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基本信息

成立時間

1996年經(jing)吉林省人民政府批(pi)復建(jian)立(li)(li)省級(ji)自然(ran)(ran)保護區，2002年經(jing)中(zhong)(zhong)國國務院批(pi)復成立(li)(li)了天佛指山(shan)國家級(ji)自然(ran)(ran)保護區。是中(zhong)(zhong)國第一個珍(zhen)貴食(shi)用菌類的自然(ran)(ran)保護區。

保護區類型

屬自然(ran)生態系統類(lei)型與野生生物類(lei)型。

保護對象

北溫帶森林系(xi)統中(zhong)特有的赤松—蒙古(gu)櫟森林生態系(xi)統。

地理位置

天佛指山(shan)國家級自然保護區位于吉林省東南部，延邊(bian)朝鮮族自治州龍井市(shi)境內，距龍井市(shi)10。2公里。

地理坐標

東經129°16′～129°46′，北緯(wei)42°23′～42°41′。

保護區范圍

保護區東(dong)部和南(nan)部與朝鮮隔江相(xiang)(xiang)望(wang)，北部與龍井(jing)市(shi)的德新鄉(xiang)、光新鄉(xiang)、開山(shan)屯鎮相(xiang)(xiang)接(jie)，西部與和龍市(shi)毗鄰。行政范(fan)圍包括龍井(jing)市(shi)五個鄉(xiang)鎮，總面(mian)積77317公(gong)頃(qing)，松茸(rong)生(sheng)長分(fen)布區面(mian)積32000公(gong)頃(qing)。

保護區面積

總(zong)面積(ji)77317公(gong)頃(qing)(qing)，其(qi)中核心區17577公(gong)頃(qing)(qing)，緩沖區10998公(gong)頃(qing)(qing)，實(shi)驗區48742公(gong)頃(qing)(qing)。

簡介

天(tian)(tian)佛指(zhi)山(shan)自然保護區保護區位于吉林省延邊(bian)朝鮮族自治州龍井(jing)市區域(yu)內，距(ju)龍井(jing)市10.2公(gong)里(li)，東部(bu)(bu)(bu)和(he)南(nan)部(bu)(bu)(bu)與(yu)朝鮮隔(ge)江相望，北部(bu)(bu)(bu)與(yu)龍井(jing)市德新(xin)(xin)(xin)鄉(xiang)(xiang)、光(guang)(guang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)鄉(xiang)(xiang)、開山(shan)屯(tun)鎮(zhen)(zhen)相連(lian)，西(xi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)與(yu)和(he)龍市毗(pi)鄰。包括龍井(jing)市的白(bai)金鄉(xiang)(xiang)、三合鎮(zhen)(zhen)、智新(xin)(xin)(xin)鎮(zhen)(zhen)和(he)光(guang)(guang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)鄉(xiang)(xiang)、開山(shan)屯(tun)鎮(zhen)(zhen)的一部(bu)(bu)(bu)分(fen)。總面積77 317公(gong)頃，其中(zhong)核心(xin)區17 577公(gong)頃，緩沖區10 998公(gong)頃，實驗區48 742公(gong)頃。該區林業用地74 733公(gong)頃，總蓄(xu)積量448.3萬(wan)立方米(mi)。該區為(wei)溫(wen)帶大陸(lu)性半濕(shi)潤季(ji)風氣(qi)候，年平(ping)均氣(qi)溫(wen)5.2℃，年降水(shui)量550～700毫米(mi)，無霜期120天(tian)(tian)左右。該區屬長(chang)白(bai)山(shan)山(shan)脈(mo)，海(hai)拔170～1 331米(mi)。土(tu)壤母(mu)質為(wei)花崗巖、沙巖、頁巖風化物(wu)。土(tu)壤類型主要為(wei)薄層酸性巖森林灰棕(zong)壤，還有暗棕(zong)壤、草甸土(tu)、白(bai)漿土(tu)等，是天(tian)(tian)然松茸(rong)和(he)赤松林生長(chang)的棲息地。

吉林天佛指山國家級自然保護區地處龍井市境內，東南部與朝鮮隔圖們江相望，邊境線長132公里。該區以保護松茸為主，天佛指山主，還有(you)野豬、狍子、黑熊、山兔(tu)、松雞(ji)、啄木鳥、云雀(que)、赤松、水(shui)曲(qu)柳等珍貴動植(zhi)物。

松(song)(song)茸(rong)具有很高的(de)食用價值(zhi)和醫療保健價值(zhi)，營養豐富，是(shi)天然綠(lv)色食品。特別(bie)是(shi)龍井天佛指山生長的(de)松(song)(song)茸(rong)，以其個頭(tou)大(da)(da)、肉質細、色澤(ze)好、味道香、質地優良而居中國松(song)(song)茸(rong)之首。日本、韓國有關(guan)專(zhuan)家普(pu)遍認為，龍井天佛指山的(de)松(song)(song)茸(rong)質量(liang)最佳，是(shi)在日本、韓國市場唯(wei)一高價收購的(de)松(song)(song)茸(rong)。自1980年(nian)開始往(wang)日本、韓國出口松(song)(song)茸(rong)以來(lai)，即為中國創造了(le)大(da)(da)量(liang)外匯，又為當(dang)地農(nong)民開辟了(le)一條致(zhi)富之路(lu)。

在(zai)保護區內，有美麗的自然景觀，傳(chuan)統的朝鮮族民居和奇異(yi)的邊境風光，吸引了大批中外游客(ke)。

自然狀況

地質地貌

天(tian)佛指山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)保護區(qu)地處(chu)長白山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)脈東(dong)麓，海拔高度為170-1331米(mi)(mi)。山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)高谷深、坡(po)度陡峭。區(qu)內最高的三(san)(san)個山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)峰(feng)是昆(kun)石列山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、天(tian)佛指山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、老(lao)龍(long)八(ba)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)，其海拔高分(fen)別為1331米(mi)(mi)、1226米(mi)(mi)和1107米(mi)(mi)。東(dong)北、西南(nan)走向的大脈山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、天(tian)佛指山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、昆(kun)石列山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、老(lao)龍(long)八(ba)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)、郭將(jiang)峰(feng)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)一線(xian)是該區(qu)分(fen)水嶺。分(fen)水嶺北側有四(si)條大型(xing)溝壑(he)，南(nan)側有三(san)(san)條大型(xing)溝壑(he)，峰(feng)頂谷底高差大，海拔高度700米(mi)(mi)以上。雄偉(wei)壯觀、巖石怪異，構成了本區(qu)獨(du)特的地貌景(jing)觀。

氣候

本區屬于溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)帶(dai)大(da)(da)陸性半濕潤季(ji)(ji)風(feng)(feng)氣候。其特點春季(ji)(ji)干旱(han)多風(feng)(feng)，夏季(ji)(ji) 溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)熱多雨，秋(qiu)季(ji)(ji)天(tian)(tian)(tian)高氣爽，冬季(ji)(ji)寒冷少(shao)雪。無(wu)霜期120天(tian)(tian)(tian)左(zuo)右(you)，年(nian)平(ping)均氣溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)5。2C，極(ji)端最低(di)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度-34。8℃，極(ji)端最高氣溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)36。5℃。海(hai)拔(ba)500米(mi)(mi)左(zuo)右(you)地(di)帶(dai)有(you)效積溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)為(wei)(wei)2400℃-2600℃；海(hai)拔(ba)800米(mi)(mi)左(zuo)右(you)地(di)帶(dai)，有(you)效積溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)為(wei)(wei)1800℃—2000℃；海(hai)拔(ba)1100米(mi)(mi)左(zuo)右(you)地(di)帶(dai)，有(you)效積溫(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)為(wei)(wei)1400℃—1600℃，年(nian)降水量(liang)550毫米(mi)(mi)—700毫米(mi)(mi)，多集中(zhong)在(zai)6-9月(yue)，占全年(nian)降水量(liang)的60%。且(qie)呈現(xian)出雨、光、熱同季(ji)(ji)特征，主導風(feng)(feng)向春季(ji)(ji)為(wei)(wei)東南風(feng)(feng)，最大(da)(da)風(feng)(feng)速4。75米(mi)(mi)/s，秋(qiu)冬為(wei)(wei)西北風(feng)(feng)最大(da)(da)風(feng)(feng)速7。56米(mi)(mi)/s，年(nian)平(ping)均封凍日150天(tian)(tian)(tian)，平(ping)均冰厚0。6—0。8米(mi)(mi)。

土壤

本(ben)區土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)母質為(wei)花(hua)崗(gang)巖(yan)(yan)、沙(sha)巖(yan)(yan)、頁(ye)巖(yan)(yan)風化物(wu)。土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)類型(xing)主(zhu)要是酸(suan)性巖(yan)(yan)森(sen)林(lin)灰棕(zong)壤(rang)(rang)，此外還有暗(an)棕(zong)壤(rang)(rang)、白漿土(tu)、草甸(dian)土(tu)、沼(zhao)澤土(tu)、泥炭土(tu)、沖積土(tu)等(deng)，這(zhe)些土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)中(zhong)酸(suan)性巖(yan)(yan)森(sen)林(lin)灰棕(zong)壤(rang)(rang)透水性好，PH值為(wei)5。0左右，偏酸(suan)性是赤松林(lin)生長(chang)的最(zui)佳(jia)條件，因(yin)此也(ye)是松茸主(zhu)要蘊藏帶(dai)。

河流湖泊

本(ben)區水(shui)力資(zi)源(yuan)十分豐富(fu)，屬圖們江水(shui)系(xi)，發源(yuan)于長白山(shan)主(zhu)峰將軍峰之東麓，自(zi)和(he)龍(long)市流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)入貫穿保護(hu)區境(jing)(jing)內(nei)110公里(li)。經白金、富(fu)裕、三合(he)出境(jing)(jing)，流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)域(yu)面積達1650公頃(qing)，區內(nei)水(shui)系(xi)呈樹狀分布，構成較(jiao)密的水(shui)網，流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)程5公里(li)以(yi)上的河流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)有29條。主(zhu)要支(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)有山(shan)溪溝(gou)、大東溝(gou)、下馬(ma)來溝(gou)、西來和(he)安民臺溝(gou)，全(quan)部流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)入圖們江。近200條小溝(gou)屬季節性河流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)，除春和(he)夏訊(xun)外，一般(ban)呈斷流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)狀態。

海(hai)蘭河支流(liu)區(qu)內勇新溝(gou)、樺田(tian)溝(gou)、遠東溝(gou)、六道河水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)全部流(liu)入海(hai)蘭河，集(ji)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)面積(ji)達164平(ping)方公里。保護區(qu)內有(you)2座水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)，其中大新水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)庫(ku)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)源為(wei)(wei)(wei)海(hai)蘭河支流(liu)，地表水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)比較豐富，水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)資源總量(liang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)10877。5立方米(mi)(mi)，一(yi)部分來自(zi)天然降水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)的占40%，其凈流(liu)總量(liang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)10831。4萬平(ping)方米(mi)(mi)，地下(xia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)多以花(hua)崗(gang)巖網狀裂隙水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)為(wei)(wei)(wei)主，從泄流(liu)泉形成排泄于溝(gou)谷(gu)，地下(xia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)徑流(liu)量(liang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)5萬噸/年平(ping)方公里，資源總量(liang)為(wei)(wei)(wei)385175萬平(ping)方米(mi)(mi)。

資源

植被資源

天(tian)佛指山(shan)天(tian)佛指山(shan)自然植(zhi)被(bei)屬典型(xing)(xing)的(de)長白山(shan)植(zhi)物區(qu)(qu)系(xi)，海拔高度(du)相差懸殊(shu)，具明顯的(de)垂直(zhi)分(fen)布特征(zheng)。按海拔高度(du)可分(fen)為四個野生植(zhi)物類型(xing)(xing)，即山(shan)頂岳樺、白樺林(lin)+亞高山(shan)草本植(zhi)物類型(xing)(xing)區(qu)(qu)；海拔1000-1331米(mi)之間，魚鱗云(yun)杉、臭冷杉針(zhen)闊混交(jiao)林(lin)+亞高山(shan)草本植(zhi)物類型(xing)(xing)區(qu)(qu)；海拔500-1000米(mi)之間，紅松、赤松、臭冷杉針(zhen)葉闊混交(jiao)林(lin)+草本植(zhi)物類型(xing)(xing)區(qu)(qu)；海拔500米(mi)以下的(de)低(di)山(shan)區(qu)(qu)，赤松、蒙古櫟(li)+草本植(zhi)物類型(xing)(xing)區(qu)(qu)。據東(dong)北師本環科(ke)學院調查(cha)，此區(qu)(qu)域內植(zhi)物資源十分(fen)豐富，約(yue)近千種(zhong)，其中：真菌(jun)門(men)4科(ke)76種(zhong)，蕨(jue)類15科(ke)47種(zhong)，裸子植(zhi)物門(men)2科(ke)18種(zhong)，被(bei)子植(zhi)物門(men)75科(ke)412種(zhong)。

按(an)用(yong)(yong)(yong)途分類，藥用(yong)(yong)(yong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)72科(ke)(ke)289種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，食(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)39科(ke)(ke)216種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，蜜源植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)38科(ke)(ke)185種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，工業原(yuan)料植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)40科(ke)(ke)17種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，香料植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)28科(ke)(ke)75種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；染(ran)料植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)10科(ke)(ke)22種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，觀賞植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)32科(ke)(ke)54種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，建(jian)筑用(yong)(yong)(yong)喬木(mu)(mu)20多種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。主(zhu)要(yao)針葉樹(shu)(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)赤松、沙松、臭松、魚鱗松、紅(hong)松等(deng)；闊葉樹(shu)(shu)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)胡(hu)桃楸(qiu)(qiu)、黃蘋(pin)蘿、水(shui)曲柳、楊、樺(hua)、椴、槭、柞等(deng)；主(zhu)要(yao)藥用(yong)(yong)(yong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)有(you)(you)黨(dang)參、黃芪、五味子(zi)、刺五加(jia)、東北雷公藤、細辛(xin)、桔梗、苦參、獼(mi)猴(hou)(hou)桃等(deng)；主(zhu)要(yao)食(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)有(you)(you)松茸、木(mu)(mu)耳、蕨菜、榛蘑、龍芽(ya)蔥木(mu)(mu)、山芹、猴(hou)(hou)頭(tou)等(deng)。保(bao)護(hu)區內有(you)(you)8種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國(guo)家級瀕危保(bao)護(hu)植(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)，即松茸、紅(hong)松、野生參、胡(hu)桃楸(qiu)(qiu)、野大豆、紫椴仃(ding)、水(shui)曲柳和黃檗。

松(song)(song)(song)茸(rong)具有很高的(de)(de)食用價值和醫療保(bao)健價值，營(ying)養豐富。松(song)(song)(song)茸(rong)還具有強身(shen)、驅蟲、止痛及理(li)氣(qi)化痰等功能和抗癌作用。保(bao)護(hu)區成立后，制定了(le)一系列(lie)長(chang)、短期(qi)規劃(hua)和具體措施，對(dui)松(song)(song)(song)茸(rong)資(zi)源(yuan)進行了(le)統一管(guan)理(li)，對(dui)松(song)(song)(song)茸(rong)生長(chang)地實(shi)行了(le)承包經營(ying)與規范化管(guan)理(li)。使森(sen)林生態、資(zi)源(yuan)得到了(le)恢復和發展，松(song)(song)(song)茸(rong)質量、數量有了(le)明顯提高，為松(song)(song)(song)茸(rong)的(de)(de)保(bao)護(hu)、科(ke)研、開發和利用創造了(le)良好的(de)(de)條件。

森林資源

保護區總面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)77317公(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)(qing)(qing)，主要針(zhen)葉樹種為赤松(song)，地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)帶性森林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)植被是以(yi)赤松(song)為主的(de)針(zhen)闊(kuo)混交(jiao)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)。其中(zhong)(zhong)：有(you)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)68218公(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)(qing)(qing)，占(zhan)總面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)88。3%；疏林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)1309公(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)(qing)(qing)，占(zhan)總面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)1。7%；灌木(mu)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)3411公(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)(qing)(qing)，占(zhan)總面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)4。4%；未成(cheng)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)造林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)1003公(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)(qing)(qing)，占(zhan)總面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)1。3%；草地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)、采(cai)伐(fa)跡(ji)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)、沼澤(ze)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)等無林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)3376公(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)(qing)(qing)， 占(zhan)總面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)4。3%。本區森林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)覆蓋率88。3%。活立(li)(li)木(mu)總蓄積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)448。33萬立(li)(li)方米。其中(zhong)(zhong)：有(you)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)蓄積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)446。2萬立(li)(li)方米，疏林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)蓄積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)2。1萬立(li)(li)方米，散(san)生木(mu)蓄積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)0。037立(li)(li)方米。有(you)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)中(zhong)(zhong)，天然林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)所占(zhan)比(bi)重較大，面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)59569公(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)(qing)(qing)，蓄積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)401。9萬立(li)(li)方米，分(fen)別占(zhan)有(you)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和有(you)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)蓄積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)87。3%和90。1%；其次是人(ren)工林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)，面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)8649公(gong)(gong)(gong)頃(qing)(qing)(qing)，蓄積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)43。4萬立(li)(li)方米，分(fen)別占(zhan)有(you)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和有(you)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)蓄積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)12。7%和9。9%。

野生動物資源

天佛指山自然(ran)保(bao)護區(qu)(qu)風景秀麗、人煙稀少、村屯分散、水草(cao)茂密(mi)，野生(sheng)動(dong)物(wu)資源豐富。其中，鳥類種(zhong)(zhong)群已記錄到14目36科(ke)59屬91種(zhong)(zhong)；動(dong)物(wu)有5目10科(ke)15種(zhong)(zhong)；爬行(xing)類2科(ke)10種(zhong)(zhong)；兩棲類類6科(ke)10種(zhong)(zhong)；魚類8目13科(ke)近38種(zhong)(zhong)。保(bao)護區(qu)(qu)內有中國國家重(zhong)點(dian)保(bao)護I級(ji)野生(sheng)動(dong)物(wu)1種(zhong)(zhong)，即紫貂；中國國家重(zhong)點(dian)保(bao)護Ⅱ級(ji)野生(sheng)動(dong)物(wu)12種(zhong)(zhong)，即黑熊、猞猁、鴛鴦、燕隼、紅腳(jiao)隼、紅隼、花尾榛雞、長尾林鶚(e)、短耳鶚(e)、鶚(e)、鳶、鵲鷂等(deng)；珍稀魚類有大麻哈魚、斑(ban)頭魚、日(ri)本七鰣鰻3種(zhong)(zhong)。

該(gai)區水系(xi)發達，呈樹冠(guan)狀(zhuang)分布，水網密集(ji)。該(gai)區內植物(wu)資源416種(zhong)84科；鳥類(lei)種(zhong)群較(jiao)多，有(you)89種(zhong)36科；爬行類(lei)、兩棲類(lei)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)12種(zhong)。該(gai)區珍稀(xi)瀕(bin)危物(wu)種(zhong)豐(feng)富(fu)，有(you)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國國家(jia)(jia)Ⅰ級(ji)保(bao)護(hu)植物(wu)野山參，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國國家(jia)(jia)Ⅱ級(ji)保(bao)護(hu)植物(wu)松茸(rong)、紅松、紫(zi)椴、胡桃(tao)楸、野大(da)豆(dou)、水曲柳和黃(huang)檗；中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國國家(jia)(jia)Ⅰ級(ji)保(bao)護(hu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)紫(zi)貂，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國國家(jia)(jia)Ⅱ級(ji)保(bao)護(hu)動(dong)(dong)(dong)物(wu)黑熊、猞猁、鴛鴦、燕隼(sun)(sun)、紅腳隼(sun)(sun)、花尾榛(zhen)雞等。

開發保護

隨著(zhu)日本、韓國市場對松(song)茸(rong)需求量(liang)的(de)(de)增(zeng)大，高價位的(de)(de)松(song)茸(rong)引來了無數采挖者，松(song)茸(rong)主(zhu)產地天佛指山林區(qu)隨之遭到(dao)重創，各(ge)種毀滅式采掘松(song)茸(rong)的(de)(de)手段致使林區(qu)破壞，松(song)茸(rong)資(zi)源(yuan)瀕臨滅絕。松(song)茸(rong)年(nian)產量(liang)由(you)20世紀80年(nian)代的(de)(de)100余噸銳減到(dao)1995年(nian)的(de)(de)十幾噸。

1996年(nian)，吉林省建立龍井天佛指(zhi)山(shan)松茸自(zi)然保護(hu)區，成(cheng)(cheng)立保護(hu)區管理(li)局。由(you)于(yu)松茸成(cheng)(cheng)體“壽命(ming)”短，從破(po)土而出到腐(fu)爛只有十(shi)幾天的(de)(de)時間，若(ruo)不(bu)及時采(cai)集(ji)，就會白(bai)白(bai)浪費(fei)資源；加上(shang)當地朝鮮族群眾素(su)來有上(shang)山(shan)采(cai)集(ji)松茸的(de)(de)習慣(guan)，處理(li)好松茸保護(hu)與(yu)利用(yong)的(de)(de)關系(xi)必須(xu)采(cai)取(qu)針對性(xing)強的(de)(de)措施(shi)。

1997年(nian)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理局(ju)在(zai)(zai)核心區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)以外區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)域(yu)推(tui)行(xing)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)責(ze)(ze)(ze)任制(zhi)，將松(song)茸生長地(di)劃塊承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)給居住在(zai)(zai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)內(nei)的(de)(de)農(nong)(nong)民。承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)合同(tong)對保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)和承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人的(de)(de)權利、責(ze)(ze)(ze)任和義務做了(le)明確(que)規定：承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人需繳納承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)費用，享(xiang)有(you)(you)在(zai)(zai)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)地(di)塊采集松(song)茸的(de)(de)權利，并承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)擔護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)林防火、林地(di)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)義務。保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理局(ju)負責(ze)(ze)(ze)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)地(di)塊巡護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)責(ze)(ze)(ze)任，同(tong)時向承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人提供技術咨(zi)詢和政(zheng)(zheng)策服務，對違規的(de)(de)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人，保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理局(ju)可取消其承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)權。合同(tong)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)期限為(wei)10——15年(nian)，充分調(diao)動了(le)方方面(mian)面(mian)的(de)(de)積極性(xing)，使松(song)茸資(zi)源保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)與開發工作(zuo)發生了(le)深刻變化(hua)(hua)。承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)后農(nong)(nong)民的(de)(de)經(jing)濟利益(yi)與林地(di)安危休戚(qi)相關，如今一有(you)(you)森林火情，農(nong)(nong)民主動上山協同(tong)林業部(bu)門撲(pu)滅火災(zai)。保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)工作(zuo)得到了(le)地(di)方政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)的(de)(de)大力支(zhi)持。保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)將75%的(de)(de)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)費交(jiao)給地(di)方政(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)，增(zeng)加了(le)財政(zheng)(zheng)收(shou)入。松(song)茸的(de)(de)有(you)(you)序收(shou)購(gou)又為(wei)當地(di)培(pei)植涵養了(le)稅源。一方面(mian)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)從承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)責(ze)(ze)(ze)任制(zhi)中獲得了(le)可觀的(de)(de)收(shou)益(yi)，這筆經(jing)費既解決了(le)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理費用短缺(que)的(de)(de)矛(mao)盾(dun)，又為(wei)松(song)茸的(de)(de)馴(xun)化(hua)(hua)栽培(pei)研(yan)究(jiu)、推(tui)廣(guang)科研(yan)成果提供了(le)資(zi)金保(bao)(bao)(bao)障。另一方面(mian)，通(tong)過(guo)推(tui)行(xing)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)責(ze)(ze)(ze)任制(zhi)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)成功地(di)將過(guo)去(qu)的(de)(de)資(zi)源破壞者變成了(le)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)內(nei)管(guan)(guan)(guan)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)工作(zuo)的(de)(de)同(tong)盟軍，無形中壯大了(le)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理隊伍。

由于采取行(xing)之(zhi)有效的(de)管理(li)措施，使(shi)松茸的(de)保(bao)護與(yu)利(li)用工作走(zou)上了良(liang)性(xing)發展軌(gui)道，并(bing)獲得(de)了明顯(xian)的(de)生態效益和經濟(ji)效益，保(bao)護區(qu)的(de)松茸年(nian)產量已經達到30余噸。