(lu)生、水生及水陸(lu)兩(liang)棲(qi)動(dong)(dong)物提供(gong)了很好的棲(qi)息地(di)。據統(tong)計,該區共有(you)231種陸(lu)生脊椎動(dong)(dong)物。其(qi)中觀察(cha)到的鳥類(lei)有(you)14目(mu)(mu)(mu)33科(ke)(ke)201種,獸類(lei)6目(mu)(mu)(mu)8科(ke)(ke)13種,兩(liang)棲(qi)類(lei)1目(mu)(mu)(mu)3科(ke)(ke)5種,爬(pa)行類(lei)3目(mu)(mu)(mu)6科(ke)(ke)12種;魚(yu)類(lei)7目(mu)(mu)(mu)11科(ke)(ke)50種;底棲(qi)動(dong)(dong)物26種;浮(fu)游(you)動(dong)(dong)物54種。 1997年(nian),湖北省水產科(ke)(ke)學研(yan)究所根據天鵝洲(zhou)的馬蹄(ti)形(xing),以(yi)(yi)洲(zhou)為軸,設立了五個采(cai)(cai)樣點,分別(bie)于(yu)5月(yue)、8月(yue)、12月(yue)三次采(cai)(cai)樣。浮(fu)游(you)動(dong)(dong)物通過三次采(cai)(cai)樣,共檢出浮(fu)游(you)動(dong)(dong)物54種,其(qi)中原(yuan)生動(dong)(dong)物的種類(lei)和數(shu)量(liang)最多(duo)(duo),達到22種,輪(lun)(lun)蟲18種,橈足(zu)類(lei)5種,枝角(jiao)類(lei)9種,所占比例分別(bie)為40%、33.3%、9.3%、16.7%。原(yuan)生動(dong)(dong)物以(yi)(yi)沙殼蟲屬為主,輪(lun)(lun)蟲以(yi)(yi)多(duo)(duo)肢(zhi)輪(lun)(lun)蟲、臂(bei)尾輪(lun)(lun)蟲較(jiao)多(duo)(duo),枝角(jiao)類(lei)以(yi)(yi)秀(xiu)體蚤較(jiao)多(duo)(duo),橈足(zu)類(lei)劍水蚤、猛(meng)水蚤、膘水蚤均有(you)。
底棲動物(wu)經三次采(cai)集(ji),共采(cai)集(ji)到底棲生物(wu)26種(zhong),其(qi)中寡毛類8種(zhong),水生昆蟲4種(zhong),軟體動物(wu)12種(zhong),其(qi)他動物(wu)1種(zhong)。
魚類1997年經(jing)調查統計,長江天鵝(e)洲白暨豚國家級自然(ran)保護區(qu)1-9月的漁獲量為(wei)87.4kg,分屬7目11科(ke)(ke)50種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其中(zhong)鯉科(ke)(ke)魚類占(zhan)30種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其中(zhong)鰍(qiu)科(ke)(ke)3種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),攀鱸科(ke)(ke)4種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),銀魚科(ke)(ke)、鮠科(ke)(ke)、鱧科(ke)(ke)各占(zhan)2種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),鯡科(ke)(ke)、鯰科(ke)(ke)、科(ke)(ke)、合鰓科(ke)(ke)各占(zhan)1種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)
兩(liang)(liang)棲(qi)類(lei)天鵝(e)洲(zhou)故道(dao)濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)自(zi)然保護(hu)區的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兩(liang)(liang)棲(qi)類(lei)共(gong)有1目(mu)(mu)(mu)、3科(ke)(ke)5種。在保護(hu)區內(nei)發現(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)5種兩(liang)(liang)棲(qi)動物可(ke)以劃(hua)分:二個生(sheng)態類(lei)群(qun),其中金線蛙(wa)和(he)黑(hei)斑蛙(wa)以及澤(ze)陸(lu)(lu)蛙(wa)屬(shu)于靜水(shui)棲(qi)息型,其中后兩(liang)(liang)種的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數量很(hen)多,在保護(hu)區內(nei)長滿蒿(hao)草的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)淺水(shui)地(di)(di)(di)(di)帶(非(fei)故道(dao))中,不斷(duan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)可(ke)以聽到它們的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鳴(ming)聲(sheng)和(he)岸(an)上(shang)跳(tiao)下(xia)水(shui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)聲(sheng)音(yin);第(di)二種生(sheng)態類(lei)群(qun)是屬(shu)于陸(lu)(lu)棲(qi)型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中華大瞻(zhan)(zhan)蜍(chu)、澤(ze)陸(lu)(lu)蛙(wa)和(he)飾(shi)紋(wen)姬蛙(wa)。在保護(hu)區內(nei)地(di)(di)(di)(di)勢稍高而長滿蘆葦的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)(di)帶中,可(ke)以發現(xian)(xian)很(hen)多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)澤(ze)陸(lu)(lu)蛙(wa),在長滿蒿(hao)草的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)淺水(shui)地(di)(di)(di)(di)帶的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)陸(lu)(lu)上(shang)及居民(min)點周圍,幾(ji)(ji)乎(hu)走幾(ji)(ji)步(bu)就會(hui)發現(xian)(xian)一只瞻(zhan)(zhan)蜍(chu),其密度(du)很(hen)高。 爬(pa)行(xing)類(lei)天鵝(e)濕(shi)故道(dao)濕(shi)地(di)(di)(di)(di)保護(hu)區的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)爬(pa)行(xing)動物有3目(mu)(mu)(mu)、6科(ke)(ke)、12種。3目(mu)(mu)(mu)分別為(wei):龜鱉目(mu)(mu)(mu)、蜥(xi)蜴目(mu)(mu)(mu)、蛇(she)(she)(she)目(mu)(mu)(mu);6科(ke)(ke)別為(wei):龜鱉目(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)淡(dan)水(shui)龜科(ke)(ke)(烏(wu)龜)和(he)鱉科(ke)(ke)(鱉)、蜥(xi)蜴目(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)石龍子(zi)科(ke)(ke)(蝘蜓)和(he)壁(bi)虎(hu)科(ke)(ke)(多疣壁(bi)虎(hu))、蛇(she)(she)(she)目(mu)(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)游(you)蛇(she)(she)(she)科(ke)(ke)(赤練蛇(she)(she)(she)、王錦蛇(she)(she)(she)、紅點錦蛇(she)(she)(she)、黑(hei)眉(mei)錦蛇(she)(she)(she)、虎(hu)斑游(you)蛇(she)(she)(she)、滑鼠蛇(she)(she)(she)、烏(wu)梢蛇(she)(she)(she))和(he)蝰科(ke)(ke)(蝮蛇(she)(she)(she))。
獸類天(tian)鵝洲濕地麋鹿自然保護(hu)區有獸類6目(mu)8科13種,國(guo)家一級(ji)保護(hu)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)白鱀豚(tun)和麋鹿,二級(ji)保護(hu)動(dong)(dong)物(wu)(wu)長江江豚(tun)。
鳥(niao)類天鵝洲濕(shi)地(di)麋鹿自然(ran)保(bao)(bao)護區有鳥(niao)類14目33科201種(zhong),其中包括(kuo)國家一(yi)級(ji)保(bao)(bao)護鳥(niao)類6種(zhong),二級(ji)保(bao)(bao)護鳥(niao)類17種(zhong)。
長江(jiang)天鵝洲白暨豚(tun)國家級自然保護區(qu)植(zhi)物多樣(yang)性(xing) 浮(fu)游植(zhi)物
1997年,湖北省水(shui)產科學研究所(suo)根據天鵝(e)洲的(de)(de)馬蹄形,以(yi)洲為(wei)軸,設立(li)了(le)五個(ge)采樣(yang)(yang)點,分(fen)別于5月、8月、12月三(san)次(ci)采樣(yang)(yang)。經5月、8月、11月三(san)次(ci)對(dui)保護(hu)區水(shui)域內(nei)的(de)(de)浮(fu)游(you)植物(wu)進行監測(ce),從采集中的(de)(de)水(shui)樣(yang)(yang)共(gong)檢出(chu)(chu)(chu)浮(fu)游(you)植物(wu)7門(men)(men)(men)(men)106種(zhong)(zhong),檢出(chu)(chu)(chu)種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)以(yi)8月份(fen)(fen)最多(duo),達84種(zhong)(zhong)。各(ge)月份(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)優勢門(men)(men)(men)(men)類(lei):5月份(fen)(fen)為(wei)綠(lv)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)、硅(gui)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men);8月份(fen)(fen)為(wei)綠(lv)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)、藍藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men);11月份(fen)(fen)為(wei)硅(gui)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)。從鏡(jing)檢結果看,綠(lv)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)、藍藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)的(de)(de)比例最高,甲(jia)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)的(de)(de)比例最低,若(ruo)把各(ge)門(men)(men)(men)(men)的(de)(de)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)類(lei)從少到多(duo)排(pai)列,其(qi)順序為(wei)甲(jia)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)<金藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)<黃藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)<裸(luo)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)<硅(gui)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)<藍藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)<綠(lv)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)。其(qi)中甲(jia)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)檢出(chu)(chu)(chu)3種(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)(zhan)2.8%;金藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)檢出(chu)(chu)(chu)5種(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)(zhan)4.7%;黃藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)檢出(chu)(chu)(chu)7種(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)(zhan)6.6%;裸(luo)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)檢出(chu)(chu)(chu)11種(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)(zhan)10.4%;硅(gui)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)檢出(chu)(chu)(chu)17種(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)(zhan)16.1%;藍藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)檢出(chu)(chu)(chu)31種(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)(zhan)29.2%;綠(lv)藻(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)門(men)(men)(men)(men)檢出(chu)(chu)(chu)32種(zhong)(zhong),占(zhan)(zhan)30.2%。
濕地維管束植物
1997~1998年(nian)對(dui)長江(jiang)故道天鵝洲白暨豚自然(ran)保護區水(shui)生(sheng)和濕生(sheng)植物(wu)(wu)資源和植被概況進行調查,調查范圍主要(yao)為水(shui)域及岸邊(bian)季節性淹水(shui)濕地。采集(ji)植物(wu)(wu)標本經分類鑒定,并參考(kao)有關文獻(xian)材料,整(zheng)理出自然(ran)保護區植物(wu)(wu)名(ming)錄。計(ji)有高等植物(wu)(wu)30科(ke)(ke),59屬69種,其中(zhong)苔蘚植物(wu)(wu)1科(ke)(ke),1屬種,蕨類植物(wu)(wu)1科(ke)(ke),1屬1種。被子植物(wu)(wu)28科(ke)(ke),57屬67種。
根據(ju)各科(ke)所(suo)含(han)(han)(han)的(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)統計:種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)植物(wu)含(han)(han)(han)1種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)科(ke)有13個,占所(suo)有種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)植物(wu)科(ke)的(de)(de)46%,含(han)(han)(han)2-4種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)科(ke)有11種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),占所(suo)有種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子(zi)(zi)(zi)植物(wu)科(ke)的(de)(de)29.3%,含(han)(han)(han)5種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)以(yi)上的(de)(de)科(ke)有4個,占總數(shu)的(de)(de)14.3%。最(zui)大的(de)(de)科(ke)為菊科(ke),含(han)(han)(han)有8種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其(qi)次有禾本科(ke),含(han)(han)(han)有7種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其(qi)占全部(bu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)的(de)(de)21.7%。從屬(shu)的(de)(de)統計看:含(han)(han)(han)有1種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)屬(shu)有53個,占全部(bu)屬(shu)的(de)(de)91.2%,毛莨屬(shu)含(han)(han)(han)有種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)最(zui)多(duo):4種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),其(qi)次為眼子(zi)(zi)(zi)菜(cai)屬(shu)含(han)(han)(han)有3種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),它們分別為濕生植物(wu)和水生植物(wu)的(de)(de)優勢(shi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)屬(shu),其(qi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)數(shu)占總數(shu)11.95%。
(1)水(shui)(shui)杉林(lin)人工(gong)栽培(pei)(pei)林(lin),有(you)于(yu)(yu)固堤(di),主(zhu)要(yao)分(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)于(yu)(yu)天鵝(e)村段(duan)堤(di)邊,面(mian)(mian)積(ji)水(shui)(shui)大,呈條(tiao)分(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu),喜濕潤生(sheng)境(jing),與(yu)(yu)池杉林(lin)相互(hu)交錯。(2)意楊(yang)林(lin)人工(gong)栽培(pei)(pei)林(lin),在(zai)保護(hu)區(qu)內(nei)為主(zhu)要(yao)的(de)(de)護(hu)堤(di)林(lin),在(zai)上口(kou)至中(zhong)中(zhong)段(duan)的(de)(de)右(you)岸(an)(an)(保護(hu)區(qu)管理)(3)旱柳林(lin)人工(gong)栽培(pei)(pei)林(lin),栽種于(yu)(yu)近(jin)水(shui)(shui)緣(yuan)處(chu)(chu),帶(dai)(dai)狀(zhuang)連續分(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)于(yu)(yu)目(mu)上河(he)(he)口(kou)村段(duan)堤(di)壩,長度曾達4km,極耐(nai)水(shui)(shui)淹(yan)(yan)。(4)池杉林(lin)人工(gong)栽培(pei)(pei)林(lin),條(tiao)狀(zhuang)間(jian)斷分(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)于(yu)(yu)兩岸(an)(an)近(jin)水(shui)(shui)緣(yuan)處(chu)(chu),與(yu)(yu)水(shui)(shui)杉林(lin)鑲(xiang)嵌分(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu),面(mian)(mian)積(ji)較小(xiao),亦耐(nai)水(shui)(shui)淹(yan)(yan)。草(cao)本濕地(di)植被沉水(shui)(shui)植物(wu) (1)竹(zhu)(zhu)葉(xie)眼(yan)子菜(cai)群落(luo)(luo)(luo)為本區(qu)水(shui)(shui)生(sheng)植被絕(jue)對優勢(shi)種,帶(dai)(dai)狀(zhuang)連續分(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)于(yu)(yu)河(he)(he)訂離岸(an)(an)線(xian)約5-10m處(chu)(chu),帶(dai)(dai)寬(kuan)5-10m不等。并在(zai)上口(kou)岸(an)(an)河(he)(he)口(kou)村淺灘(tan)處(chu)(chu)大面(mian)(mian)積(ji)分(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu),枯(ku)水(shui)(shui)期覆蓋整(zheng)個(ge)水(shui)(shui)面(mian)(mian)。群落(luo)(luo)(luo)組成(cheng)較單一(yi),有(you)穗花(hua)狐(hu)藻(zao)、黑藻(zao)間(jian)雜(za)其間(jian)。竹(zhu)(zhu)葉(xie)眼(yan)子菜(cai)難成(cheng)本區(qu)的(de)(de)絕(jue)對優勢(shi)種與(yu)(yu)天鵝(e)洲長江故道水(shui)(shui)質清澈,營養貧(pin)乏,基底較硬(ying)有(you)關(guan)。(2)穗花(hua)狐(hu)尾藻(zao)群落(luo)(luo)(luo)帶(dai)(dai)關(guan)分(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)于(yu)(yu)竹(zhu)(zhu)葉(xie)眼(yan)子菜(cai)帶(dai)(dai)之處(chu)(chu),帶(dai)(dai)寬(kuan)可(ke)達15-20m,植物(wu)扎根較深,約3-4m,但主(zhu)要(yao)占(zhan)領(ling)上半層水(shui)(shui)體(ti),層水(shui)(shui)體(ti)由苦草(cao)和(he)金魚藻(zao)占(zhan)領(ling)。(3)黑藻(zao)+菹草(cao)群落(luo)(luo)(luo)帶(dai)(dai)狀(zhuang)分(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)于(yu)(yu)竹(zhu)(zhu)葉(xie)眼(yan)子菜(cai)內(nei)側,水(shui)(shui)深較淺,約1-2m經常有(you)許多水(shui)(shui)綿(mian)呈煙霧狀(zhuang)分(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)于(yu)(yu)群落(luo)(luo)(luo)中(zhong),影響植物(wu)光合作(zuo)用,是水(shui)(shui)體(ti)中(zhong)一(yi)大害,應采取適當(dang)措施(shi)予以控制。(4)針藺群落(luo)(luo)(luo)廣泛(fan)分(fen)布(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)于(yu)(yu)上口(kou)河(he)(he)口(kou)村段(duan)淺灘(tan)片,水(shui)(shui)深約1m,枯(ku)水(shui)(shui)期挺出水(shui)(shui)面(mian)(mian),伴生(sheng)種有(you)小(xiao)燈(deng)心草(cao)和(he)水(shui)(shui)田碎(sui)米薺(qi)。
天(tian)鵝(e)洲(zhou)白(bai)鰭豚(tun)(tun)自(zi)(zi)然(ran)保護區(qu),天(tian)鵝(e)洲(zhou)位于荊(jing)楚大地(di),人文歷史(shi)悠久(jiu),燦爛的楚文化和三國(guo)的古戰場在荊(jing)楚大地(di)留下許多(duo)名勝古跡,如荊(jing)州的紀南城遺址、蒲圻的赤(chi)壁古戰場等(deng)等(deng)。這(zhe)里已經建有兩個中國(guo)國(guo)家級瀕危動(dong)物自(zi)(zi)然(ran)保護區(qu),即天(tian)鵝(e)洲(zhou)白(bai)鰭豚(tun)(tun)自(zi)(zi)然(ran)保護區(qu)和麋鹿自(zi)(zi)然(ran)保護區(qu)。
天鵝(e)洲(zhou)故道(dao)東南距離(li)東洞庭湖濕(shi)地候鳥(niao)自然保護(hu)(hu)區僅幾十(shi)公里,由此向西逆(ni)江而上是(shi)全(quan)世界注目(mu)的生態熱點三峽庫(ku)區,不(bu)遠可到達(da)保康臘梅自然保護(hu)(hu)區和動植物寶庫(ku)神農架自然保護(hu)(hu)區。
天鵝洲長江故道濕地(di)集自(zi)然(ran)地(di)理、珍(zhen)稀動物以及自(zi)然(ran)濕地(di)生態保(bao)護于一身,具有重(zhong)要(yao)的科研、文化、生態及旅游價值。