基本信息
成立時間
1996年(nian)經(jing)吉林省(sheng)人(ren)民政府批復建立(li)省(sheng)級自(zi)然(ran)(ran)保(bao)護區(qu),2002年(nian)經(jing)中國(guo)國(guo)務(wu)院批復成立(li)了(le)天佛(fo)指山國(guo)家級自(zi)然(ran)(ran)保(bao)護區(qu)。是中國(guo)第一個珍貴食(shi)用(yong)菌類(lei)的自(zi)然(ran)(ran)保(bao)護區(qu)。
保護區類型
屬自然(ran)生(sheng)態系統(tong)類型與野(ye)生(sheng)生(sheng)物類型。
保護對象
北溫帶森(sen)林系統(tong)中(zhong)特有(you)的赤(chi)松—蒙古櫟森(sen)林生態系統(tong)。
地理位置
天佛指山(shan)國家級自然保護區位于(yu)吉林省東(dong)南部,延邊(bian)朝鮮(xian)族自治州龍井市境內,距龍井市10。2公里。
地理坐標
東經129°16′~129°46′,北緯42°23′~42°41′。
保護區范圍
保護區東部和南部與(yu)朝鮮隔江相望(wang),北部與(yu)龍(long)井市的(de)德新(xin)鄉(xiang)、光新(xin)鄉(xiang)、開山屯鎮相接,西部與(yu)和龍(long)市毗鄰。行(xing)政范(fan)圍包括(kuo)龍(long)井市五個鄉(xiang)鎮,總面積77317公(gong)頃,松茸生長(chang)分布(bu)區面積32000公(gong)頃。
保護區面積
總(zong)面(mian)積77317公頃(qing),其中核心區17577公頃(qing),緩(huan)沖區10998公頃(qing),實驗區48742公頃(qing)。
簡介
天佛指山(shan)(shan)自然保(bao)(bao)護區保(bao)(bao)護區位于吉林(lin)省延邊朝鮮(xian)族自治州龍(long)(long)井市(shi)區域內(nei),距龍(long)(long)井市(shi)10.2公(gong)(gong)里,東部(bu)(bu)和南部(bu)(bu)與(yu)朝鮮(xian)隔江相(xiang)望,北部(bu)(bu)與(yu)龍(long)(long)井市(shi)德新鄉(xiang)、光新鄉(xiang)、開山(shan)(shan)屯鎮(zhen)相(xiang)連,西部(bu)(bu)與(yu)和龍(long)(long)市(shi)毗(pi)鄰(lin)。包括龍(long)(long)井市(shi)的白金鄉(xiang)、三合(he)鎮(zhen)、智新鎮(zhen)和光新鄉(xiang)、開山(shan)(shan)屯鎮(zhen)的一部(bu)(bu)分(fen)。總(zong)面(mian)積(ji)77 317公(gong)(gong)頃(qing),其中核(he)心(xin)區17 577公(gong)(gong)頃(qing),緩(huan)沖區10 998公(gong)(gong)頃(qing),實驗區48 742公(gong)(gong)頃(qing)。該(gai)區林(lin)業用地74 733公(gong)(gong)頃(qing),總(zong)蓄積(ji)量448.3萬立方米(mi)。該(gai)區為(wei)溫帶(dai)大陸性半(ban)濕潤季風(feng)氣候,年平均(jun)氣溫5.2℃,年降水量550~700毫米(mi),無霜(shuang)期120天左(zuo)右。該(gai)區屬長白山(shan)(shan)山(shan)(shan)脈,海拔170~1 331米(mi)。土(tu)(tu)壤母質為(wei)花崗(gang)巖、沙(sha)巖、頁巖風(feng)化物(wu)。土(tu)(tu)壤類型主要為(wei)薄層酸性巖森林(lin)灰(hui)棕壤,還有暗棕壤、草甸土(tu)(tu)、白漿土(tu)(tu)等(deng),是天然松(song)茸和赤(chi)松(song)林(lin)生長的棲息地。
吉林天佛指山國家級自然保護區地處龍井市境內,東南部與朝鮮隔圖們江相望,邊境線長132公里。該區以保護松茸為主,天佛指山主(zhu),還有野豬、狍子、黑熊、山兔、松雞、啄木鳥、云雀、赤(chi)松、水曲柳(liu)等珍貴動植物(wu)。
松(song)茸具有(you)很(hen)高的(de)食(shi)用(yong)價(jia)值和(he)醫療(liao)保健(jian)價(jia)值,營養豐富(fu),是天(tian)然綠(lv)色食(shi)品。特別是龍(long)井(jing)天(tian)佛指山生長的(de)松(song)茸,以(yi)其(qi)個頭大、肉(rou)質(zhi)細、色澤好、味道(dao)香、質(zhi)地優(you)良而居中國(guo)松(song)茸之首。日(ri)本、韓國(guo)有(you)關(guan)專家(jia)普遍認為(wei),龍(long)井(jing)天(tian)佛指山的(de)松(song)茸質(zhi)量最佳,是在日(ri)本、韓國(guo)市場(chang)唯一(yi)高價(jia)收購的(de)松(song)茸。自1980年開始往日(ri)本、韓國(guo)出口松(song)茸以(yi)來(lai),即為(wei)中國(guo)創造了大量外匯(hui),又為(wei)當地農民(min)開辟了一(yi)條(tiao)致富(fu)之路。
在保護區內,有美麗的(de)(de)自然景觀,傳(chuan)統的(de)(de)朝鮮族民(min)居和(he)奇異的(de)(de)邊境風(feng)光(guang),吸引了大批中外游客。
自然狀況
地質地貌
天佛指山保護區地處長白山脈(mo)東(dong)麓,海拔(ba)高(gao)(gao)度為170-1331米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。山高(gao)(gao)谷(gu)深、坡度陡峭。區內(nei)最高(gao)(gao)的三個山峰是(shi)昆石列(lie)山、天佛指山、老龍八(ba)山,其海拔(ba)高(gao)(gao)分別為1331米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)、1226米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)和1107米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)。東(dong)北、西南走(zou)向的大(da)脈(mo)山、天佛指山、昆石列(lie)山、老龍八(ba)山、郭(guo)將峰山一線是(shi)該區分水(shui)嶺。分水(shui)嶺北側有四條大(da)型溝(gou)壑(he),南側有三條大(da)型溝(gou)壑(he),峰頂谷(gu)底(di)高(gao)(gao)差大(da),海拔(ba)高(gao)(gao)度700米(mi)(mi)(mi)(mi)以上。雄偉(wei)壯觀、巖石怪異(yi),構(gou)成了本區獨(du)特的地貌景觀。
氣候
本區屬(shu)于溫(wen)(wen)帶大(da)陸性半(ban)濕潤(run)季(ji)風(feng)氣候。其特(te)點(dian)春(chun)(chun)季(ji)干旱(han)多風(feng),夏季(ji) 溫(wen)(wen)熱多雨,秋季(ji)天(tian)高(gao)氣爽(shuang),冬(dong)季(ji)寒(han)冷少雪。無(wu)霜期120天(tian)左右(you),年(nian)平(ping)均氣溫(wen)(wen)5。2C,極(ji)端(duan)最低溫(wen)(wen)度-34。8℃,極(ji)端(duan)最高(gao)氣溫(wen)(wen)36。5℃。海(hai)拔500米(mi)左右(you)地帶有(you)(you)效積溫(wen)(wen)為(wei)(wei)2400℃-2600℃;海(hai)拔800米(mi)左右(you)地帶,有(you)(you)效積溫(wen)(wen)為(wei)(wei)1800℃—2000℃;海(hai)拔1100米(mi)左右(you)地帶,有(you)(you)效積溫(wen)(wen)為(wei)(wei)1400℃—1600℃,年(nian)降水(shui)量550毫(hao)米(mi)—700毫(hao)米(mi),多集中(zhong)在6-9月,占全年(nian)降水(shui)量的60%。且呈現出雨、光、熱同季(ji)特(te)征,主導風(feng)向春(chun)(chun)季(ji)為(wei)(wei)東南(nan)風(feng),最大(da)風(feng)速4。75米(mi)/s,秋冬(dong)為(wei)(wei)西(xi)北風(feng)最大(da)風(feng)速7。56米(mi)/s,年(nian)平(ping)均封凍日150天(tian),平(ping)均冰(bing)厚0。6—0。8米(mi)。
土壤
本區土(tu)壤母質為(wei)花崗巖(yan)(yan)、沙巖(yan)(yan)、頁巖(yan)(yan)風化物。土(tu)壤類型主要(yao)是酸(suan)性(xing)(xing)巖(yan)(yan)森(sen)林灰棕(zong)壤,此外還有暗(an)棕(zong)壤、白漿土(tu)、草甸(dian)土(tu)、沼(zhao)澤土(tu)、泥炭土(tu)、沖(chong)積(ji)土(tu)等(deng),這些土(tu)壤中(zhong)酸(suan)性(xing)(xing)巖(yan)(yan)森(sen)林灰棕(zong)壤透水性(xing)(xing)好,PH值為(wei)5。0左右,偏酸(suan)性(xing)(xing)是赤松林生長的最佳(jia)條件(jian),因(yin)此也是松茸主要(yao)蘊藏帶(dai)。
河流湖泊
本區(qu)水(shui)(shui)力(li)資(zi)源十分(fen)(fen)豐(feng)富(fu),屬(shu)(shu)圖(tu)們(men)(men)江(jiang)水(shui)(shui)系,發源于(yu)長(chang)白(bai)山(shan)主峰將軍峰之東麓,自和龍市流(liu)(liu)入(ru)貫穿保護(hu)區(qu)境內110公里(li)。經白(bai)金、富(fu)裕(yu)、三合(he)出境,流(liu)(liu)域面積達1650公頃,區(qu)內水(shui)(shui)系呈(cheng)樹狀(zhuang)分(fen)(fen)布,構成較密的(de)水(shui)(shui)網,流(liu)(liu)程5公里(li)以上的(de)河流(liu)(liu)有(you)29條。主要支流(liu)(liu)有(you)山(shan)溪溝(gou)、大東溝(gou)、下(xia)馬來溝(gou)、西來和安民臺溝(gou),全部流(liu)(liu)入(ru)圖(tu)們(men)(men)江(jiang)。近200條小溝(gou)屬(shu)(shu)季(ji)節性(xing)河流(liu)(liu),除(chu)春(chun)和夏訊(xun)外,一般呈(cheng)斷流(liu)(liu)狀(zhuang)態。
海蘭河(he)支流(liu)(liu)區內勇新(xin)溝、樺田溝、遠東(dong)溝、六(liu)道河(he)水(shui)(shui)(shui)全部流(liu)(liu)入海蘭河(he),集水(shui)(shui)(shui)面(mian)積達164平方(fang)公(gong)(gong)里。保護區內有2座(zuo)水(shui)(shui)(shui)庫,其中(zhong)大新(xin)水(shui)(shui)(shui)庫水(shui)(shui)(shui)源(yuan)(yuan)為(wei)海蘭河(he)支流(liu)(liu),地表(biao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)比較豐富,水(shui)(shui)(shui)資源(yuan)(yuan)總量為(wei)10877。5立(li)方(fang)米,一(yi)部分來自天然降水(shui)(shui)(shui)的占(zhan)40%,其凈(jing)流(liu)(liu)總量為(wei)10831。4萬(wan)平方(fang)米,地下水(shui)(shui)(shui)多以花崗巖網狀裂隙水(shui)(shui)(shui)為(wei)主,從泄流(liu)(liu)泉形成排泄于溝谷,地下水(shui)(shui)(shui)徑流(liu)(liu)量為(wei)5萬(wan)噸/年平方(fang)公(gong)(gong)里,資源(yuan)(yuan)總量為(wei)385175萬(wan)平方(fang)米。
資源
植被資源
天佛(fo)指(zhi)山(shan)天佛(fo)指(zhi)山(shan)自(zi)然植(zhi)(zhi)被屬典型(xing)(xing)(xing)的長白(bai)山(shan)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)區(qu)系,海拔高(gao)(gao)度相差懸殊,具(ju)明顯的垂直分(fen)布特征。按(an)海拔高(gao)(gao)度可(ke)分(fen)為四個野生植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)類(lei)(lei)型(xing)(xing)(xing),即山(shan)頂岳樺(hua)、白(bai)樺(hua)林(lin)+亞高(gao)(gao)山(shan)草(cao)本(ben)(ben)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)類(lei)(lei)型(xing)(xing)(xing)區(qu);海拔1000-1331米之間(jian),魚(yu)鱗云杉(shan)、臭(chou)冷杉(shan)針闊混交林(lin)+亞高(gao)(gao)山(shan)草(cao)本(ben)(ben)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)類(lei)(lei)型(xing)(xing)(xing)區(qu);海拔500-1000米之間(jian),紅(hong)松(song)、赤(chi)松(song)、臭(chou)冷杉(shan)針葉闊混交林(lin)+草(cao)本(ben)(ben)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)類(lei)(lei)型(xing)(xing)(xing)區(qu);海拔500米以下的低山(shan)區(qu),赤(chi)松(song)、蒙古櫟(li)+草(cao)本(ben)(ben)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)類(lei)(lei)型(xing)(xing)(xing)區(qu)。據東北師本(ben)(ben)環(huan)科(ke)學院調(diao)查,此區(qu)域內植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)資源十分(fen)豐(feng)富,約(yue)近千種(zhong)(zhong),其中:真(zhen)菌(jun)門(men)4科(ke)76種(zhong)(zhong),蕨類(lei)(lei)15科(ke)47種(zhong)(zhong),裸子植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)門(men)2科(ke)18種(zhong)(zhong),被子植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)門(men)75科(ke)412種(zhong)(zhong)。
按用途分類,藥用植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)72科(ke)(ke)289種(zhong)(zhong),食(shi)用植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)39科(ke)(ke)216種(zhong)(zhong),蜜源植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)38科(ke)(ke)185種(zhong)(zhong),工業原料(liao)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)40科(ke)(ke)17種(zhong)(zhong),香(xiang)料(liao)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)28科(ke)(ke)75種(zhong)(zhong);染料(liao)植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)10科(ke)(ke)22種(zhong)(zhong),觀賞植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)32科(ke)(ke)54種(zhong)(zhong),建筑用喬木20多(duo)種(zhong)(zhong)。主要(yao)針葉樹種(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)赤松(song)、沙松(song)、臭松(song)、魚鱗(lin)松(song)、紅松(song)等;闊葉樹種(zhong)(zhong)有(you)(you)胡桃楸(qiu)、黃蘋蘿(luo)、水曲柳、楊(yang)、樺、椴、槭、柞等;主要(yao)藥用植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)有(you)(you)黨(dang)參、黃芪、五(wu)味子、刺五(wu)加、東北雷公藤、細辛(xin)、桔梗、苦參、獼(mi)猴桃等;主要(yao)食(shi)用植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu)有(you)(you)松(song)茸(rong)、木耳、蕨菜、榛蘑(mo)、龍芽蔥(cong)木、山芹、猴頭等。保護區內有(you)(you)8種(zhong)(zhong)國家級瀕危(wei)保護植(zhi)(zhi)物(wu)(wu),即松(song)茸(rong)、紅松(song)、野生參、胡桃楸(qiu)、野大(da)豆(dou)、紫椴仃、水曲柳和黃檗(bo)。
松(song)(song)茸(rong)具(ju)(ju)(ju)有(you)很高(gao)的(de)食用價值和醫(yi)療保(bao)健價值,營養豐富。松(song)(song)茸(rong)還具(ju)(ju)(ju)有(you)強身、驅蟲、止痛及理(li)氣化痰等功能和抗癌作用。保(bao)護(hu)區成立(li)后(hou),制定(ding)了(le)一系列長、短期(qi)規(gui)劃(hua)和具(ju)(ju)(ju)體措施,對松(song)(song)茸(rong)資源進行(xing)了(le)統一管(guan)理(li),對松(song)(song)茸(rong)生長地實行(xing)了(le)承包經(jing)營與(yu)規(gui)范化管(guan)理(li)。使森林生態、資源得到了(le)恢復(fu)和發展,松(song)(song)茸(rong)質量、數(shu)量有(you)了(le)明顯提高(gao),為松(song)(song)茸(rong)的(de)保(bao)護(hu)、科研、開發和利用創造了(le)良好的(de)條(tiao)件。
森林資源
保護區總(zong)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)77317公(gong)頃(qing)(qing),主要針(zhen)葉樹(shu)種為赤(chi)松,地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)帶性森林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)植被是以赤(chi)松為主的(de)針(zhen)闊(kuo)混交林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)。其中(zhong):有(you)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)68218公(gong)頃(qing)(qing),占(zhan)總(zong)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)88。3%;疏林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)1309公(gong)頃(qing)(qing),占(zhan)總(zong)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)1。7%;灌木林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)3411公(gong)頃(qing)(qing),占(zhan)總(zong)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)4。4%;未成林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)造林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)1003公(gong)頃(qing)(qing),占(zhan)總(zong)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)1。3%;草地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)、采(cai)伐跡(ji)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)、沼澤地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)等無林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)3376公(gong)頃(qing)(qing), 占(zhan)總(zong)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)4。3%。本區森林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)覆(fu)蓋率88。3%。活立木總(zong)蓄(xu)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)448。33萬立方(fang)米(mi)。其中(zhong):有(you)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)蓄(xu)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)446。2萬立方(fang)米(mi),疏林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)蓄(xu)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)2。1萬立方(fang)米(mi),散(san)生木蓄(xu)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)0。037立方(fang)米(mi)。有(you)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)中(zhong),天然林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)所占(zhan)比重(zhong)較大,面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)59569公(gong)頃(qing)(qing),蓄(xu)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)401。9萬立方(fang)米(mi),分別占(zhan)有(you)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和有(you)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)蓄(xu)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)87。3%和90。1%;其次是人工(gong)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin),面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)8649公(gong)頃(qing)(qing),蓄(xu)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)43。4萬立方(fang)米(mi),分別占(zhan)有(you)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和有(you)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)蓄(xu)積(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)12。7%和9。9%。
野生動物資源
天佛指山自(zi)然保(bao)(bao)護區(qu)風景秀(xiu)麗、人(ren)煙稀少、村屯分散、水草茂密(mi),野生(sheng)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)資源豐富。其(qi)中,鳥(niao)類(lei)(lei)(lei)種(zhong)群已(yi)記錄(lu)到14目36科59屬91種(zhong);動(dong)物(wu)(wu)有(you)(you)5目10科15種(zhong);爬行類(lei)(lei)(lei)2科10種(zhong);兩棲類(lei)(lei)(lei)類(lei)(lei)(lei)6科10種(zhong);魚(yu)類(lei)(lei)(lei)8目13科近38種(zhong)。保(bao)(bao)護區(qu)內有(you)(you)中國國家(jia)重點保(bao)(bao)護I級(ji)野生(sheng)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)1種(zhong),即(ji)紫貂;中國國家(jia)重點保(bao)(bao)護Ⅱ級(ji)野生(sheng)動(dong)物(wu)(wu)12種(zhong),即(ji)黑(hei)熊、猞猁、鴛鴦、燕隼(sun)、紅腳隼(sun)、紅隼(sun)、花尾榛雞、長尾林鶚、短耳鶚、鶚、鳶(yuan)、鵲鷂等;珍稀魚(yu)類(lei)(lei)(lei)有(you)(you)大麻哈魚(yu)、斑頭魚(yu)、日本七鰣(shi)鰻3種(zhong)。
該區(qu)水(shui)系發(fa)達,呈樹冠(guan)狀分布,水(shui)網密集。該區(qu)內植物(wu)資源(yuan)416種84科;鳥類(lei)(lei)種群較多,有(you)89種36科;爬行類(lei)(lei)、兩(liang)棲類(lei)(lei)動(dong)物(wu)12種。該區(qu)珍稀瀕危物(wu)種豐(feng)富,有(you)中國(guo)(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家Ⅰ級(ji)保護植物(wu)野山參,中國(guo)(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家Ⅱ級(ji)保護植物(wu)松茸、紅松、紫椴、胡桃楸(qiu)、野大豆、水(shui)曲(qu)柳(liu)和(he)黃檗;中國(guo)(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家Ⅰ級(ji)保護動(dong)物(wu)紫貂,中國(guo)(guo)(guo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)家Ⅱ級(ji)保護動(dong)物(wu)黑熊、猞猁(li)、鴛(yuan)鴦(yang)、燕隼、紅腳隼、花尾榛雞等。
開發保護
隨(sui)著(zhu)日本、韓國市場對松(song)茸(rong)(rong)需求量的增大(da),高價(jia)位的松(song)茸(rong)(rong)引來了無數采挖者,松(song)茸(rong)(rong)主產(chan)地(di)天佛指山林區隨(sui)之遭到重(zhong)創,各種毀滅式采掘(jue)松(song)茸(rong)(rong)的手段致(zhi)使林區破壞,松(song)茸(rong)(rong)資源瀕臨滅絕。松(song)茸(rong)(rong)年(nian)(nian)產(chan)量由20世(shi)紀80年(nian)(nian)代的100余噸銳減到1995年(nian)(nian)的十幾噸。
1996年,吉林省建立(li)(li)龍(long)井天佛(fo)指山松(song)茸(rong)自然保(bao)護區(qu),成立(li)(li)保(bao)護區(qu)管理(li)局(ju)。由于松(song)茸(rong)成體“壽命”短,從破(po)土而出(chu)到腐爛只(zhi)有十(shi)幾天的(de)時(shi)間(jian),若不及時(shi)采(cai)(cai)集,就會白白浪費(fei)資源;加上(shang)當地朝鮮族群眾(zhong)素來(lai)有上(shang)山采(cai)(cai)集松(song)茸(rong)的(de)習(xi)慣,處理(li)好松(song)茸(rong)保(bao)護與利用的(de)關系必須(xu)采(cai)(cai)取針對性強的(de)措施。
1997年,保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)管理局在(zai)核心(xin)區(qu)(qu)以外(wai)區(qu)(qu)域推(tui)(tui)行承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)責(ze)(ze)(ze)任制(zhi),將松(song)茸(rong)生長(chang)地(di)(di)劃塊承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)給居住(zhu)在(zai)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)內的(de)(de)(de)農民(min)。承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)合同(tong)(tong)(tong)對(dui)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)和(he)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)的(de)(de)(de)權(quan)利(li)、責(ze)(ze)(ze)任和(he)義務做了(le)(le)(le)明確規定(ding):承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)需繳(jiao)納(na)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)費(fei)用(yong),享有(you)(you)在(zai)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)地(di)(di)塊采集松(song)茸(rong)的(de)(de)(de)權(quan)利(li),并承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)擔(dan)護(hu)(hu)林(lin)防火、林(lin)地(di)(di)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)(de)義務。保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)管理局負責(ze)(ze)(ze)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)地(di)(di)塊巡護(hu)(hu)責(ze)(ze)(ze)任,同(tong)(tong)(tong)時向承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)提供(gong)技術咨詢和(he)政(zheng)策服(fu)務,對(dui)違規的(de)(de)(de)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren),保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)管理局可取消其(qi)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)權(quan)。合同(tong)(tong)(tong)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)期限為10——15年,充分(fen)調動(dong)了(le)(le)(le)方方面(mian)(mian)面(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)積極性,使松(song)茸(rong)資源(yuan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)與開(kai)發(fa)(fa)工(gong)作(zuo)發(fa)(fa)生了(le)(le)(le)深刻變化。承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)后(hou)農民(min)的(de)(de)(de)經濟利(li)益與林(lin)地(di)(di)安危(wei)休戚相(xiang)關,如今一有(you)(you)森林(lin)火情,農民(min)主動(dong)上山協同(tong)(tong)(tong)林(lin)業部門撲滅火災。保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)作(zuo)得(de)到了(le)(le)(le)地(di)(di)方政(zheng)府的(de)(de)(de)大(da)力支持(chi)。保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)將75%的(de)(de)(de)承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)費(fei)交給地(di)(di)方政(zheng)府,增加了(le)(le)(le)財政(zheng)收入。松(song)茸(rong)的(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)序收購又為當地(di)(di)培(pei)植(zhi)涵養了(le)(le)(le)稅源(yuan)。一方面(mian)(mian),保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)從承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)責(ze)(ze)(ze)任制(zhi)中(zhong)獲(huo)得(de)了(le)(le)(le)可觀的(de)(de)(de)收益,這(zhe)筆經費(fei)既解決了(le)(le)(le)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)管理費(fei)用(yong)短缺的(de)(de)(de)矛盾,又為松(song)茸(rong)的(de)(de)(de)馴化栽培(pei)研究、推(tui)(tui)廣科研成果提供(gong)了(le)(le)(le)資金保(bao)(bao)(bao)障(zhang)。另一方面(mian)(mian),通過推(tui)(tui)行承(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)包(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)責(ze)(ze)(ze)任制(zhi),保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)成功地(di)(di)將過去的(de)(de)(de)資源(yuan)破壞者變成了(le)(le)(le)區(qu)(qu)內管護(hu)(hu)工(gong)作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)同(tong)(tong)(tong)盟(meng)軍,無形中(zhong)壯大(da)了(le)(le)(le)保(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)區(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)管理隊伍。
由(you)于采取行之(zhi)有效(xiao)的(de)管理措(cuo)施,使松茸(rong)的(de)保(bao)(bao)護(hu)與(yu)利用工作走上了(le)良性發(fa)展軌(gui)道,并獲得(de)了(le)明顯的(de)生(sheng)態效(xiao)益和經濟效(xiao)益,保(bao)(bao)護(hu)區的(de)松茸(rong)年產量已經達到30余噸。